Browse All (3159 items total)

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Miguel Ortega was born in Miacatlán, Morelos, México; his father worked in sugar cane fields; at the age of twelve, he joined his father in the fields; he was in the bracero program from 1957 to 1964; he worked in Arizona packing lettuce and in California cutting celery.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Ortega recalls his childhood in Miacatlán, Morelos, México; he states that when he was twelve years old, he began working with his father in sugar cane fields; additionally, he remembers that he moved to Empalme, Sonora, México in 1957 to secure a bracero contract; he relates the help he received there while waiting to enlist in the program, and the process he encountered at the contracting center; furthermore, he remembers his trip to the United States-México border, and how he was treated at the processing center in El Centro, California; he details how the fumigation process was carried out, and how their paper work was created; moreover, he recounts working in Arizona and California packing lettuce and cutting celery; he discusses what his daily workload was like, and the physical difficulties the work entailed; to conclude, he reflects on what his life would have been like had he stayed in the U.S. after the program was done.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Ramírez was born on August 27, 1939, in Tizapotla, Morelos, México; at an early age, he began working on the farm with his family; he worked as a bracero from 1960 to 1962 in Arizona and California; there he picked cotton and cut lettuce.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Ramírez recalls growing up in Tizapotla, Morelos, México, and working from an early age on a farm; he remembers attending school to the third grade; later, he relates how he heard about the bracero program from men who went to the United States during the first years of the program; he joined the program in 1960, and describes the hiring process he went through in Empalme, Sonora, México; additionally, he details discrimination braceros suffered in Empalme and in the U.S.; he highlights how they were kicked out of church services, and how priest set up mass in Spanish for them; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona and California until 1962; he describes that during this time he picked cotton and cut lettuce; he expresses what daily life was like for him in the camps, and the work he had to perform; after the program was terminated, he states that he returned to the U.S. in 1973 as an undocumented worker; he explains how he crossed the border, and the work he did in Chicago; in 1980, he relates that he returned to México and decided not to go back to the U.S.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Verdín was born on November 26, 1938, in Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato, México; at an early age, he worked with his father in the fields; he received formal education up to the fifth grade; in 1959, he joined the Bracero Program; he picked cotton in Arizona and California.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Verdín recalls growing up in Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato, México, and working with his father in the fields; he remembers receiving formal education up to the fifth grade; he joined the bracero program in 1959, and relates his experience during the hiring process; additionally, he discusses how he was chosen to be a cook in the bracero camps, and what his life was like as a bracero; he also worked in Arizona and California picking cotton; these activities he did until 1967; after the bracero program ended, he returned to the United States as an undocumented worker; he describes how he crossed the border and the work he did in the U.S.; furthermore, he concludes by stating that he has lived in Austin, Texas since 1971 with his family, and that he took advantage of the amnesty offered in 1985.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Samarrón was born on October 23, 1936, in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; he had one year of formal education; at an early age, he began working in the fields with his father; at age eighteen, he labored in construction cutting stone; he joined the bracero program in 1957, and worked in Arizona, California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas; there, he picked corn, cotton, lettuce and strawberries; he did these activities until 1966.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Samarrón recalls his childhood in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México, and his field work with his father at an early age; he recalls that he received one year of formal education; at age eighteen, he worked in construction, and he remembers how he had to cut stones; he relates how he was hired as a bracero, and his trip to the United States; in the bracero program from 1957 to 1966, he recounts what his daily life was like, and how the work was carried out; he also discusses how the braceros got along with each other, and how they celebrated Mexican holidays in the U.S.; furthermore, he expresses that he worked in Arizona, California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas picking corn, cotton, lettuce and strawberries; in 1968, he returned to the U.S. to labor as an undocumented worker; he continued this work until the 1990s, and traveled back to México periodically to visit his family; in the 1990s, he states that he retired in Austin, and, in 2000, he was able to bring his wife to the U.S. to live with him.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Gregorio Flores was born March 12, 1932, in Tepoztlan, Morelos, México; at an early age, he helped his father with field work; he had one year of formal education; as a young man, he worked in the construction industry; from 1959 to 1961, he worked as a bracero in Arizona, California and Texas picking cotton, melons, and other fruits and vegetables.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores recalls growing up in Tepoztlan, Morelos, México; he states that, after one year of formal schooling, he worked with his father doing farming chores; additionally, he remembers working in construction as a young man; he discusses being a bracero from 1959 to 1961; furthermore, he talks about his time picking melons in Arizona, fruits and vegetables in California and cotton in Texas; he details his time as an undocumented worker in Virginia and Dallas from 1980 to 1985; moreover, he compares what life was like for him as a bracero with what he experienced as an undocumented worker.