Browse All (3164 items total)

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Carlos Rosario was born on September 11, 1928, in Mazatepec, Morelos, México; he was the youngest of three brothers; his father was a sacristan at their local church; he worked sowing rice and driving herds from an early age; in 1955, he joined the bracero program; he worked in California and Texas picking cotton, grapefruits, green beans, lemons, oranges, and strawberries.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Rosario recalls growing up Mazatepec, Morelos, México in a catholic household; he remembers sowing rice and driving herds from an early age; in 1955; he joined the Bracero Program; he describes how the hiring process was conducted, how he had to pay bribes to be placed on the selection list, and the long train trip he took to the contracting center at Empalme, Sonora, México; additionally, he states that he worked in California and Texas picking cotton, grapefruits, green beans, lemons, oranges, and strawberries; furthermore, he details daily activities on the farms, the housing braceros had, the food they prepared, the curfews they were given, and the treatment they received from foremen; he explains the different kinds of contracts they had, what they had to do when their contract expired, and how the rehiring process was done; moreover, he states what braceros did during weekends, and how they celebrated Mexican holidays; he also recounts what visits from representatives of the Mexican consulate were like; to conclude, he presents what he did after the program was terminated, how his life changed after being a bracero, and his positive memories of that time.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Bernardino Vilchis was born in Cuernavaca, Morelos, México; he grew up in a middle class family, and later worked as an electrician; he joined the bracero program in 1943, and worked in Arizona as a railroad line laborer.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Vilchis recalls growing up in Cuernavaca, Morelos, México; he states that his family was part of the middle class in México, and he was trained to be an electrician; additionally, he remembers joining the bracero program to prove to himself that he could do hard physical labor; he worked in Arizona as a railroad line laborer from 1943 to 1948; he relates the bad impression he initially had of the program because of the train ride he was forced to endure to Querétero, Querétero, México in a dirty cattle car; furthermore, he describes the hiring process there, the contract he signed, and his arrival at the bracero camp; he details what daily activities they did, the horrible food they ate, the housing they had and the work they did; moreover, he explains how he learned English, and became the interpreter for braceros when they went into town; he also helped illiterate braceros write letters; beyond these memories, he discusses the good treatment they received from foremen, the wages they made, and the difficulty of working in extreme weather; he also reflects on the way many promises made to them were broken, and how the Mexican government defrauded them of their savings; he explains why he decided to return to México, and how he has mixed feelings about the program.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Víctor Martínez was born on July 28, 1934, in Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, México; as a child, he worked with his family harvesting corn, peanuts, and rice; he stopped attending school at an early age due to the ill treatment he received from his teacher; as an adult, he learned to read and write; in 1956, he left home to join the bracero program; he worked in California picking apricots, lettuce, and peas.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Martínez recalls growing up in Miacatlán, Morelos, México; he remembers that, as a child, he helped his family with farming chores; they harvested corn, peanuts, and rice for self consumption and profit; he states that he stopped attending school at an early age due to the ill treatment he received from his teacher, and that he learned to read and write as an adult; additionally he discusses how his father opposed him going to the United States for work; due to this, he hired a coyote to take him to Empalme, Sonora, México so he could enlist in the bracero program; he details how he became a bracero in 1956; additionally, he describes the hiring process in Empalme, his train trip in cargo carts to the border and his experience at the processing centers; he also expresses how the fumigation process was carried out, and how ashamed he felt when they were walked in front of female secretaries while being nude; furthermore, he recounts his time in California picking apricots, lettuce, and peas; he presents how life was for him in the U.S., and the work he did; moreover, he talks about how he returned to the U.S as an undocumented worker after the program was terminated, and how he preferred working as a contracted bracero.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Vicente Ayala was born on July 19, 1922, in Tizapotla, Morelos, México; at a young age, he began to work in his family’s fields; he had no formal education; experienced as a field laborer, he performed work for other people; he entered the bracero program in 1956, and worked in Billings, Montana and California; as a bracero, he labored at a cannery and picked corn, grapes, lemons, nuts, and pears.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Arizmendi recalls working in the fields of Tizapotla at an early age; he states that he never had the chance to attend formal schooling, and he learned to read and write as an adult; he describes joining the bracero program in 1956 after losing his crops and cattle; additionally, he details the work he did in Billings, Montana and California; he remembers working at a cannery, and picking corn, grapes, lemons, nuts, and pears; furthermore, he continues to explain why he labored as an undocumented worker after the program was terminated; he also discusses the problems he had with immigration officials in Chicago and Wisconsin; moreover, he states that, in his later years, he returned to his hometown after experiencing trouble securing work due to his age.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Sebastián Jaimes was born in 1914, in Coyota (later San José del Río), Michoacán, México; as a young boy, he worked in the fields with his family; two of his siblings died when he was a child; in 1952, he was hired as a bracero; he worked in Arizona and California; later, he attempted to secure another bracero contract, but was refused after an inspection of his teeth; he returned to México and now lives in Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Jaimes recalls his childhood and his early work in the fields; he explains how he attended school with a private teacher, and when two of his siblings died; additionally, he details his experiences before becoming a bracero, and how he once refused to marry a rich girl because he was poor; he discusses how he sold candies to survive in Empalme, Sonora, México while waiting to receive his first bracero contract; in 1952, he was hired as a bracero; he worked in Arizona and California; he states that, when his first contract was up, he returned to México and attempted to rejoin the Bracero Program; he expresses how he was able to apply, but was refused enterance into the program after officials at a contracting center checked his teeth; he relates how later he was returned to the border; there, he had to ask customs officials for help in securing transportation home; after this experience, he decided to stay in México, and now lives in Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Miguel Ortega was born in Miacatlán, Morelos, México; his father worked in sugar cane fields; at the age of twelve, he joined his father in the fields; he was in the bracero program from 1957 to 1964; he worked in Arizona packing lettuce and in California cutting celery.