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Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Delgado was born in Curimeo, Michoacán, México; he is one of seven siblings; at an early age, he worked in agriculture; he joined the bracero program in 1944, and worked in California, Michigan, Texas, and Washington; there he picked apples, cherries, corn, eggplants, lettuce, pears, pumpkins, and sugar beats.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Delgado recalls growing up in Villa Jiménez, Michoacán, México, and working in agriculture from an early age; he states that he decided to join the bracero program in 1944, and worked in California, Michigan, Texas, and Washington picking apples, cherries, corn, eggplants, lettuce, pears, pumpkins, and sugar beats; additionally, he describes daily life as a bracero, the food they had and the housing they were provided; he details how work was carried out, and the treatment they received from foremen; furthermore, he recounts his experience in a bracero camp when the news arrived that World War II was over, the way he was treated in towns in the United States, and the discrimination he experienced; he explains why he decided to work as an undocumented worker while between bracero contracts, and how he was once caught in Texas by immigration officials and put in prison for one month; moreover, he states that he worked on and off as a bracero until 1958, and that he decided to return to México afterwards to be with his people.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ignacio Ochoa was born in 1923, at Petatlán, Guerrero, México; he was the first of six siblings, and his mother died when he was twelve years old; from an early age he worked cutting wood; at age fifteen, he moved to Mexico City, México; in 1943, he worked on a Mexican naval boat; he joined the bracero program in 1957, and worked in California and Washington; there he picked asparagus, avocadoes, grapes, green beans, lemons, peas, pumpkins, oranges, strawberries, and watermelon.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Ochoa recalls growing up in Petatlán, Guerrero, México, his mother dying when he was twelve years old, and working from an early age cutting wood; he states that he moved to Mexico City, México at the age of fifteen, and that he started working on a Mexican naval boat in 1943; he remembers joining the bracero program in 1957, and working in California and Washington; there he picked asparagus, avocadoes, grapes, green beans, lemons, peas, pumpkins, oranges, strawberries, and watermelon; additionally, he details what the hiring process in Empalme, Sonora, México was like, the contract he signed, and how he didn’t know what it said because it was in English; he describes what daily life was like in bracero camps, what housing they had, and the food they ate; furthermore, he discusses a time when the braceros went on strike over the quality of the food; he also explains the treatment they received from foremen, and how Mexican foremen were worst than American ones; moreover, he relates losing his house in the 1963 earthquake, why he returned to the United States to work as an undocumented laborer, and how he would like to have a visa to live in the U.S.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Homero López was born in 1934, in Petatlán, Guerrero, México; he was the second of three brothers; his stepfather taught him to work in agriculture, and, at the age of eight, he planted beans, corn, and peppers; he continued these activities until he was seventeen, and then moved to Mexico City, México; in 1954, he joined the bracero program; he worked in Arkansas, California, New Mexico, and Texas picking cantaloupes, cotton, sugar beets, and tomatoes.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Lopéz recalls growing up in Petatlán, Guerrero, México, and learning from his stepfather how to work in agriculture; he remembers planting beans, corn, and peppers from the age of eight until he was seventeen; additionally, he relates how he moved to Mexico City, México, and why he decided to join the bracero program in 1954; he describes the hiring process he went through, the legal requirements he needed to fulfill, the train trip to the border, and the different contracts he had; as a bracero, he worked in Arkansas, California, New Mexico, and Texas picking cantaloupes, cotton, sugar beets, and tomatoes; he details what his daily life on the farms was like, the treatment they received from foremen, and the food they were given; furthermore, he expresses what braceros did during weekends, the trips they took to town, and what they did for hobbies; he continues to explain why some braceros deserted the farms, and what were some of their complaints; moreover, he relates what things he liked about the United States, why he decided to live in Mexico City, México, and why he remembers his time as a bracero positively.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Heriberto Flores was born in Guerrero, México; he was an only child, and grew up with his mother and maternal grandmother; at the age of eight, he began working in agriculture; he traveled to Mexico City, México in 1956 and enrolled in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas picking cantaloupes, carrots, cherries, cotton, grapes, olives, peaches, sugar beets, tomatoes, and watermelons.