Sebastián Saucedo

Sebastián Saucedo

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Sebastián Saucedo was born in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, México, on May 25, 1922; he is the third of six children; as a child, he helped his father work in the fields; consequently, he was never formally educated; in 1945, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in the fields and on the railroads in various places throughout the United States, including Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas; he worked with the program for roughly ten years; eventually, he was able to legalize his family’s residency, and they all moved to the United States.

Summary of Interview: Mr. Saucedo talks about his family and childhood; he initially enlisted in the bracero program in 1945, in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, but he was then transferred to Querétaro, Querétaro, México, in order to complete the paperwork; from there, he was transported by train back to Juárez and into the United States before finally being taken to Nevada, where he worked on the railroads; in addition, he describes the various procedures he underwent while being processed; as a bracero, he went to work picking different crops in several places throughout the United States, including Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Texas; he goes on to discuss his duties, wages, working and living conditions, provisions, hardships, recreational activities, religion, and relationships with fellow employees and employers; in 1955, he legalized his residency, and continued working on a walnut farm in La Mesa, New Mexico; eventually, he was able to legalize residency for his family, and they all moved to the United States; he concludes by describing his fondness for the United States, and he reflects happily on his bracero experiences.

Rosas, Ana

Saucedo, Sebastián

2005-11-12

Bracero

Cristóbal Borges

Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso

spa

Sebastián Saucedo

Rosas, Ana

Cristóbal A. Borges

Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso

Mini Disc

1:03:15

24 bit
96 k

Rosas, Ana

Saucedo, Sebastián

El Paso, Texas

[Mins 0:00-5:12; Introduction and Early Life] Sebastián was born in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, México on May 25, 1922 and grew up on a ranch named San Silvestre in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. He is the third of six children. His father was an agricultural worker who planted corn and regularly used a yoke of oxen in the fields. Sebastián remarks that his father’s boss treated people very badly. He explains how his father’s boss used to cheat his father out of wages. Sebastián and his three older brothers eventually helped their father in the fields. Sebastián remarks that the people in the agricultural sector were very poor. Sebastián’s mother used a metate [stone tool to ground maize] to make tamales and tortillas with the help of other women. Sebastián started helping his father in the fields when he was six years old. Sebastián worked his whole life and did not attend school.

[Mins 5:13-10:08; Thoughts of Becoming a Bracero] Sebastián moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México by way of train when he was twenty years old in search of a different way of life. He had a cousin who lived in Ciudad Juárez. He heard rumors that the United States was recruiting Braceros in order to get them to fight in World War II, but decided to ignore the rumors and become a Bracero anyway. His mother cried and worried for him but both his parents gave him their blessings. Sebastián was the only one in the family to become a Bracero. Sebastián explains that he has faith in a saint named el señor de los guerreros [literally translates to father of the warriors] who appeared in a church in San José de Tizonazo, Durango, México. He speaks at length about the saint’s apparition and how he prays for the safety of his current family members. Sebastián explains that the train he took to Ciudad Juárez was a daily train from Santa Barbara to Ciudad Juárez. The train generally carried minerals and metals, but also had a passenger car. He paid six pesos [Mexican currency] for the trip.

[Mins 10:09-14:15; Processing] Sebastián’s cousin, who had recently signed up to become a Bracero, took him to the contracting center in Ciudad Juárez. Sebastián was charged two pesos to sign up. He and about eighty others were sent to Querétaro, Querétaro, México to complete paperwork. Afterwards, they were transported back to Ciudad Juárez and into the United States by way of train through El Paso, Texas. The train dropped Braceros off at New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Sebastián was dropped off with about thirty or forty Braceros in Nevada. At the processing center in Querétaro the men’s hands were examined for calluses. Sebastián states that he was nervous during this process. He explains that men who did not pass the examination hid on the train back to Ciudad Juárez because there was no work in Querétaro. Sebastián states that there were men from all over México at the processing center. It took Sebastián’s group fifteen days to be called. Meanwhile, they slept on knapsacks that they rented for twenty cents.

[Mins 14:16-18:03; Transport to Workplace] Sebastián speaks briefly about the war. He expresses the uncertainty he and many other Braceros felt about what kind of work they were going to have to perform. Sebastián was in Nevada for six months. Sebastián repeats information about the initial train trip through the United States. After they were dropped off in Nevada, there were bilingual men in trucks ready to transport the Braceros to their workplaces. When they arrived, they were given a tour of the facilities.