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Ortega recalls his childhood in Miacatlán, Morelos, México; he states that when he was twelve years old, he began working with his father in sugar cane fields; additionally, he remembers that he moved to Empalme, Sonora, México in 1957 to secure a bracero contract; he relates the help he received there while waiting to enlist in the program, and the process he encountered at the contracting center; furthermore, he remembers his trip to the United States-México border, and how he was treated at the processing center in El Centro, California; he details how the fumigation process was carried out, and how their paper work was created; moreover, he recounts working in Arizona and California packing lettuce and cutting celery; he discusses what his daily workload was like, and the physical difficulties the work entailed; to conclude, he reflects on what his life would have been like had he stayed in the U.S. after the program was done.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Ramírez was born on August 27, 1939, in Tizapotla, Morelos, México; at an early age, he began working on the farm with his family; he worked as a bracero from 1960 to 1962 in Arizona and California; there he picked cotton and cut lettuce.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Ramírez recalls growing up in Tizapotla, Morelos, México, and working from an early age on a farm; he remembers attending school to the third grade; later, he relates how he heard about the bracero program from men who went to the United States during the first years of the program; he joined the program in 1960, and describes the hiring process he went through in Empalme, Sonora, México; additionally, he details discrimination braceros suffered in Empalme and in the U.S.; he highlights how they were kicked out of church services, and how priest set up mass in Spanish for them; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona and California until 1962; he describes that during this time he picked cotton and cut lettuce; he expresses what daily life was like for him in the camps, and the work he had to perform; after the program was terminated, he states that he returned to the U.S. in 1973 as an undocumented worker; he explains how he crossed the border, and the work he did in Chicago; in 1980, he relates that he returned to México and decided not to go back to the U.S.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Verdín was born on November 26, 1938, in Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato, México; at an early age, he worked with his father in the fields; he received formal education up to the fifth grade; in 1959, he joined the Bracero Program; he picked cotton in Arizona and California.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Verdín recalls growing up in Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato, México, and working with his father in the fields; he remembers receiving formal education up to the fifth grade; he joined the bracero program in 1959, and relates his experience during the hiring process; additionally, he discusses how he was chosen to be a cook in the bracero camps, and what his life was like as a bracero; he also worked in Arizona and California picking cotton; these activities he did until 1967; after the bracero program ended, he returned to the United States as an undocumented worker; he describes how he crossed the border and the work he did in the U.S.; furthermore, he concludes by stating that he has lived in Austin, Texas since 1971 with his family, and that he took advantage of the amnesty offered in 1985.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Samarrón was born on October 23, 1936, in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; he had one year of formal education; at an early age, he began working in the fields with his father; at age eighteen, he labored in construction cutting stone; he joined the bracero program in 1957, and worked in Arizona, California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas; there, he picked corn, cotton, lettuce and strawberries; he did these activities until 1966.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Samarrón recalls his childhood in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México, and his field work with his father at an early age; he recalls that he received one year of formal education; at age eighteen, he worked in construction, and he remembers how he had to cut stones; he relates how he was hired as a bracero, and his trip to the United States; in the bracero program from 1957 to 1966, he recounts what his daily life was like, and how the work was carried out; he also discusses how the braceros got along with each other, and how they celebrated Mexican holidays in the U.S.; furthermore, he expresses that he worked in Arizona, California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas picking corn, cotton, lettuce and strawberries; in 1968, he returned to the U.S. to labor as an undocumented worker; he continued this work until the 1990s, and traveled back to México periodically to visit his family; in the 1990s, he states that he retired in Austin, and, in 2000, he was able to bring his wife to the U.S. to live with him.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Gregorio Flores was born March 12, 1932, in Tepoztlan, Morelos, México; at an early age, he helped his father with field work; he had one year of formal education; as a young man, he worked in the construction industry; from 1959 to 1961, he worked as a bracero in Arizona, California and Texas picking cotton, melons, and other fruits and vegetables.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores recalls growing up in Tepoztlan, Morelos, México; he states that, after one year of formal schooling, he worked with his father doing farming chores; additionally, he remembers working in construction as a young man; he discusses being a bracero from 1959 to 1961; furthermore, he talks about his time picking melons in Arizona, fruits and vegetables in California and cotton in Texas; he details his time as an undocumented worker in Virginia and Dallas from 1980 to 1985; moreover, he compares what life was like for him as a bracero with what he experienced as an undocumented worker.