Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Herminio Quezada Durán was born in Satevó, Chihuahua, México, in 1925, to a family of farmers; he had ten siblings; upon his father’s passing in 1949, he and his family moved to Chihuahua, Chihuahua; he became a bracero in 1952, at the age of twenty-seven; he worked in Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, and Utah. Summary of Interview: Mr. Quezada briefly recalls having been born and raised in Satevó, Chihuahua, México; his entire family worked on ranches; when his father passed away in 1949, he and his family moved to Chihuahua, Chihuahua; prior to becoming a bracero, he worked illegally in the United States; in 1952, he was hired under the Bracero Program; he recalls that Fort Bliss, in El Paso, Texas, was the first reception center he encountered as a bracero; he was then taken to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas ; he remembers that none of the braceros wanted to go to Pecos, Texas, because the fields there were enormous; for this reason, many braceros were hired; the ranchers often had agreements between each other to exchange or trade braceros as necessary for work; many braceros preferred working in the central United States; braceros cooked their own meals; stewards would take them to grocery stores to buy their supplies.
Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
Higinio López Silva was born January 11, 1926, in Calvillo, Aguascalientes, México; his mother’s name was Félix Silva, and his father’s name was Sixto López; Higinio had five brothers and two sisters; his formal education extended through the fourth grade; he worked in the United States without proper documentation for roughly three years; during the early 1950s, he married and shortly after enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he labored in the fields cleaning, pruning and picking various crops; in 1961, his employer helped him legally immigrate to the United States; Higinio helped his wife and two children do the same; he and his wife went on to have five more children. Summary of Interview: Mr. López talks about his family and what his life was like growing up on a ranch; in 1947, he came to work in the United States without proper documentation; after three years, immigration officials sent him back to México; during the early 1950s, he married and started raising a family; by the time he enlisted in the bracero program he had two children; he went through the contracting center in Irapuato, Guanajuato, México; oftentimes, he went with groups of other men so the process would not be as bad; even so, he describes crossing into the United States as very difficult and sad, especially the fumigation procedures; as a bracero, he labored in the fields cleaning, pruning and picking various crops; he goes on to detail camp sizes, housing, provisions, routines, payments, deductions, remittances, correspondence, contract lengths and renewals and recreational activities, including trips into town; for a time, he worked with one of his brothers; Higinio relates the story of how his twenty-seven year old brother died in an accident with a crop dusting airplane; his employers waited for fifteen days to bury him, because they wanted his father to see him; he was eventually laid to rest in Brawley, California; in 1961, his employer helped him legally immigrate to the United States; Higinio helped his wife and two children do the same; he and his wife went on to have five more children; overall, he has positive memories of having worked with the program.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Hipólito Burrola Ruíz was born on November 25, 1936, on a ranch in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; he is one of fourteen children; as a child, he would help his uncles in the fields; when he was twelve years old, he dropped out of school in order to begin working and helping his family financially; he was married in 1958, and the following year, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in New Mexico and Texas; he continued working with the program until 1961. Summary of Interview: Mr. Burrola briefly discusses his family and childhood; in1958, he was married; the following year he enlisted in the bracero program at a contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; he mentions the long waiting lines, the required documents, examinations, and how callused hands were essential to obtaining a contract; from there, he was transported by train to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where he underwent further assessments and was deloused; in addition, he describes the poor conditions at the center; as a bracero, he worked in Artesia, New Mexico and O Brien and Pecos, Texas; he recalls how some men had to be tricked into going to Pecos, Texas; no one wanted to go there, because they were paid poorly and the harvest was usually not very good; he goes on to discuss his living and working conditions, wages, provisions, and recreational activities; when his contracts ended, he was returned to Rio Vista by bus, given food, and left on his own to return to México; he continued working with the program until 1961; he concludes by reflecting on the program overall and what it meant to him to be a bracero.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Homero López was born in 1934, in Petatlán, Guerrero, México; he was the second of three brothers; his stepfather taught him to work in agriculture, and, at the age of eight, he planted beans, corn, and peppers; he continued these activities until he was seventeen, and then moved to Mexico City, México; in 1954, he joined the bracero program; he worked in Arkansas, California, New Mexico, and Texas picking cantaloupes, cotton, sugar beets, and tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Lopéz recalls growing up in Petatlán, Guerrero, México, and learning from his stepfather how to work in agriculture; he remembers planting beans, corn, and peppers from the age of eight until he was seventeen; additionally, he relates how he moved to Mexico City, México, and why he decided to join the bracero program in 1954; he describes the hiring process he went through, the legal requirements he needed to fulfill, the train trip to the border, and the different contracts he had; as a bracero, he worked in Arkansas, California, New Mexico, and Texas picking cantaloupes, cotton, sugar beets, and tomatoes; he details what his daily life on the farms was like, the treatment they received from foremen, and the food they were given; furthermore, he expresses what braceros did during weekends, the trips they took to town, and what they did for hobbies; he continues to explain why some braceros deserted the farms, and what were some of their complaints; moreover, he relates what things he liked about the United States, why he decided to live in Mexico City, México, and why he remembers his time as a bracero positively.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Horacio Andrejal was born on May 15, 1934, in Caborca, Sonora, México; he had three brothers and five sisters, and his parents worked in agriculture; his formal education extended only through the second grade; in 1960, he was married. Summary of Interview: Mr. Andrejal briefly describes his family; for a time he worked illegally in California, but his employer helped him become a bracero toward the end of 1958; he then completed an eighteen month contract; his boss wanted him to drive, but as a bracero he was not allowed to, so he was sent to Tijuana, Baja California, México, to arrange for legal residency; as a bracero, his primary responsibility was to feed and care for livestock; he initially returned to Empalme, Sonora, México, and he waited for fifteen days while he was sent money by his employer in the states on the condition that he return to work for the money he was given; in Mexicali, Baja California, he passed as a specialized worker; he was medically examined, and the next day he went to work; his employer had a list of workers’ names, which allowed men to pass much more quickly; while working illegally, he picked cotton, and he was treated horribly, including being severely underpaid; he goes on to describe the daily routines, duties, housing, provision, treatment, payments, remittances, friendships, and recreational activities; instead of writing letters home, he was fortunate enough to visit his wife in Mexicali, on a regular basis; he and other workers would often take turns leaving the camp in the evenings; later, he was able to establish residency for his wife; he goes on to detail the work he did after the program; overall, his memories of having been a bracero are positive, because he was able to work legally, become a legal resident, and ultimately a citizen.
Front side of Alien Laborer's Identification Card (MICA) with photo.
Back side of Alien Laborer's Identification Card issued in El Paso, TX, 1956.
Alien Laborers Identification Card for Aaron Castañeda Gamez, 1944.
Alien Laborer's Permit and Identification Card for Santos Nunez Sotelo, from 1954. Association identified as Lepanto Growers Association, Arkansas.
Alien Laborer's Permit and Identification Card interior, with rules written in Spanish, for Santos Nunez Sotelo, 1954.
Identification and migrant agricultural workers permit, issued by Mexico for Santos Nunez Sotelo.
Alien Laborer's Permit and Identification card for Jesus Rosales Rios, 1960. Issued for work for the Yuma Producers Coop Association.
Mexican military service identification card for Jose Gamez, signed July 7, 1960.
Interior of Mexican Military Service card for Jose Gamez. Printed rules and regulations on one side.
Cover of a Mexican Military Service Card.
Non Resident Alien's Border Crossing Identification Card, for Jose Gamez
Mexican Military Service Card, indicating Jose Gamez has completed military service in 1960.
Identification card and bracero pre-selection card for Juan Loza. May 23, 1963.