[Mins 18:04-22:00; Living Conditions and Food] Sebastián was assigned to a house with four other men. The house included two or three bedrooms, a stove, and an icebox. Sebastián expresses happiness that he was able to cook his own food on his own stove. Sebastián bought food on ration stamps. Sebastián remembers that the Braceros ate beans and sopa (pasta dish). Milk, eggs, and meat were rationed. Sebastián states that there was no discrimination in the marketplaces and describes the sellers as Mexican, “American” [white], and Native American. Sebastián describes feeling wary about the house at first because he had never cooked for himself before. The Braceros brought their own lunch to the workplace. Sebastián describes the process of making tortillas.

[Mins 22:01-26:01; Working Conditions] Sebastián was paid seventy-five cents an hour in Nevada as compared to twenty-five cents an hour in Fabens, Texas, where he had previously worked for fifteen days. In Nevada, the Braceros at Sebastián’s worksite were transported to and from the workplace and had to remain in their houses when they were not working. Braceros at this worksite awoke at 4a.m. and were taken to work at 6a.m. Sebastián describes the winters as very cold and the summers as very hot. During the winter, Sebastián’s Italian boss gave each Bracero a thick coat free of charge. Sebastián states that his duties and contracts were fully explained to him. Sebastián describes the process of assembling railroads. The Braceros at this worksite worked eight hours a day.

[Mins 26:02-27:44; Relations With Other Braceros] Sebastián remembers that in his housing facility all of the men were Mexican Braceros. Sebastián describes getting together with the other Braceros after dinner to talk and pass the time. He remembers talking about dances and girlfriends.

[Mins 27:45-29:57; Relations With Family] Sebastián expresses that he was very happy with his job because he could save money. He would write to his parents and send them money every fifteen days. After working in Nevada, Sebastián brought his parents and brothers and sisters to Ciudad Juárez to live. His father, his brothers, and he made houses of adobe in Ciudad Juárez and he bought a plot of land with his own money. Sebastián explains that his brothers and sisters were very grateful to him for bringing them to Ciudad Juárez.

[Mins 29:58-32:03; Second Contract] Sebastián worked in Nevada for six months. Afterwards, he was re-contracted in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and sent to Nebraska to work with beets. There were about forty men at Sebastián’s worksite. Sebastián describes how he held the same bent-over position for the whole day while he worked on rows that were about a mile long. Sebastián remarks that the weather was neither too hot nor too cold. He expresses that his living arrangements were not as nice as his prior arrangements in Nevada, explaining that they lacked some basic functions, like an icebox.

[Mins 32:04-34:37; New Mexico and Kansas] Sebastián explains that he never thought twice about re-contracting himself as a Bracero because he was able to make money. He states that he had had previous jobs in Mexico where the only pay was food. Sebastián was a Bracero for nine years. His last job was with Stahmann Farms near La Mesa, New Mexico working with walnuts. He worked as a Bracero at Stahmann Farms for four years, arranged his paperwork [legalized his residency], and continued working at Stahmann Farms for twenty-eight years. Sebastián worked in Nevada in 1945, in Nebraska in 1946, and in Kansas in 1947. In Kansas Sebastián worked with potatoes, beets, and fruits such as pears and apples. Sebastián worked with eighty Braceros at the Kansas worksite. There were two American cooks who cooked three meals a day for all of the Braceros at the Kansas worksite. Sebastián states that he was treated very well at the Kansas worksite.

[Mins 34:38-37:17; Hardships and Discrimination] Sebastián describes missing his family while he was in the United States. He also states that the “American” [white] doctors treated the Braceros badly at the border between the United States and México. Sebastián expresses distaste at having to remove all of his clothing during the examinations at the border and professes discrimination when they covered him and other Braceros with DDT.

[Mins 37:18-40:51; Good Experiences] Sebastián states that he never feared the INS because the Bracero Identification Cards acted as a sort of passport. Sebastián’s initial aim was to live in México, but he loved working in the United States so much that whenever he returned to México he felt drawn to work in the United States again. Sebastián remembers attending the cinema and does not recall facing any discrimination there. He does remember hearing from other Braceros that in Texas Braceros were discriminated against. Sebastián praises the “Americans” [white people] where he worked as a Bracero for treating Mexicans well, calling them muy buena gente [very good people]. Braceros who wanted to attend church could get a ride with the boss on Sunday.

