Jesús Martínez

Jesús Martínez

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Martínez was born on April 7, 1932, in Rincón de Romos, Aguascalientes, México; as a child, he helped his family with the farming duties, which took precedence over attending school; when he was twelve years old, his father died, which forced him to take on more family responsibilities, including helping to care for his younger siblings; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program in order to help support his family; as a bracero he worked with various crops in Arizona, California, Michigan, Nebraska, and Texas; in addition, he became the foreman for three separate farms; he continued working with the program until 1961, and he was ultimately able to arrange legal residency for his family.

Summary of Interview: Mr. Martínez describes his family and childhood; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program in order to help support his family; he provides a detailed explanation of the necessary documentation to become a bracero, including letters of recommendation; in addition, he describes the various contracting procedures, that consisted of long waiting lines, physical exams, collections of blood samples, and delousing, which was the most embarrassing for him; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, Michigan, Nebraska, and Texas; he goes on to discuss wages, living and working conditions, treatment, provisions, remittances, and the range of relationships among employees and employers; eventually, he became the foreman for three separate farms, and he attended an agricultural school in Las Cruces, New Mexico, to learn more about cultivating crops; he continued working with the program until 1961, and he was ultimately able to arrange legal residency for his family; he concludes by expressing the importance of working hard and being honest.

Chew, Selfa

Martínez, Jesús

2005-11-12

Bracero

Cristóbal Borges

Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso

spa

Jesús Martínez

Chew, Selfa

Cristóbal A. Borges

Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso

Mini Disc

38:13

24 bit
96 k

Chew, Selfa

Martínez, Jesús

El Paso, Texas

[Mins 0:00-4:47; Introduction and Early Life] Jesús Martínez was born April 7, 1932 in San Jacinto, Aguascalientes, México, in the municipality of Rincón de Romos. Jesús describes San Jacinto as an agricultural “pueblito” [small town] with a population of 4,000. His family owned a ranch that grew corn, chili, beans, and wheat. Jesús had a family of nine people [it is unclear as to whether he is referring to a total of nine siblings are a total of nine people in his family]. Jesús’ only living sister currently resides in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes. His brothers currently live in El Paso, Texas. Jesús only attended primary school. Jesús speaks about the San Jacinto community’s attitude toward school. He expresses that agricultural labor took precedence over school and describes attendance as “voluntary.” Jesús learned how to read and write largely through his wife. He explains that after his father died when he was twelve, Jesús had to take on more responsibility and help care for his younger siblings. Jesús began working when he was eight years old. His first job was to clear mesquite from the land before his family farmed it.

[Mins 4:48-9:22; Deciding to Become a Bracero] Jesús remembers his neighbors becoming Braceros during the first year of the program which he recalls as 1945. Jesús speaks briefly about the mandatory military service in México. He was asked to present his military card to receive his Bracero contract. Jesús was not married until two years after he became a Bracero. Until he decided to become a Bracero, Jesús had never thought of working in the United States. He decided to become a Bracero to both earn enough money to send as wage for non-family members who helped farm his family’s land, and because his brothers were finally old enough to farm by themselves. Jesús’ family had many animals, including mules and cows. The mules would transport the harvest after it was collected. Jesús states that he thought only of his mother and siblings when he decided to become a Bracero; he never thought of himself.

[Mins 9:23-11:38; Requirements to Become a Bracero] The requirements to become a Bracero were that one had to be of age, present his records [it is unclear whether these records are medical records, military records, financial records, etc.], present his birth certificate, and present a letter of recommendation from the presidency of his municipality indicating that he was a person of good repute. Jesús states that neighbors served as witnesses who testified as to the quality of the Bracero’s character. Jesús states that one always had to pass the physical examination in order to receive a contract. During this examination blood was drawn. Afterwards, one had to undress for their body to be examined and “disinfected.” Jesús states that the above process was the most embarrassing requirement of all.

[Mins 11:39-14:23; Pre-processing] Jesús explains that he signed up to become a Bracero in his town. The list was authorized by his municipality and would serve as recommendation. When the Braceros arrived at the processing center, they would speak to the officials who would give them an estimate of the length of time they would have to wait in order to be processed. Braceros from Jesús’ town could enlist either through the Mexican state of Aguascalientes or through the Mexican state of Zacatecas, since his town was near the border of both states. Jesús first enlisted as a Bracero in 1952. He explains that each Bracero was issued a number at the processing center that could be as high as 30,000. Those Braceros with high numbers were free to find work in the meantime. Braceros’ numbers would be posted daily in the newspaper so that they would be aware of when they were being called for an interview.

[Mins 14:24-16:55; Expectations and Conditions] Jesús states that the “Americans” [growers] expected the Braceros to be honest, responsible workers, and obedient to the mayordomo [field boss]. He remarks that the more respectful and obedient Braceros were, the more “benefits,” such as trust, they received. He states that one had to identify with his work and not his language. Jesús was informed of the meal schedule at his worksite. If a Bracero arrived after the cooks had left, there was no food available. He was informed of how much and how often he would be paid, and of his sleeping arrangements, describing the barrack as “roomy,” containing bunk beds lined up side by side.