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Filiberto Villaseñor was born on July 25, 1928, in Tizapotla, Morelos, México; at age twelve, he began working with his father in the fields; he was a bracero from 1955 to 1964; he picked cotton and tomatoes in California, Nebraska, and Wyoming.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Villaseñor recalls growing up in Tizapotla, Morelos, México; his father was a baker, but he remembers never having had an interest for the profession; at the age of twelve, he states that he helped his father work in the fields; he describes his childhood as being very hard economically, and talks about the work he did as a youth; he details how he found out about the bracero program, and what the hiring process was like when he went through it in 1955; additionally, he relates his experience at the contracting centers in Empalme, Sonora, México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, and Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; he expresses what his life was like while working as a bracero in California, Nebraska, and Wyoming; furthermore, he states that he picked cotton and tomatoes in those places, and that he performed these duties until 1964; after the program was terminated, he says that he returned to the United States as an undocumented worker; he explains that he did this work for about ten years and then returned to México; later, he states that he has since received documents to enter the U.S., and uses them to return for work from time to time.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Felipe Corona was born on May 1, 1922, in Mazatepec, Morelos, México; his father died when he was eight years old of asthma; at an early age, he worked with his mother selling rice; later, he worked as a laborer in sugar cane fields; he joined the bracero program in 1955, and picked cotton and lettuce in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Montana, and Texas.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Corona recalls the death of his father when he was eight years old, and how he helped his mother to sell rice in towns around Mazatepec, Morelos, México; he states that later he labored in sugar cane fields; additionally, he remembers that, in 1943, he was hired as a bracero, but decided to stay in México out of fear of what would happen in the United States due to the Second World War; he details why he signed up again for the bracero program in 1955, and discusses the treatment he received as a bracero; additionally, he details how braceros were sprayed with pesticides, and the bad treatment they received from employers; he relates that he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Montana, and Texas picking cotton and lettuce; he expresses that, after the end of the program, he returned to México and settled in Miacatlán, Morelos; he states that, during his time as a bracero, he sent money to his family, and was able to build a house.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Eleuterio Flores was born on February 20, 1935, in Miacatlán, Morelos, México; he grew up in a family of farm workers, and labored in sugar cane plantations near his hometown; due to a lack of formal schooling, he learned basic reading and writing from his father; he worked as a bracero from 1956 to 1963 in California and Texas.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores describes his childhood in Miacatlán, Morelos, México, and his lack of formal schooling; he relates that his father taught him to read and write; he also recalls his time in the Ingenio Azucarero, a sugar cane plantation; additionally, he discusses how his experience with the plantation helped him secure work as a bracero; furthermore, he remembers that, in 1956, he got permission from his work to join the bracero program; he details the work he did in California and Texas, and states that he picked cotton and gathered several other crops.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Bernardo Treviño on September 2, 1936, in Saltillo, Coahuila, México; he grew up in a family of farm workers; at an early age, he worked in the fields with his family; he worked as a bracero until 1964 in Michigan and Texas; there, he picked cotton and cut cucumbers.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Treviño recalls his childhood in Saltillo, Coahuila, México, and his work as a child on the farm; he remembers going through the hiring process in Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México, and signing his contract in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México; additionally, he describes his trip to the border, and being sprayed with pesticide at the United States-México border; he states that he worked as a bracero until 1964 in Michigan and Texas; there, he picked and irrigated cotton and cut cucumbers; furthermore, he details what his daily activities were like, and the good treatment he received in the United States; he relates that sometimes he spent his free time on the Mexican side of the border; moreover, he discusses how he wished he would get his bracero savings funds back, and that more attention needs to be given to the bracero cases; he concludes by stating that once the program was over he did not wish to return to the U.S.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alberto Mendoza was born on September 7, 1933, in Tizapotla, Morelos, México; his father fought in the Mexican Revolution under Emiliano Zapata’s army; he inherited land from his father, but suffered many hardships with it due to droughts and floods; later, he worked in a chalk factory; he joined the bracero program in 1959, and worked in Arizona, California and Texas.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Mendoza recalls his childhood in Tizapotla, Morelos, México, and memories of his father, a soldier in Emiliano Zapata’s army during the Mexican Revolution; he remembers the hardships he suffered while working the land his father left him, and the impact bad weather had on his farming; additionally, he details how he worked in factories, and his decision to join the bracero program; he enlisted in 1959, and relates the process he went through to get hired in Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, as well as the fumigation performed on him at the United States border; he describes working in Arizona, California, and Texas picking strawberries and other crops; he discusses his life in the program, and how he was forced to return to México when he became ill due to the food they received in the camps; furthermore, he states that he returned to the U.S. as an undocumented worker after the program was terminated; he concludes by expressing his disappointment at not having made the most of his opportunities during the program, and not having saved more money.