José García Díaz
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José García Díaz was born on November 29, 1929, in Jamay, Jalisco, México; as a young boy, his family moved to Michoacán; he went on to finish his primary education in México, Distrito Federal; in 1954, he enlisted in the bracero program; his primary job was picking dates and caring for palm trees, in Coachella and Indio, California; he continued working as a bracero on and off until 1964, when the program ended; in 1970, he returned to the United States, and he was ultimately able to become a citizen. Summary of Interview: Mr. García briefly mentions his family and childhood; he talks about how difficult it was to find work in México and how oftentimes it was not enough to support a family; in 1954, he traveled to Mexicali, Baja California, and enlisted in the bracero program; while there, he had to present his military ID card and pass the physical exams; upon arriving in the United States, he was examined again and fumigated; as a bracero his primary job was picking dates and caring for palm trees, in Coachella and Indio, California; he goes on to describe the various worksites, duties, provisions, treatment, payment, deductions, remittances, and recreational activities; his first year as a bracero there was an immigration raid, and numerous people were deported; sometimes he worked up to three months without a day off; furthermore, he explains how he worked with groups of twenty-five men, and they carried forty-eight foot aluminum ladders in order to pick the dates; while working he fell about thirty-five feet from a tree; although his hospital bills were paid for, he never received compensation for his injuries or lost wages; he continued working until 1959, before returning to México; in 1961, he went through Empalme, Sonora, and he stayed in the United States until the program ended in 1964; in general, he experienced a lot of discrimination and abuse, but he felt it was something he had to endure, because he was a foreig…
creator: Shreibati, Annette
creator: García Díaz, José
date: 2006-05-20
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Gómez Cardenas
subject: Bracero
creator: Sifuentez, Mario
creator: Gómez Cardenas, José
date: 2006-05-23
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Gonzáles Solís
subject: bracero
creator: Gonzáles Solís, José
date: 2003-01-30
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Guadalupe Blanco Ortega
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Blanco was born on December 12, 1923, in Canelas, Durango, México; he was formally schooled through the second grade; when he was eight years old, he left his family to work with his father; they farmed together well into his teenage years; later he married and began a family; in 1949, he decided to enroll in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked picking cotton in New Mexico and Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Blanco recalls his family, childhood, and adolescence; in 1948, he married his wife, and the following year, before the birth of their second child, he decided to enroll in the bracero program; he describes how he and a group of men walked through the mountains for three days to get to a town where they could take the train to Durango, Durango, México; from there they traveled to Chihuahua to officially begin the hiring process; he describes the entire hiring and contracting process including the medical exams and disinfecting procedures; as a bracero, he worked picking cotton in New Mexico and Texas; he explains how he picked the cotton, the wages he earned, the methods of payment, and how he was able to obtain amendments and extensions to his contracts; in addition, he tells what daily life was like on the farms including the housing and food; in general, he was treated well by his American employers; he also recalls his return trip to México; overall, he benefited greatly from the program, and he concludes that he is proud to have been a part of it.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Blanco Ortega, José Guadalupe
date: 2003-01-31
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jose Guadalupe Hernandez
creator: Rosalva Casillas
contributor: Jose Guadalupe Hernandez Angel
rights: Testing

