José Ramírez Delgado

José Ramírez Delgado

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Ramírez Delgado was born in Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, México, but he grew up in Gómez Palacio, Durango, México; he had five sisters and four brothers; as a child, he helped his father work in the fields; after completing his military service in 1945, he came into the United States as an undocumented worker; in 1950, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in the cotton fields of Texas until 1964.

Summary of Interview: Mr. Ramírez discusses his family, childhood, and growing up in a small village after México’s land redistribution; in 1945, 1946, and 1949, he came into the United States as an undocumented worker; he goes on to detail these experiences and explain how he was ultimately able to obtain a contract without having to return to Mexico; in 1950, he enlisted in the bracero program while in México; as a bracero, he worked irrigating and picking cotton in various places throughout Texas; he was a particularly talented gardener, and his employers would often send him to work at area country clubs; in addition, he recounts an incident that occurred while he was working as a bracero, and he was hospitalized as a result of his duties; he also discusses wages, working and living conditions, duties, correspondence, remittances, recreational activities, and community attitudes toward braceros; he continued working with the program until 1964; he speaks about the economic influence braceros had on both sides of the border.

Acosta, Anais

Ramírez Delgado, José

2005-11-12

Bracero

Cristóbal Borges

Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso

spa

José Ramírez Delgado

Acosta, Anais

Cristóbal A. Borges

Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso

Mini Disc

1:44:31

24 bit
96k

Acosta, Anais

Ramírez Delgado, José

El Paso, Texas

[Mins 0:00-4:18; Introduction] José Ramírez Delgado was born in Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, México. He has five sisters and four brothers. In Sierra Mojada, his father was the mayordomo [field boss] at a mining company. Afterwards, his family moved to Comarca Lagunera in México on the side of the Mexican state of Durango. His family settled in the territory which had recently been the Palo Blanco Hacienda [estate] in the municipality of Gómez Palacio. José states that there, his family lived on a mountain. He remembers that México was very poor when he was growing up and explains that when the land was redistributed into ejidos [agricultural collectives/communal lands], his family settled the land, which today is a small village named Seis de Octubre. His father made a hole in the mountainside in which he built their house. His father sold firewood. They rebuilt their house from branches and sticks. He explains how the village developed. The Mexican government gave the village six hundred cows. José’s father was in charge of the livestock.

[Mins 4:19-6:30; Early Life] José speaks about how Seis de Octubre developed into the small town it is today. José’s school consisted of one small house. He only attended school until the second or third grade because he was kicked out for misbehaving. So, he helped his dad plant cotton. He began working in agriculture with his father when he was seven years old. He used to uproot mesquite in order to clear the way for the land to be seeded. He remarks about how fortunate he has been in his life.

[Mins 6:31-9:56; Mexican Military, Crossing into the United States Undocumented] José speaks about his service in the Mexican Military during World War II. He completed his military duty in 1945 and returned home to help his dad in the fields. He and his friends decided to travel to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. He arrived on September 10, 1945. About four or five days later, he and his friends crossed into the United States as undocumented workers because they had heard around town that there were many job opportunities in the United States. José picked cotton at a worksite named Rancho Noventa in [difficult to hear which city] Texas until December when he returned to México. He returned to the United States as an undocumented worker to pick cotton again in 1946. He explains his fight with his brother which centered on his brother’s Mexican Military duty.

[Mins 9:57-12:32; Receiving a Contract as an Undocumented Worker] José explains that around 1949, the United States government and the Mexican government created an agreement in which all undocumented workers in the United States could receive legal work contracts. In September of 1949 José was working without documents in Ysleta, Texas with a grower, Mr. Cox, who sent him to Fort Bliss, Texas to be contracted. José was contracted to work in Pecos, Texas picking cotton. He worked there until December 1949. He returned to México and was contracted as a Bracero in 1950 in Ciudad Juárez to work in Clint, Texas. He explains that when he was contracted in Fort Bliss, he did not have to present any documentation, but was merely asked for his name, place of birth, and names of his family members, explaining that they were undocumented workers. He also did not have to complete a medical examination. When he was contracted in México, he did have to present identification.

[Mins 12:33-15:04; Agricultural School] José explains that picking cotton was easy for him both because he had been doing it since he was young and because he attended an agricultural school in the Mexican state of Durango. He expresses that workers from Southern México who were not familiar with cotton, had a more difficult time with the work. José was transferred from the school in Durango to an agricultural school in the Mexican state of Coahuila but left because he did not receive enough food. He speaks about three of his classmates who are now famous. José calls himself a “special” Bracero.