[Mins 40:52-43:52; Marriage] Sebastián met his wife in Ciudad Juárez and married her in 1947. She lived in Ciudad Juárez with Sebastián’s mother and when he secured work in New Mexico, he would visit her every fifteen days with his boss’ permission. His first child was born in 1948. While he was a Bracero, he had three children in México with his wife. Sebastián sent his wife money and she was in charge of the finances.

[Mins 43:53-48:42; Stahmann Farms and Legalizing Residency] Sebastián now resides with his family in El Paso, TX. He arranged his paperwork [legalized his residency] in 1955. At Stahmann Farms, Sebastián picked cotton and worked with walnuts. His boss was named Willie Stahmann and he was German. Sebastián describes him as a good person. He received very good bonuses—up to $1,000 at Christmas. Sebastián’s boss, Mr. Stahmann, offered to help the Braceros, their spouses, and children arrange their paperwork [legalize their residency]. Sebastián talks at length about his house in Ciudad Juárez. It took Sebastián one day to arrange his paperwork [legalize his residency] and one more day to bring his family to New Mexico. Mr. Stahmann sent a moving truck to Ciudad Juárez to help Sebastián and his family move.

[Mins 48:43-50:35; New Mexico] Sebastián reports that his wife was happy about the move so that the family could be together. Sebastián laughs fondly about his wife bringing her metate to the United States where he says she would not need it. Sebastián lived near La Mesa with his family for fourteen years. He describes his house as a beautiful ranch-type area with very nice houses close to Las Cruces, New Mexico. A school bus would pick up Sebastián’s children near his home to take them to school in Old Mesilla, New Mexico. Sebastián speaks at length about his children.

[Mins 50:36-52:03; Moving to El Paso] Sebastián moved to El Paso shortly after Willie Stahmann died. After Willie Stahmann died, Sebastián worked for another year or two at Stahmann Farms under the direction of Willie Stahmann’s three sons, but describes how it was different than working under Willie Stahmann. Sebastián moved to El Paso and worked at a meat-packing plant named Peyton.

[Mins 52:03-53:09; New Mexico Continued] Sebastián remembers that there were a lot of Mexicans in New Mexico and that all of the bosses were “American” [white]. He remarks that they treated the Mexicans very well. While working at Stahmann Farms, Sebastián lived in a house owned by his boss.

[Mins 53:10-55:57; Peyton and Next Job] Sebastián talks briefly about Peyton and the Chamizal National Memorial Park in El Paso. Sebastián was paid $12 an hour at Peyton and belonged to a union. Sebastián quit Peyton in 1981 when the unions closed and the company was planning to move to Amarillo, TX where they would pay workers $7 an hour. Afterwards, Sebastián worked in fields near Anthony, New Mexico picking chili, cotton, and weeds.

[Mins 55:58-57:26; Reflection on Jobs] Sebastián has worked in Nevada, New Mexico, Arkansas, Texas, Arizona, and Nebraska. Sebastián remarks that the work came easy to him. He states that it was a bit strange to pay rent in El Paso after he had gotten used to not paying rent at Stahmann Farms. He talks briefly about his house in El Paso.

[Mins 57:27-58:08; Documents] Sebastián explains the objects he brought with him to the interview. He has a document from Nevada stating that he did not fight in World War II but worked to help the war effort. He also has recommendation letters from his bosses from the time when he worked as a Bracero. After each six month term was over, the boss would give each Bracero a letter of recommendation. Sebastián always kept these documents with him, and they are therefore folded.

[Mins 58:09-60:08; Crossing the Rio Grande] Sebastián describes an incident of how one year he did not get contracted in Chihuahua and tried to cross the Rio Grande into the United States. He did not make it across. Sebastián’s documents are stained because they got wet when he attempted to cross the river. His documents were scanned into the computer and his photograph was taken at the interview site.

[Mins 60:09-End; Concluding Remarks] Sebastián states that he was happy to be a Bracero and that it was worth it. He is thankful to be in the United States to raise his family here. He speaks briefly about his children’s occupations. Sebastián describes the importance of having a good relationship with his wife.

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