José Guadalupe Jurado Pérez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Jurado was born on December 10, 1935, in Canatlán, Durango, México; he was the oldest of four siblings; to help his father, he worked in agricultural from an early age; at age eleven, his father left the family and he was forced to grow up with paternal relatives; in 1951, he enrolled in the bracero program, and worked in New Mexico and Texas picking cotton; he performed these duties until 1956. Summary of Interview: Mr. Jurado recalls crossing the United States-México border with his father; once there, they were hired as undocumented workers at a cotton field in El Paso, Texas; after one year, they both decided to enlist in the bracero program in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; he describes the bracero contracting center there, the questioning process they endured, the medical exams performed on them and the reception center in El Paso, Texas; a bracero from 1951 to 1956, he worked in New Mexico and Texas; he remembers daily activities on the farms, their housing, the furniture they were provided, and the food they prepared; additionally, he discusses the different contracts given to braceros, the lengths of those contracts, and their extensions; he also recounts what their wages were, how they were paid, and the treatment they received from foremen; furthermore, he relates how they received visits from representatives of the Mexican consulate; he continues to detail how he sent money to his family in México, the relationships braceros had with each other, the trips they took to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México and what they did on weekends; moreover, he explains his happiness and pride in having been a bracero.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Jurado Pérez, José Guadalupe
date: 2003-05-29
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Guadalupe Verdín Arriaga
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Verdín was born on November 26, 1938, in Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato, México; at an early age, he worked with his father in the fields; he received formal education up to the fifth grade; in 1959, he joined the Bracero Program; he picked cotton in Arizona and California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Verdín recalls growing up in Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato, México, and working with his father in the fields; he remembers receiving formal education up to the fifth grade; he joined the bracero program in 1959, and relates his experience during the hiring process; additionally, he discusses how he was chosen to be a cook in the bracero camps, and what his life was like as a bracero; he also worked in Arizona and California picking cotton; these activities he did until 1967; after the bracero program ended, he returned to the United States as an undocumented worker; he describes how he crossed the border and the work he did in the U.S.; furthermore, he concludes by stating that he has lived in Austin, Texas since 1971 with his family, and that he took advantage of the amnesty offered in 1985.
creator: Domínguez, Violeta
creator: Verdín Arriaga, José Guadalupe
date: 2003-10-24
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Hernández Romero
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Hernández was born on November 10, 1929, in Jalisco, México; he was the youngest of five children; his father died when he was nine years old, and he began working on a farm shortly thereafter; ironically, when he was twenty years old, he enrolled in the bracero program as a kind of dare; as a bracero he worked throughout California, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; eventually, he became a supervisor and later a barber for the braceros; he ultimately emigrated to the United States and continued to work in the farming industry. Summary of Interview: Mr. Hernández briefly recalls his childhood and adolescence; he began working on a farm when he was nine years old, and by the time he was sixteen, half of what the farm yielded was his to keep; later when he was twenty years old, a friend of his dared him to enlist in the bracero program, and he did; he went through the contracting center in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; from there was transported by bus to Mexicali, Baja California, where he was medically examined and deloused; he was then taken to El Centro, California, and finally to Salinas, California, to work in the beet fields; when his contracts ended, he returned to México, and he went through the contracting process all over again; he went through contracting centers in Irapuato, Guanajuato, and Empalme, Sonora, México; as a bracero he worked throughout California, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; eventually, he became a supervisor and later a barber for the braceros; in 1960, he returned to México to work the land he had purchased with the money he gained working as a bracero; later, with the help of his previous employer, he was able to emigrate to the United States where he continued working in the farming industry; he worked for eight years as a head foreman before returning to the fields.