[Mins 15:05-16:00; Gardening the El Paso Country Club] José explains that he had many different skills, but that he was an expert at gardening. His growers would “lend him out” to the country clubs in order for him to garden. He remembers that when he was working on the gardens of the El Paso Country Club in El Paso, Texas, his garden won second or third place in a competition.

[Mins 16:01-19:19; Living and Working Conditions] In Pecos, there were one hundred fifty Braceros living three per room in small rooms made out of adobe. José remarks that they suffered a lot in Pecos. He explains that because of the salty water, the Braceros would become sick. It also took them a lot of effort to cook because they were not used to the salty water. The beans did not cook well. Each Sunday afternoon, the Braceros would wash their clothes and hang them on the mesquite to dry. The Braceros would work all week long, Saturday morning, get paid Saturday at noon, and have Saturday afternoon and Sunday free. The Braceros would start work whenever the dew had dried from the cotton. José thinks that they were paid about $1.50 to $2.00 per one hundred pounds of cotton. The Braceros were paid fifty cents an hour if they were doing anything other than picking cotton. The Braceros were paid in cash. They were transported into town to buy food and patronize the restaurants, bars, and stores. José remarks that the establishments in town were very happy when the Braceros came to town because they spent their money there.

[Mins 19:20-22:10; Recreation, Remittances, Correspondence] José remembers that he and the other Braceros used to attend a dance hall in Pecos called El Zaragoza. He speaks about his friend who was a musician. José would send money to his parents. He remarks that mail took so long from Pecos to México. He remembers that he once sent money from Pecos on May 10 and his mother in Torreón, Coahuila, México, did not receive it until December when José returned to México and fetched it from the post office. He also remembers hearing that the Mexican mail officials would steal money from letters sent by Braceros. When José worked in Clint, he would travel to Ciudad Juárez every eight days to visit his relatives and send letters to his parents from there.

[Mins 22:11-23:56; Economic Effects] José speaks about how Braceros’ remittances helped México economically. He also speaks about how Braceros helped the United States economically. He states that when the Braceros arrived in the United States, women were the only pickers in the fields because United States’ men were fighting in the war. He emphasizes that Pecos was elated when the Braceros began to work there.
[Mins 23:57-25:02; Reflections] José states that being a Bracero bettered his life, expressing that he gained the opportunity to indulge his pleasures of music, dancing, and dressing well. In México, he was too poor to be able to do that. He also learned a lot in the United States. He particularly learned more about agriculture than he already knew. He remarks that the growers admired him for his skill.

[Mins 25:03-26:23; Accident and Hospitalization] José states that during droughts, a Bracero would have to burn grass with gasoline. No Braceros wanted to perform this duty because it was difficult and dangerous, but José did it. From this work, he received problems with his urinary tract, and was bed-ridden at Providence Hospital in El Paso. Upon his release, he returned to his worksite.

[Mins 26:24-29:48; Reflections Continued] José likens his Bracero experience to a duty similar to his Mexican Military experience. He states that being a Bracero was something great for him, explaining that he wore clothes he had never worn and ate food he had never eaten. He thanks the governments of the United States and México for allowing him to “c[u]mpl[ir] con mi deber como trabajador del campo” [comply with his duty as a farm laborer]. However, José states that the Braceros did suffer because at times they worked in extreme cold, in extreme heat, and without food. He says that he and his friend have a standing record in El Paso for the longest number of hours worked straight, from Saturday afternoon to Monday. He explains that these long hours were a result of the scarcity of water in the region. Still, he states that he feels proud to have been a Bracero, citing letters from growers and United States Representative Silvestre Reyes [of El Paso] that commend him for his hard work. José worked with Representative Reyes’ father for about five years [it is unclear whether Representative Reyes’ father was a Bracero or a grower]. José states that “para mí no había frío . . . para mí no había calor . . . para mí con hambre o sin hambre yo tenía que trabajar” [for me there was no cold, for me there was no heat, hungry or not hungry, for me, I had to work].

[Mins 29:49-End; Compensation, Banning Braceros in Texas] José states that he is sick and poor. He asks the United States to help him, by paying him some sort of compensation for his work as a Bracero. He speaks at length about how Braceros contributed to the United States. José was a Bracero for fifteen years. He mentions that at one point Braceros were no longer allowed to work in Texas. He states that his grower in Texas and the president of the [Bracero] Association spoke to Adolfo Ruíz Cortines, the Mexican President, to ask him to allow Braceros to work in the El Paso valley. They were successful and José and other Braceros were sent to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México via train to receive contracts. José states that he still has much to speak about.

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