Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
Botello Parra, María Camen, Gallardo Viuda de Barajas, María Ofelia
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: María Soledad Reyes was born July 26, 1955, in Pajacuarán, Michoacán, México; her mother was a housewife, and her father worked in agriculture, sowing beans, corn and wheat; he came to the United States for a brief time, and he worked without proper documentation; later, when María was still a baby, he enlisted in the bracero program; after his time with the program, the family moved to Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México; María eventually married and immigrated to the United States; she and her husband settled in Arizona to raise their family. Summary of Interview: Ms. Reyes talks about her family and growing up in her half brother’s home; she was raised with several half siblings, and her mother cared for all of them; when María was still a baby, her father enlisted in the bracero program; while he was gone her mother sold tortillas and worked as a seamstress to supplement their income; María also recalls her day-to-day life with her mother and grandfather; upon her father’s return, he brought his wife and daughters undergarments from the United States, but his wife did not like them; he also bought a lot of groceries once in México to take home to his family; oftentimes, he shared stories with María about his experiences; he told her about the time he came looking for work in the United States and nearly died, because he was lost in the desert for three days; after he obtained a bracero contract, he suffered greatly when he was stripped and deloused like an animal; despite what he endured, he was still fond of several American customs; for instance, he preferred for his wife and daughters to wear pants instead of dresses; in addition, he frequently cooked at home and even showed his wife how to make flour tortillas; when he spoke in English, María thought he was a very important, intelligent and modern man; after his time with the program, the family moved to Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México, where she was formally educated; María eventually married and immigrated to the United States; she and her husband settled in Arizona to raise their family.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: María Serrano was born on January 4, 1930, in Tecolotlán, Jalisco, México; her husband was a bracero from 1944 to the end of the program; she moved to the United States in 1966 and worked picking cherries, grapefruits, lemon, and lettuce; in the 1970s, she also joined César Chávez’s movement and helped organize migrant workers. María Carmona was born on November 9, 1945, in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, México; she is the daughter of a bracero; at age fifteen, her family moved to the United States with her father, and they all worked on a farm; during the 1970s, she helped organize migrant workers for César Chávez’s union. Summary of Interview: Ms. Carmona and Ms. Serrano discuss their childhoods and what life was like in México for them; they both explain how the bracero program impacted them directly; specifically, Ms. Carmona describes the hardships her family endured while her father worked as a bracero; she states that it was hard to never know when her father would return; additionally, she explains how her mother coped with the situation and how the children had to work from an early age to help make ends meet; for Ms. Serrano, the bracero program impacted her through her marriage; she relates how hard it was to have a husband that worked as bracero and was often away from home; she states that sometimes she did not see him for two or three years, and that he often was home only long enough to get her pregnant; both women recount how they moved to the United States, and how they became involved in the union movement developed by César Chávez; they explain how they organized strikes and how teamsters attempted to intimidate and disrupt their efforts; they both address the problems they saw in their communities due to alcoholism and violence; they conclude the interview discussing how they attempted to solve those problems.
Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso
Marriage certificate of Agustin Bautista
Duplicated marriage certificate of Augustin Bautista who was married to Isabel Bautista Zamano on July 21, 1947.
Marriage certificate between J. Guadalupe Santacruz Rangel and Melitona Santacruz
Marriage certificate of Jose Guadalupe Santacruz Rangel and Melitona Santacruz.
Marriage Certificate of Eugenio Renteria and Maria Refugio Gomez (backside) with signature.
Marriage certificate (back) of Jose Guadalupe Santacruz Rangel and Melitona Santacruz
Marriage certificate (backside) of Jose Guadalupe Santacruz Rangel and Melitona Santacruz. Married in Zacatecas, Mexico on February 6, 1945.
Marriage Certificate of Eugenio Renteria and Maria Refugio Gomez
Mexican marriage certificate of Eugenio Renteria and Maria Refugio Gomez.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Marselina Meza López was born on April 26, 1944, in Santa Cruz Huitziltepec, Molcaxac [Puebla], México; she is the eldest of her five siblings, and her parents were campesinos; in 1959, her father enlisted in the bracero program, and she and her mother were left to care for the children and work the land; when she was seventeen years old, she married Nemencio Meza Ortiz, who also labored as a bracero; she later came to the United States with her family and settled in Los Angeles, California. Summary of Interview: Ms. Meza describes her family and what life was like growing up in a small town; her family owned a parcel of land where they planted beans, corn, and wheat; she recalls never going to school very much, because she helped care for her younger siblings; her father was a bracero in the late fifties and early sixties; he worked in California and Texas, usually on forty-five day contracts, three to four times a year; when he was gone, she and her mother were left to care for the children and work the land; in 1962, she married Nemencio Meza Ortiz, who also labored as a bracero; he was contracted a few times before their nuptials and only twice more afterward; while he was away, she was left alone with the children and little to no money; they were able to communicate occasionally by phone and through letters; he worked illegally in the United States during the seventies; their eldest son immigrated to the United States in the mideighties, and the rest of the family moved to Tijuana, Baja California, México; they sold whatever they could to make ends meet; over time, her son was able to save money and rent a home so that the rest of the family could move to Los Angeles, California; upon final reflection of the bracero program, she feels that many of the men suffered greatly; moreover, she insists that the government should pay the 10 percent that is owed to the braceros; her father even gave her all his documentation in the hopes that she would be able to receive reparations.