creator: Velásquez, Steve
creator: Hernández Romero, José
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Ignacio Astorga Corral
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: José Ignacio Astorga Corral Facha de la entrevista: 17 de marzo de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor José Ignacio Astorga Corral, en la ciudad de Durango, Durango, el día 17 de marzo de 2003. Conducida por Laureano Martínez para el Projecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Buenos días don José. JA: Buenos días. LM: ¿Cómo está? JA: Pos bien, y, ¿ustedes cómo están? LM: Muy bien, gracias a Dios. JA: Con su trabajo, ¿cómo andan? LM: Pos bien, aquí. JA: Pos nosostros aquí andamos echándole ganas a ver qué es lo que nos dicen ustedes. LM: Muy bien, don José, me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació usted? JA: Agárrate, yo nací en Palomas Canelas, Durango. LM: ¿En qué año? JA: El año [19]33, el 31 de julio a las seis de la tarde. LM: ¿Cómo se llamó su papá? JA: Francisco Astorga Chávez. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? JA: Pastora Corral González. LM: ¿Cuántos hermanos tuvo, don José? JA: Mire, tuve muchos, ahí le va, pero de mi mamá juimos ocho. LM: ¿Se acuerda de los nombres de sus hermanos? JA: Sí, el primero fue yo, José Ignacio y luego sigue Rosalba Astorga Corral, Carolina Astorga Corral, Austriberto Astorga Corral, Ricardo Astorga Corral, Jesús Astorga Corral, Aureleano Astorga Corral, el socoyote Fidel Astorga Corral, los ocho. LM: ¿Usted era el mayor de ellos? JA: Así es, el primero. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaba su papá, don José? JA: Agricultor, ganadero y campesino. Hay que hablar la cosa como es, él era agricultor, ganadero y campesino. LM: ¿Qué sembraban, don José? JA: Maíz, papa y frijol, era lo que se levantaba en esa sierra de Durango, es en la Madre Sierra de Durango donde está ese rancho. LM: Maíz, papa y frijol. Y, ¿tenían ganado?, ¿tenían vaquitas? JA: Ey, vaquitas, bestias. LM: Y, ¿tuvo usted oportunidad de ir a la escuela? JA: No, estábamos en un rancho incomunicado de maestros, de todo, ya cuando quisimos salir a es…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Astorga Corral, José Ignacio
date: 2003-03-17
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Isabel Domínguez Hernández
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Domínguez was born on July 8, 1926, in Vicente Guerrero, Durango, México; he was the eldest of two brothers; when he was eight years old, he began helping his father by sowing beans, corn, and squash; the extreme economic hardships his family faced convinced him to join the bracero program in 1952; as a bracero, he worked in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas, picking apples, cucumbers, grapes, oranges, and sugar beets; he continued working with the program until 1957. Summary of Interview: Mr. Domínguez briefly relates what his family and childhood were like; the extreme economic hardships his family faced convinced him to join the bracero program in 1952; as a bracero, he worked in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas, picking apples, cucumbers, grapes, oranges, and sugar beets; he describes the hiring process he went through at the contracting centers in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, and Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, as well as the long waiting periods and the disinfecting procedures; some of the braceros at these centers preferred working only in certain states; he details what life was like on the farms including the various kinds of work performed, wages, contract amendments and extensions, housing, food, weekend activities and hobbies, and how some braceros were able to send money home to México; in addition, he also recalls that representatives from the Mexican consulate would often visit; he concludes by describing what the benefits of having worked as a bracero were, and how he has fond memories of the program.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Domínguez Hernández, José Isabel
date: 2003-06-03
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Isabel Ortiz Hinojosa
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Ortiz was born on March 25, 1934, in Doctor Arroyo, Nuevo León, México; his parents were farmers, and he had six brothers and three sisters; when he was eight years old, he went to school for roughly six months before leaving to help his family with the farming duties; in 1954, he decided to enroll in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked picking crops in Arkansas and Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Ortiz describes his childhood and adolescence; he initially learned about the bracero program through radio advertisements, and in 1954, he decided to enlist; in order to begin the hiring process, he and his brother traveled to the contracting center in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México; he goes on to describe what he went through at the center, including the huge crowds, waiting time, medical exams, provisions, and transportation services; upon crossing the border in Eagle Pass, Texas, he underwent a second set of medical exams, which consisted of blood samples and a delousing process; as a bracero, he worked in Arkansas and Texas, where he primarily picked crops; he explains what life was like in the work camps, while detailing how the workers would go about preparing their food; in addition, he discusses how he would send money home to his family and how he would go shopping to buy them gifts during his spare time; he also mentions that although he had several opportunities to arrange for legal residency in the United States, he preferred to stay in his hometown of Doctor Arroyo, Nuevo León, México.
