José G. Corral

José G. Corral

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Guadalupe Corral was born on September 25, 1943, in Delicias, Chihuahua, México; he was the youngest of five children, and his mother died when he was a baby; when he was three years old, his family moved to Meoqui, Chihuahua, México; his father, Luis Corral Ortega, became a bracero in 1946; Luis worked in El Paso, Texas, on the railroads and at a factory that transported livestock from México into the United States; later, the family moved again, to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, which was where José primarily grew up; his father continued working with the program until 1954; Luis was ultimately able to arrange for José’s residency, which allowed him to attend school in the United States and have greater opportunities.

Summary of Interview: Mr. José Corral describes his family and childhood; his father, Luis Corral Ortega, became a bracero in 1946, at which time his family lived in Meoqui, Chihuahua, México;
José discusses remittances arriving in the mail and his family’s living conditions in México while his father was away; in 1950, the family had enough money to move to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, where life was slightly better for them; José describes an incident in which his father attempted to legalize his family’s residency, but was only able to arrange for José’s local passport; in addition, José goes on to describe his own educational and work experiences while in the United States, which include attending International Business College in El Paso, Texas, and serving as a district manager for El Paso Water Utilities; his father’s work ethic and commitment to education were things that always stayed with him; moreover, he reflects on the overall significance of braceros to the United States.

Rosas, Ana

Corral, José G.

2005-11-12

Son of a bracero

Cristóbal Borges

Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso

spa

José G. Corral

Rosas, Ana

Cristóbal A. Borges

Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso

Mini Disc

53:00

24 bit
96 k

Rosas, Ana

Corral, José G.

El Paso, Texas

[Mins 0:00-3:23; Introduction] José Guadalupe Corral was born on September 25, 1943 in Delicias, Chihuahua, México. He was the youngest of five children. His mother died when he was one and half years old. When he was three years old, his family moved to Meoqui, Chihuahua, México. In 1950, his family moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. José’s father, Luis Corral Ortega, became a Bracero in 1946. Before becoming a Bracero, Luis owned carpentry factories. One of José’s sisters died in 1972. The rest of his siblings currently reside in México, and José resides in the United States.

[Mins 3:24-5:03; Luis’ Bracero Work] As a Bracero, Luis worked for a factory in El Paso, Texas called El Paso Junior Stockyards, which transported livestock from México to the United States. Luis’ boss’ surname was Ziegler. Before he worked for the stockyard, Luis worked on the railroads in El Paso.

[Mins 5:04-7:28; Conditions in Meoqui] While José was in school in Ciudad Juárez, he would sell fruit in the afternoons. He remembers that it was hard work. He recalls that while he was living in Meoqui, his mother’s brother was in charge of him and his siblings. Luis would send them money from the United States, but José remembers that it was a hard life with a scarcity of food. During the first six months of Luis’ Bracero work, José’s family was lent a house on the condition that they care for the wheat mills on the land. José recalls that they would eat pigeons and food from the flour that the mills produced. José would also ask his neighbors for food. After six months, Luis sent home money monthly by telegram until the family moved to Ciudad Juárez.

[Mins 7:29-11:47; Conditions in Ciudad Juárez] José recalls that his family was financially more stable when they moved to Ciudad Juárez, although he cautions that life was still hard. His family rented a house in La Chaveña neighborhood in Ciudad Juárez. José remembers the atmosphere of Ciudad Juárez as more tranquil and trustworthy than the atmosphere today. José would attend school for four hours in the morning, work for two hours in the afternoon, and then return home to clean and maintain the house while his siblings were working. José remembers that Luis was not allowed to cross the border until 1958. So, José would cross the Río Grande to bring Luis lunch. José’s uncle was a plumber. José speaks about how his family worked together to survive, paying bills, clothing themselves, and working. He names the schools which he attended.

[Mins 11:48-14:58; Legalizing Residency] In 1958, Luis attempted to legalize his family’s residency. However, his request was denied because his wage was not considered sufficient to support his family. Luis was making minimum wage at the time. So, Luis only arranged for José’s local passport. José attended college in El Paso. While he attended college, he also worked. José gave his entire wage to Luis, who then would give José back a small share. José repeats information about experiences in Ciudad Juárez. While José was in El Paso, two of his sisters worked at the Commercial Bank of Chihuahua. His oldest sister legalized her residency and was able to get a job at a factory that manufactured pants. José expresses that his family modeled their hard work ethic after Luis.