[Mins 16:56-19:40; Processing] Jesús traveled from Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México via train. In El Paso, [it is unclear as to the method of travel across the border into the United States] they rode by bus to the Río Vista Processing Center. There, they were informed of the general schedule, the time to pick up and return their beds, mealtimes, and times to shower. They were also informed of when the contractor from the state in which they wished to work would be at the processing center. Jesús remarks that a Bracero could wait up to a week at the processing center waiting for a contractor from a particular state. Jesús explains that while he was a Bracero he crossed at many entrance points along the border, including at Mexicali, Baja California, México when he was contracted in Empalme, Sonora, México, in Ciudad Juárez, when he was contracted in Chihuahua, and in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México when he was contracted in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. He describes the processing centers in the United States as clean with good service. There were times, however, when the Braceros would get on each others nerves. He states that if they were told to do something they could not understand, they would continue doing what they would do in their hometown. Braceros were transported by “special busses,” like Greyhound, to their worksite or by plane if the worksite was far from the processing center.

[Mins 19:41-22:24; Processing Continued] Jesús calls the process a “sacrifice” saying that one has to pass through many rounds of interviews. If there was any discrepancy between interviews, one was pushed to the side while another Bracero took his place. He explains that regardless of what time of day or night it was, as soon as the Braceros arrived at Río Vista, they were examined—having blood drawn and their hair checked. Many Braceros would faint when their blood was drawn because they were weak from the sleepless trip. Jesús states that Braceros were able to choose their salary by waiting for contractors from the better-paying states, such as Michigan, Nebraska, Idaho, Colorado, and Montana. Braceros were able to purchase clothes in the United States and keep the clothes with them at the processing center to save for their return to México.

[Mins 22:25-25:57; Outline of Places in which Jesús Worked] Jesús worked as a Bracero from 1952 to 1961 continuously, except for the mandatory periods of return to México. As a Bracero, he worked in [the city is unclear], Michigan, Edmore, Michigan, Saginaw, Michigan, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, Coachella, California and Clint, Texas. In Clint, Jesús decided to legalize his family’s residency. From Michigan, Jesús called his brothers who were working in Clint, Texas, to see if there was any way that Jesús could stay in the United States. His brothers talked with the growers in Clint, and Jesús was hired to pick cotton. The farm where Jesús worked grew cotton, alfalfa, chili, wheat, and [it is difficult to hear what other crop was harvested]. There were 45 Braceros who picked cotton. Jesús became the mayordomo [field boss] in Clint, a ranch in Arizona, and a ranch in Ysleta, Texas. He was in charge of all three ranches at the same time. Jesús attended school in Las Cruces, New Mexico to learn about cultivation, explaining that at that time, nut harvests were being sold.

[Mins 25:58-28:00; Relationships] Jesús states that he made many friends, saying that upon return to México Braceros were all seen as family because they had “suffered” through the same things. Jesús does not recall that any undocumented workers were hired. Jesús expresses that his relationship with the grower was very strong, stating that he was treated like family. Upon the grower’s death, he left instructions that all the Braceros were to sit at the head table during Mass. Mexican authorities never visited the worksite, but INS officials reviewed workers’ documentation at the beginning of each harvest. Jesús communicated with his family via letters. He only saw them at the end of each contract.

[Mins 28:01-31:57; Working and Living Conditions; Food] Jesús worked eight hours a day for six days a week. In Michigan, Jesús worked with beets and then picked blackberries from an orchard. Braceros would eat meals in the dining hall, but were only allowed one serving. Jesús remembers that Fridays were special because chicken was served. Lunch was served at noon, and dinner was served at seven. Braceros paid $1.75 [it is unclear whether this is per day, per meal, etc.] that was deducted from their paycheck. He remembers that sometimes they would be served food that they had never eaten at home, but which they would have to accept. He states that sometimes their meal was insufficient, but that they could not complain because it was the standard meal for all. Jesús describes the barracks as containing several bunk beds. The Braceros would keep their bag beneath the beds and were required to keep their beds neat. Jesús states that the bathrooms were good. The Braceros would turn in their laundry every Saturday or Sunday to be washed. The Braceros had to pay for toiletries.

[Mins 31:58-36:32; Wage] Jesús speaks about caring for large peppers and their profit as opposed to pumpkins. Jesús was paid in cash. In some camps he was paid every eight days, and in others he was paid every fifteen days. He would save money from his paychecks and then send it home to México via registered mail. Braceros that were paid by the hour received the same wage. Braceros that were paid by contract were paid according to their particular harvest. Jesús states that he was always paid the correct amount on time. He never had any problems on the job.

[Mins 36:33-End; Final Reflections] Jesús hopes that today’s generation understands how much the Braceros suffered, working without food and ill at times. He speaks of the importance of setting a good example for one’s family, of being honest and responsible. He has nine children that all have careers. Jesús says that the Bracero Program introduced him to a different way of life in the United States, and that he wanted that way of life for his children. Jesús recalls that in the Río Grande Valley people crossed the [Río Grande] river with their families dying of hunger. He vowed that his family would not cross by river, but rather would cross [legally] by bridge. He thanks God that his wish was granted.

Martinez_NMAH006