creator: Ortiz Hinojosa, José Isabel
date: 2003-05-23
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Isidro Vidaña Canales
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Vidaña was born on February 15, 1923, in Cuencamé, Durango, México; he was an only child; at the age of two, his father died; he worked in agriculture from age eight until he was twenty; in 1942, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in Arkansas, California, Michigan, Texas, and Washington; he picked apples, cotton, grapes, pears, peas, pickles, potatoes, prunes, strawberries, and sugar beets; he did these activities until 1960. Summary of Interview: Mr. Vidaña grew up with his mother after his father, a general in the Mexican Revolution, died; he remembers the Cristero Revolution, and explains why the conflict began; a bracero from 1942 to 1960, he worked in Arkansas, California, Michigan, Texas, and Washington; he describes the hiring process at the contracting center in Durango, Durango, México; additionally, he discusses the medical exams he endured, a train trip he took to the border, and his time at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; he recalls their arrival at a military camp in Washington state, their daily activities on a pea cannery, and their work on farms; furthermore, he states what kind of clothing they had, their housing, and the food they prepared; he also details the fears braceros had about World War II; moreover, he explains the good treatment they received from Americans during weekend outings, the relationship braceros had with Japanese workers, and visits from representatives of the Mexican consulate to their camps; he discusses feeling homesick, the benefits of being a bracero, his decision to stay in México, and his positive memories of the program.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Vidaña Canales, José Isidro
date: 2003-06-03
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José L. Orozco
subject: Son of a bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Orozco was born on April 8, 1950, in Jalisco, México; he was the sixth of ten siblings to be born; his father and two older brothers worked as braceros; as a bracero, his father worked in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, from 1946 to 1960; he recalls what life was like for his family without his father. Summary of Interview: Mr. Orozco recalls that his father worked with seasonal crops in México, but it was not enough to support the family with ten children; in light of this, his father enrolled in the bracero program in 1946; José remembers how difficult it was for him growing up without his father; when his father was gone, the entire family had more work to do around the house, particularly his mother; he remembers the various things his mother had to learn to do and how well-adapted she became; over time, she became an herbalist and midwife to help make money; although his father would visit as often as he could, José felt it was like having a stranger around; his father would often write love letters to his mother, and she would read parts of the letters to the children; the letters were not often accompanied by money, as his father struggled as well; his father would write about what life was like for him, the kinds of work he did, and how much he suffered; eventually his two eldest brothers went with their father to work as braceros; his eldest brother worked from 1957 to 1961 and his second eldest brother worked from 1958 to 1961; whenever his father would visit, he would bring small gifts and things like fruit, because he couldn’t afford more with so many children; he also recalls how his father was often in debt because he had to pay to get on the county’s list of eligible workers; in 1962, his father was able to emigrate to the United States, and he slowly brought the rest of his family too; they lived in California, and José eventually became involved with Cesár Chávez and the strikes.
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Orozco, José L.
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José L. Parra
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Parra was born in Sahuarichi, Chihuahua, México, in 1949; he and his father worked together in the fields for seven years; in 1949, he was hired as a bracero; he worked in the cotton fields of New Mexico and Texas; his last year as a bracero was in 1956. Summary of Interview: Mr. Parra learned of the bracero program from an Immigration official while he was working illegally in Texas; the first time he was hired as a bracero, he was sent to Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas, but then he had to return to Chihuahua, México, in order to renew his work contract after that; he recalls that there were centers strategically placed near towns where there were ranches so that the braceros could quickly be sent to the ranches where they would work; the main difference for him between working as a bracero and working illegally was the freedom he enjoyed to go wherever he pleased as a bracero; even so, he and other braceros suffered from racism; they were viewed by some Americans as foreigners who stole their jobs.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Parra, José L.