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Martín Conejo is the son of Ernesto Conejo, who was a bracero during the late fifties and early sixties; Martin’s father, Ernesto, was born on a ranch, just outside of Morelia, Michoacán, México; his father died when he was young, and as the eldest of his siblings, he became the head of the family; he worked in a bicycle factory for a time before hearing about the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in Michigan, Texas, and Wisconsin, picking apples, corn, and tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Martín Conejo is the son of Ernesto Conejo, who was a bracero during the late fifties and early sixties; Martín explains how much he admires his father for having been able to successfully work as a bracero in the United States in spite of the fact that he only had a third grade education; Ernesto was the first person from his ranch to work in the United States; he was initially contracted in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México; while there he was physically examined and asked questions about his work experience; as a bracero, he worked in Michigan, Texas, and Wisconsin, picking apples, corn, and tomatoes; after every contract, he would return to México; on occasions when he had to walk through the desert, he would survive on water and powder ground from garbanzo beans for three or four days; Martín goes on to describe his father’s memories of the different worksites, payment schedules, housing, living amenities, provisions, treatment, and remittances; he mentions an instance where there were problems with a foreman who would cheat the workers out of money; because Ernesto was a good cook, he would often leave work early to begin preparing meals while his fellow workers covered for him; in spite of this, he did witness tension between Mexicans even though there was plenty of work; overall, Ernesto spoke well of the bracero program; he was eventually able to arrange for his entire family to legally immigrate to the United States.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: María Guadalupe Gutiérrez was born in Manuel Doblado, Guanajuato, México; she was formally educated through the third grade; her husband, Francisco Gutiérrez, was born in Lluvia de Oro, Chihuahua, México; he had five brothers and six sisters, but his father also had eight children with another woman; his mother was twenty-three years old and a teacher in the city when she was taken by his father who was sixty years old; although Francisco was never formally educated the way his older siblings were, his mother did tutor him at home; as a boy his parents moved to Mexicali, Baja California, México; during the sixties, he worked as a bracero in California picking pecans, tomatoes, and other fruits; he and María later immigrated to the United States. Summary of Interview: María and her daughter, Leticia, offer a detailed description of Francisco’s family and parents; he and two of his brothers traveled to Empalme, Sonora, México, in order to pick two thousand kilograms of cotton and get the cards they needed to enlist in the bracero program; they then returned to Mexicali, Baja California, where they were medically examined and fumigated; one of his brother-in-laws chose to return to México rather than endure being stripped and deloused; Francisco worked as a bracero in California picking pecans, tomatoes, and other fruits; he describes treatment, provisions, and free time, including trips into town; María mentions that they met just after he returned from a contract, and they married only a few months later; on his next contract she went with him, but she later stayed with his parents while he was gone; Leticia was their first born, and they had six more children; Leticia describes how difficult life was for her when her father was gone; he sent letters and money home every fifteen days; when María was pregnant for the third time, with twins, he returned from his last bracero contract just as they were born; both María and Francisco worked illegally for a time in the United States; in 1985, Leticia legally immigrated to the United States with her husband; by 2000, she was able to obtain legal documentation for her parents as well.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Mateo Murillo Lamas was born on September 21, 1916, in Valparaíso, Zacatecas, México; when he was roughly twenty years old, he moved to México, Distrito Federal; in 1942, while there, he was taken at gunpoint by Mexican officials and transported by train the United States to enlist in the bracero program; he continued voluntarily working as a bracero through the midfifties, primarily in the cotton and lettuce fields of Arizona, California, and Colorado; in 1989, he became a U.S. citizen. Summary of Interview: Mr. Murillo vividly recalls being in México, Distrito Federal, in 1942, when he was taken at gunpoint by Mexican officials and loaded into a train; there were roughly one thousand men aboard, and by the time they reached California, there were only two hundred men, at most, because so many had jumped off the train; as he was about to be transported to his worksite, American officials asked if he would be willing to take arms and help the United States should the need arise; he agreed and signed a paper that put him on a reserve list, but he was never called to action; in spite of his initial recruitment, he continued voluntarily working as a bracero through the midfifties, primarily in the cotton and lettuce fields of Arizona, California, and Colorado; he goes on to chronicle the various worksites, living and working conditions, duties, daily routines, treatment, payments, contract renewals, and recreational activities; in addition, he mentions receiving a portion of his salary in the form of stamps that he could use to purchase clothing or shoes according to a rationing schedule; he also comments that in the years following the war braceros were generally not treated as well, because their impending necessity was no longer at issue; moreover, he explains how he was ultimately able to use his previous work history to become a U.S. citizen in 1989; he also asserts that braceros not only supported the economy of both countries, but of the war as well.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Matiana Ibarra Quintana was born on September 21, 1929; she had one sister and one brother who passed away; her mother also died when she was only four years old; consequently, she and her siblings were raised by her paternal grandparents; her father was a day laborer; although she was never formally educated, she did learn how to run a household; she eventually married, and shortly thereafter, her husband enlisted in the bracero program; they went on to have nine children. Summary of Interview: Ms. Ibarra recalls her childhood and learning to read at the age of fourteen through a cultural mission program; by the time she was twenty, she was married and pregnant with her first child; her first born son was two years old when her husband enlisted in the bracero program; he went to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, and waited for fifteen days before getting called; while he was gone she suffered greatly; shortly after he left, their son became very ill and ultimately passed away; it was not until later that she learned the day her husband left for the United States was the day their son died; she goes on to vividly describe all the details surrounding the tragic event, including notifying her husband while he was still in the United States; in addition, one of his little sisters, who was the same age as his son, also passed away about the same time; Matiana later had another son, but her husband was not there when he was born; they went on to have nine children in total; after her husband returned they continued living with his parents; he eventually began working in construction, and they moved around a bit; years passed before he returned to the United States looking for work, and one of their sons even went with him; overall, Matiana suffered greatly when her husband was gone, but as time passed it became easier, especially with the company of her children.