[Mins 14:59-20:00; Education, Legalizing Residency Continued] José remembers that Luis was very strict about schoolwork. José repeats information about his father becoming a Bracero. Luis was only in Meoqui one month before he left to Ciudad Juárez as a Bracero. José did not see his father at all from 1946 to 1953. He repeats information about experiences in Meoqui. Luis’ last Bracero contract was in 1954. El Paso Junior Stockyard gave Luis documentation to become a legal resident. José repeats information about Luis’ attempt to legalize his family’s residency. He repeats information about how strict his father was about schoolwork.

[Mins 20:01-22:28; Post-Bracero Living Arrangements] In 1956, Luis married. Since one of José’s sisters did not get along with Luis’ wife, Luis and his wife set up a separate house in a separate neighborhood in Ciudad Juárez. Meanwhile, a live-in caretaker lived with José and his siblings. Luis’ wife died in 1958. Afterwards, Luis married the live-in caretaker and moved in with his children in Bella Vista neighborhood. The whole family resided there until José graduated from high school.

[Mins 22:29-27:56; Father-Son Meetings in El Paso] José remembers how happy it made him to see Luis every fifteen days during the time that he crossed the river to bring Luis lunch. Luis would send José back with money for the family. José describes the short thirty-minute process of crossing the border. José and Luis would speak about school, new happenings, and Luis’ job among other things when they met every fifteen days. They would speak for no longer than one hour. Luis was the carpenter at the stockyard, making furniture. Later, Luis made/served coffee at the stockyard. José explains that INS officials would come to the stockyard compelling workers to hide, but Luis would serve them coffee without fear because he had a Bracero contract.

[Mins 27:57-31:49; José’s Work Experiences] José states that he always obeyed Luis. Thus, he attended college in the United States because it was Luis’ wish. While José was in college, he worked in an El Paso store sweeping the floors for two hours a day before he returned to Ciudad Juárez each night. Minimum wage at that time was seventy-five cents an hour but José got paid thirty-five cents an hour since he was not a United States citizen. After six months, José began stocking shelves at the store. After two years, he had moved up to the cashier position. José graduated from college when he was seventeen, and by that time Luis was able to legalize José’s residency. José had studied to become an accountant, but he worked for a bank for a very short period of time because his love was operating heavy duty machinery at warehouses. Luis would scold José, asking him why he liked to perform manual labor, but José would reply that his aspirations lied in rising to manager or owner someday.

[Mins 31:50-37:02; José’s Marriage] While he was in college, José would travel to and from home in Ciudad Juárez via El Paso City Lines busses. On the bus, he met his future wife. José attended International Business College. José discusses how his relationship with his wife developed. He speaks about his interest in sports and stresses that he has always been studious and well-behaved. José discusses Luis’ feelings toward José’s desire to marry.

[Mins 37:03-40:59; Luis’ Death] Luis died in 1987 due to an accident in a hospital in El Paso. José speaks about his father’s death. José explains that his siblings’ reactions to Luis’ death were a result of their Christian religion. At the time of Luis’ death, José was a district manager at El Paso Water Utilities. José states that his father, Luis, was his lifelong friend and companion. He speaks about his connection to Luis.

[Mins 41:00-46:14; Bracero Legacy] José speaks about the money owed to Braceros from the government. He thanks the Bracero History Project members for their interest in the Bracero Program. He expresses the importance of the sacrifices Braceros made for the United States and the significance of dissemination of knowledge about Braceros.

[Mins 46:15-50:08; Final Reflections] José states that Braceros never strived to become wealthy. Rather, they worked for the opportunity to garner a better salary and progress. José states that his father would tell him about the “humiliations” he went through, such as the “disinfection” and being rallied like cattle. However, José expresses that the Braceros’ intentions were to craft a better life for their children. José is extremely grateful to Luis for his strength, struggle, and dedication. He is grateful that Luis kept the family united. He states that he always followed and continues to follow Luis’ example. José has ten children and fifteen grandchildren. He speaks about his children. He speaks about politics.

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