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores recalls growing up in Guerrero, México, and working in agriculture from the age of eight to help his family; he remembers traveling to Mexico City, México in 1956, and enrolling in the bracero program; additionally, he describes the hiring process, and his experience at the contracting center in Mexico City, México; he worked in California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas picking cantaloupes, carrots, cherries, cotton, grapes, olives, peaches, sugar beets, tomatoes, and watermelons; furthermore, he details what the daily activities on the farms were like, the housing they had, and the treatment they received from foremen; he also explains how their contracts worked, how they could get extensions, and the complaints many braceros had about the bad food they received; moreover, he recounts what braceros did on weekends, and the gambling and games they took part in; he concludes by stating the benefits of having been a bracero, the things he liked and disliked about the United States, and the reasons why he decided to return to México.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Heriberto Cortés was born in San Isidro, Oaxaca, México; in his childhood, he worked planting beans, corn, and peanuts; at the age of seventeen, he moved to Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México; in 1957, he joined the bracero program; he worked in Arkansas, Minnesota, and Texas picking apples, peppers, cotton, cucumbers, and watermelon; additionally, he labored in cattle ranches.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Cortés recalls growing up in San Isidro, Oaxaca, México; he relates how he worked planting beans, corn, and peanuts as a child, and, at age seventeen, moved to Oaxaca de Júarez, Oaxaca, México; additionally, he remembers being advised by a friend to travel to Mexico City, México to join the bracero program; he worked as a bracero from 1957 to 1960 in Arkansas, Minnesota, and Texas; there, he picking apples, peppers, cotton, cucumbers, and watermelons; he describes his experience at the bracero contracting center in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, and the legal requirements he needed to fulfill for the program; furthermore, he details his trip to the United States-México border, his time at the reception center in Hidalgo, Texas, and the medical exams he went through; he explains the lengths of his contracts, and how he received extensions; moreover, he outlines daily life on the farms, what housing braceros had, the rules they had to follow, and how they organized cooking duties; he also states what they did during weekends, how they spent there money, and their visits to movie theaters; to conclude, he recounts what the benefits of having been a bracero were, how his life changed, and what he did after the program ended.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Heleodoro Martínez was born in Metepec, Hidalgo, México; he was the third of six brothers; at an early age, he worked in agriculture; as a teenager, he worked in construction; he joined the bracero program in 1951, and worked in California and Texas; there, he picked carrots, celery, cotton, green peppers, lemons, oranges, and tomatoes.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Martínez recalls growing up in Metepec, Hidalgo, México, and working from an early age in agriculture and construction; he remembers that, in 1951, he joined the bracero program after suffering economic hardships; additionally, he describes the hiring process in rural areas, the legal requirements he needed to fulfill to get on a list of people who could become braceros, and the bribes he had to pay to get on that list; he details what the contracting centers were like in Irapuato, Guanajuato, México and Empalme, Sonora, México, the physical exams he endured, his experience in the reception center in Calexico, California, and how the disinfection process was carried out; furthermore, he relates his daily activities on the farms, the treatment he received from foremen, and what his housing and food was like; he also expresses what braceros did during weekends, and what they did for entertainment; moreover, he explains his hopes when he joined the bracero program, the hardships he and other braceros endured in the United States, and his feelings of loneliness and sadness during his time in the program.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Héctor Solís was born in Hidalgo, México; he was the fifth of nine brothers; at an early age, he worked in agriculture; at age fifteen, he moved to Mexico City, México for school; he joined the bracero program in 1953, and worked in California picking almonds, cotton, peaches, and tomatoes.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Solís recalls growing up in Hidalgo, México; at age fifteen, he remembers moving to Mexico City, México for school; he later decided to join the bracero program after hearing positive stories about it from his brothers; a bracero from 1953 to 1956, he worked in California picking almonds, cotton, peaches, and tomatoes; he describes enrolling in a small town, paying bribes to appear on a selection list, and what the hiring process was like at Empalme, Sonora, México; additionally, he recounts the long wait there, the routine questions he was asked, and his train trip to the United States border; he details what the process was like at the reception center in California, the medical exams he endured, and how the disinfection process was done; furthermore, he explains the daily activities on the farms, and what their food and housing was like; he discusses the treatment they received from foremen, and the relationship among braceros; moreover, he presents the complaints braceros voiced, and the misunderstandings they had about their contracts; he recounts how once his contract was terminated before its expiration date, and how he was left without money to return to México; to conclude, he states that he feels proud to have been a bracero, and explains why he decided to stay in México, and why he feels that México is a better place to educate a family.