date: 2003-05-10
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jose Leyva
subject: living in a bracero camp
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Leyva was born in 1952, in Phoenix, Arizona; he grew up in Litchfield Park, which was a camp for migrant farm workers and braceros; his grandfather was the foreman, and his grandmother, mother and aunts helped maintain the camp as well; when José was ten years old, the family moved to San Diego, California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Leyva talks about his family and growing up in Litchfield Park, which was a camp for migrant farm workers and braceros; he explains that five groups of camps were established in 1918 by Goodyear Farms, and they transported Mexican, Mexican-American and a few African-American workers to the camps; as men permanently settled in the area, the cities of Avondale, Peoria and Tolleson began to take shape; José’s grandfather was the foreman, and his grandmother, mother and aunts helped maintain the camp as well; his grandfather even won an award for getting the most cotton per acre of any ranch in the entire area; his prize was a brand-new 1957 Chevy truck; he insisted that because he treated the braceros like family, they were willing to work hard for him; the women in the family were up at 4:00 AM to make breakfast for the braceros, and they also made lunch and dinner; in addition, they washed and ironed for extra money; the braceros lived in dissolved army barracks, which were separated from where José and his family lived; even so, there was no distinction between the migrant workers and the braceros; when the women were not cooking, they were out in the fields picking with the men; oftentimes, they took the children with them; José remembers using old bean or flour sacks to help them with the picking and going with his grandfather to irrigate crops; moreover, he relates several anecdotes about his experiences in the camp with the braceros, including playing with them and celebrating weddings, baptisms and holidays together; when José was ten years old, the family moved to San Diego, California; he…
creator: Carrillo, Alma
creator: Leyva, Jose
date: 2008-01-11
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Luis Gazca
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Luis Gazca was born on October 22, 1935, in Romita, Guanajuato, México; his parents worked in agriculture; as the eldest son among his six siblings, he went to school for only a brief time, because he had to help support his family; in 1955, he enlisted in the bracero program; he continued working on and off with the program until it ended in 1964; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California and Texas, picking apples, cotton, cucumber, green beans, lettuce, plums, and tomatoes; he later returned to the United States as an undocumented worker, but he was ultimately able to obtain legal status. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gazca describes his family, childhood, and adolescence; in 1955, he decided to enlist in the bracero program; to begin the contracting process, he went to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, where he spent a day, then he traveled to Empalme, Sonora, where he spent roughly three days, before heading to Mexicali, Baja California, and finally to Calexico, California; moreover, he details the different centers he went through as well as the range of procedures he underwent; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California and Texas, picking apples, cotton, cucumber, green beans, lettuce, plums, and tomatoes; in addition, he explains the various worksites, duties, housing, amenities, provisions, treatment, payment, remittances, and recreational activities; more specifically, he mentions being so close to the border, at times, that he could cross over on a bus whenever he had time off; he also talks about a foreman, in Chula Vista, California, that gave him extra work, so he could earn more money to send to his family; while he was in Texas, however, he was always pushed to work harder, which was difficult to do when there was so little to pick and, consequently, even less to earn; he continued working on and off with the program until it ended in 1964; during the late sixties, he returned to the United State…
creator: Rosas, Ana
creator: Gazca, José Luis
date: 2006-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jose Luis Villaseñor
subject: bracero
creator: Kalashnikova, Marina
creator: Villaseñor, Jose Luis
date: 2008-01-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jose M. Espinoza
subject: bracero
creator: Valles, Alejandra
creator: Espinoza, Jose M.
date: 2008-01-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Magaña
subject: Son of a bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Magaña was born in 1963, in Hierbabuena, Michoacán, México; his father was a bracero from 1956 to 1960; in 1976, his father arranged for his family to move to the United States as residents; his father worked in California cutting lettuce; he worked picking lemons and oranges in the United Farm Workers Union. Summary of Interview: Mr. Magaña remembers growing up in Hierbabuena, Michoacán, México; he is oldest sibling in his family, and remembers how hard it was to grow up poor in a ranch in México; he recalls that his father was a bracero from 1956 to 1960, and worked in California cutting lettuce; furthermore, he recounts the memories his father shared with him about the bracero program; he highlights the hardships his father endured, and how his father refused to work in United States again after returning to México, because of the bad treatment he received; moreover; he describes how his father arranged for his family to acquired residency papers in 1976, and how they moved to California; he states that they suffered extreme poverty after moving to the U.S., and that they lived on ranches and in deteriorated housing; additionally, he explains that he worked picking lemons and oranges in California and Florida while being in the United Farm Workers Union; he concludes by stating that his father’s experience in the bracero program had negative and positive aspects to it.