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Guadalupe Cano was born in Cerro Colorado, Guanajuato, México; he grew up in Valle de Santiago, Guanajuato, México, and worked in agriculture with his family until the age of nineteen; he joined the bracero program in 1955; he worked in California, Nevada, and Texas picking asparagus, cantaloupes, cotton, grapes, lemons, olives, peaches, strawberries, tomatoes, and watermelons.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Cano recalls growing up in Valle de Santiago, Guanajuato, México; he remembers working with his family in agriculture until he was nineteen years old; additionally, he explains how his family’s poverty pushed him to join the bracero program in 1955; he details the different steps he had to fulfill to obtain a bracero contract, what his experience at the bracero processing center in El Centro, California was like, and how the disinfection process was carried; he also states that he worked in California, Nevada, and Texas picking asparagus, cantaloupes, cotton, grapes, lemons, olives, peaches, strawberries, tomatoes, and watermelons; furthermore, he describes what daily life was like in bracero camps, how work was carried out on farms, the housing they had, and the food they ate; he discusses the different wages they received, and how they spent their money; beyond these points, he relates what braceros did on weekends, and positive aspects of life in the United States; moreover, he outlines complaints braceros had regarding food, medical services, and tax deductions; he continues to recount what he did after his time as a bracero ended, the positive and negative aspects of the program, and the reasons why he decided to stay in México after 1960.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Gregorio Corrales was born in Mexico City, México; at the age of eight, he began cutting wood and sowing corn with his father; during his teenage years, he worked in construction and in factories; he joined the bracero program in 1951 to please his mother; as a bracero, he worked in California picking and harvesting grapes, lemons, oranges, peaches, carrots, lettuce and sugar beets.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Corrales recalls growing up in San Mateo, México, México, and how he worked from the age of eight cutting wood and sowing corn with his father; he remembers laboring in construction and factory work during his teenage years, and how his mother encouraged him to join the bracero program in 1951; additionally, he describes the hiring process at the contracting centers in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México and Empalme, Sonora, México, and the procedure he went through at the reception center in El Centro, California; he details how ranchers picked braceros for work, the different activities he did on the farms, and the treatment he received from foremen; furthermore, he relates what their housing was like, the food they ate, and what braceros did on weekends; he also explains the hardships he had as a bracero, and the complaints many of them voiced; moreover, he concludes by stating the benefits of having been a bracero, how he used the money he earned to educate his family, and why he considers his experience a positive one.

Description:

Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Cirino Flores was born in Tizayuca, Hidalgo, México; he is the youngest of three brothers; his mother died when he was four years old, and he grew up with his paternal grandparents; he worked in agriculture from an early age; at the age of nineteen, he moved to Mexico City, México, and joined the bracero program in 1951; he worked in California and Texas picking carrots, green peppers, lemons, oranges, and tomatoes.


Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores recalls growing up in Tizayuca, Hidalgo, México, and that his mother died when he was four years old; he states that he labored in agriculture throughout his youth, and that he moved to Mexico City, México when he was nineteen; additionally, he remembers joining the bracero program in 1951 due to economic hardship; he describes the hiring process at contracting centers in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México and Empalme, Sonora, México, his train trip to the United States-México border, and the hardships braceros experienced at reception centers; furthermore, he details what daily life was like at the farms, the housing they had, and how work was carried out; he explains the kinds of contracts they had and their extensions; moreover, he relates the internal competitions between braceros, what they did on weekends, and how braceros stuck together during difficult situations; he also explains that he received bad treatment from Mexican-American foremen, the humiliation he felt, and the complaints braceros had over issues like food; to conclude, he recounts what the benefits were of having been a bracero, and how that experience help him and his family.