creator: Murillo, Grisel
creator: Magaña, José
date: 2006-05-22
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jose Magdaleno

José María Aguilar García
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José María Aguilar García was born on March 19, 1933, in Casa Blanca, Michoacán, México; his parents were campesinos on a small ranch where he and his ten siblings were born; when he was roughly eight years old, his mother died; although he did not know how to read or write, he did learn how to work in agriculture and care for livestock; for a short time his father and brother were braceros; in the early fifties he also enlisted in the bracero program, and he primarily worked in California; after the program ended he was able to obtain legal documentation and permanently settle in the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. Aguilar briefly recalls his family and childhood; he talks about coming to Brawley, California, illegally when he was nineteen years old and learning how to clean and prune lettuce crops; his time in Brawley served him greatly, because not only did he learn how to care for crops, he was also able to obtain a new eighteen month contract from his boss there while he was working another forty-five day contract in Arizona; on several occasions he passed through the reception center in Calexico, California, which he describes as very bad, primarily because of the way they were deloused; he goes on to chronicle the various worksites, living and housing conditions, provisions, treatment, duties, payments, deductions, remittances, contract renewals, and recreational activities; in addition, he mentions working in Salinas, California, when his father became ill and receiving a three day pass from his employer to visit him in Mexicali, Baja California, México; he also discusses an instance in which the food made him sick; when he complained, he was transferred to a new work location; after the program ended he was able to obtain legal documentation and permanently settle in the United States; overall, he has positive memories of having worked as a bracero, because he was able to send his children to school and general…
creator: Sifuentez, Mario
creator: Aguilar García, José María
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Marín Zepeda
subject: bracero
description: José Marín Zepeda was born in Sinaloa, México, but he was raised in Mexicali, Baja California, México; his father served in the bracero program; José had two siblings; his formal education extended through the fifth grade; during the 1960s, he also enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California, picking asparagus, cotton, dates, strawberries and tomatoes; in 1970, he returned to the United States and arranged for legal status; sometime later, he married and eventually had four children, two boys and two girls. Summary of Interview: Mr. Marín talks about his life in México, including his various odd jobs; he initially learned about the bracero program through newspaper announcements; during the 1960s, after completing his military service, he went to Empalme, Sonora, México with a group of roughly four hundred men to pick cotton and get the necessary papers to enlist in the program; upon arriving in the United States, he was inspected like a piece of fruit and fumigated; many men were embarrassed by the entire process; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California, picking asparagus, cotton, dates, strawberries and tomatoes; he goes on to detail the various worksites, housing, accommodations, amenities, provisions, duties, treatment, payments, deductions, remittances and recreational activities, including trips into town; before leaving, his father had told him to go to Coachella, California, and say he was a palmero, or date picketer, even though he was not, because he could learn on the job; he enjoyed working as a palmero and explains that Levi’s were best to use, because they were especially durable; in addition, he used special boots; he also recalls going into town to see Spanish movies with some of the locals; on occasion, his mom was able to visit him, because she had a passport; he also recounts his life after the program; in 1970, he returned to the United States and arranged for legal status; sometime later, he…
creator: Sifuentes, Mario
creator: Marín Zepeda, José
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Mario Arredondo Salas
subject: bracero
creator: Carrillo, Alma
creator: Arredondo Salas, José Mario
date: 2006-05-24
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jose Medina Torres

José Natividad Alva Medina
subject: bracero
creator: Méndez, Ivonne
creator: Alva Medina, José Natividad
date: 2008-01-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa