Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Rudy Villalobos was born on June 2, 1922, in Anaheim, California; he later enlisted in the Air Force, and when he finished his tour of duty, he attended college in México; upon graduating, he was contracted through the Department of Labor at the American Embassy in México; he worked in several contracting centers throughout México from 1951 to 1964. Summary of Interview: Mr. Villalobos briefly recalls his childhood and family; after graduating from high school, he served in the Air Force; he later attended various schools in and out of the country, and eventually received his B.A. in Economics in 1951, from a college in México; shortly thereafter, he was married, and while at the American Embassy arranging his wife’s papers to come into the United States, he looked into a position with the Department of Labor; given his military background and schooling, he was hired and began working at a contracting center in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, in July of 1951; he helped and later closed that particular center; his primary responsibility there was interviewing potential braceros; after working there for approximately three years, he was transferred to a center in Monterrey, Nuevo León, where he served as the supervisor of transportation and feeding; he worked there from 1954 to 1963; in 1963, he was promoted to assistant manager at center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua; the latter part of the following year, he was transferred to a center in Guaymas, Sonora; he provides a very detailed account of his various responsibilities and what the facilities were like at each of the respective centers.
Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Sabas Luna was born in 1939, in Tlaltenango [de Sánchez Román], Zacatecas, México; his parents were campesinos whose main crop was corn, and he was the fourth of nine children; he was formally educated through the fourth grade, during which time he also helped his parents work the land; when he was eighteen, he followed in his father’s footsteps and enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Arkansas, California, and Texas, picking avocado, cotton, lemons, and tomatoes; he also worked at a dairy caring for livestock; in the late sixties he immigrated to the United States with his family. Summary of Interview: Mr. Luna recounts his childhood and adolescence, particularly his experiences as a young campesino; he recalls his dad working as a bracero, which helped his family financially, but left him without a father’s guidance; consequently, he and his older brother had to care for the family and show their younger siblings how to work; at eighteen, he obtained his first bracero contract in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, which took him to Arkansas; it rained too much there for him to earn any money; the following year, he went through a center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, which took him to a dairy farm just outside of Amarillo, Texas, where he stayed for three years; he initially hesitates to talk about how he was treated at the contracting centers, but he goes on to describe being stripped, medically examined, and deloused, which he found offensive; moreover, he details the various worksites, living conditions, provisions, housing, duties, daily routines, contract renewals, payments, remittances, and recreational activities; after the program ended, he met and married his wife; he stayed with a longing to return to the United States and make a better life for himself and his family; in the late sixties he and his family moved to United States; he notes that he is grateful he did not have a wife or family at the time, because it would have been too difficult; he concludes by stating that the history of a bracero is that of a worker who suffered greatly.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Sally Gutierrez McQuinn was born in México, and her parents came to the United States in 1920, when she was only a few months old; she was raised in Gilroy, California; in 1941, she was married; shortly thereafter, she began working as a bookkeeper, which put her in frequent contact with braceros; she later became the first certified interpreter in Salinas, California, which also allowed her to interact with braceros on a regular basis. Summary of Interview: Ms. Gutierrez briefly describes her childhood and family; in the early 1940s she was hired as a bookkeeper for an operational office in Gilroy, California; she was in charge of payroll for the braceros, and she saw firsthand that 10 percent was discounted from their salary; it was her understanding that there was an agreement between the United States and México that the money would be mailed to México so that the braceros would have it available to them when they returned; bracero complaints went through her, because she was the only one in the office; she recalls one instance when a grower fed the braceros eggs, ham, biscuits, and jam, but they would not eat it, because they thought the ham was spoiled and the jam was nothing but orange peels; all they needed was someone to explain to them; in 1945, she became the first certified interpreter in Salinas, California, and worked primarily with cases involving the bracero program; she briefly talks about a tragic train accident, where she spoke with police and the men who survived; consequently, it launched a congressional investigation and was one of the biggest cases she handled; moreover, she also discusses a situation involving Southern Pacific, an incident where there was a fire on a bus, and yet another case that involved banning the use of the short hoe; in her opinion, braceros were never really appreciated, even when they were need, and once the war was over, they were treated even worse.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Salvador Esparza was born on July 15, 1919, in Tepehuanes, Durango, México; he was the eldest of his nine siblings; when he was fourteen years old, he and his family moved to Durango, Durango; in 1945, he decided to enlist in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked on the railroads, in the fields cutting asparagus, and as a camp cook. Summary of Interview: Mr. Esparza recalls his family, childhood, and adolescence; in spite of fears caused by rumors about World War II, he was encouraged by stories of successful first time braceros, and he decided to enroll in the Bracero Program in 1945; he went through the hiring process at a contracting center in Durango, México; from there, he was transported by train to Querétaro, then to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and finally to Chicago, Illinois; he describes his first impressions of Chicago and how well he was treated by the people there; in addition, he details the work, wages, payments, housing, food, and the multicultural community that worked for the railroad company; he also mentions the strong friendships formed between the braceros and the great relationship he had with an Italian foreman; furthermore, he was treated well wherever he worked; he concludes that he is extremely grateful to the United States for having afforded him the opportunity to work as a bracero.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Salvador Torres Beltrán was born on November 30, 1930, in Cosalá, Sinaloa, México; he was the second of five brothers, and had three sisters; his parents worked in agriculture, and he began helping his father at age five; in 1956, he joined the bracero program, and then returned to it in 1958, because his father was killed; he worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, spreading seed, and watering until 1962; after leaving the bracero program, he became a resident of the United States and brought his family to California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Torres Beltrán remembers growing up in Cosalá, Sinaloa, México, and working from an early age with his father in agriculture; he recalls how he heard about the bracero program, and what the contracting process was like in Empalme, Sonora, México; in 1956, he joined the bracero program, and then returned to it in 1958, because his father was killed; he worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, spreading seed, and watering until 1962; furthermore, he describes what life on the farm was like, the work he did, and the pay he received; he explains what his living arrangements were like, the furniture they had, and the good food they received; moreover, he relates what they did for recreation, and how they worked everyday, except Sundays; he remembers a time when he won a car in a raffle held by a bracero who was returning for México, and how he sold it because he did not know how to drive; additionally, he states that he did not send money to his wife, but that she borrowed money from a group of women who ran a store in his home town, and then he would settle the debt; in 1962, he became a resident of the United States, and he brought his family over to California.
Salvador Velasco Patiño was born November 8, 1919, in Atengo, Jalisco, México; in 1935, his family moved to Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico due to financial difficulties with the family business; he initially came to the United States, in 1947, without documents, but roughly a month later, he acquired a bracero contract; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California, picking and packing various crops and driving a tractor until 1960; during this time he married and began raising a family of five children, three girls and two boys; he later returned to the United States and ultimately became a citizen. Summary of Interview: Mr. Velasco talks about his family and what his life was like growing up; he recalls that at first, people were afraid of getting sent off to war if they enlisted in the bracero program; Salvador initially came to the United States, in 1947, without documents; roughly a month later, he went to the Coachella Valley Farmer’s Association (CVFA) and acquired a bracero contract; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California, picking and packing various crops and driving a tractor until 1960; he goes on to detail housing, accommodations, amenities, provisions, duties, routines, payments, remittances, treatment, friendships, contract lengths and renewals and recreational activities, including trips into town; his first contract was for three and a half months, but he ended up staying four years and four months; he also mentions the CVFA and how helpfully they were, particularly when renewing contracts; in 1951, he returned to México in order to obtain a new contract; he eventually went through centers in Guanajuato, Sonora, Querétaro and Baja California, México; moreover, he was also able to get specialized worker contracts as a tractor driver and palmero, or date picker; his largest weekly check was $77.00, but he had to work over one hundred hours; he also relates several other anecdotes about his experiences; during his time as a bracero, he married and began raising a family of five children, three girls and two boys; he later returned to the United States and ultimately became a citizen; overall, he has positive memories of the program.
Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Sam Sanchez was born on April 5, 1936, in San Elizario, Texas; he had twelve siblings, and his father was a farmer; upon graduating from high school, he joined the Marine Corps; when he finished his tour of duty in 1959, he began working at Rio Vista, a processing center for braceros in Socorro, Texas; he continued working there until 1964. Summary of Interview: Mr. Sanchez recalls his childhood and early adolescence; he would often work in the fields with his father picking cotton; during the early years of World War II, Italian POWs and undocumented workers often helped with the harvesting of the cotton as well; he recalls missing the first two or so months of school to help with the crops; in addition, he also recounts how he would often go to Rio Vista, a processing center for braceros in Socorro, Texas, to pick up food slops from the mess hall for his father’s pigs; later, when he graduated from high school, he enlisted in the Marines; when his tour of duty was over in 1959, he began working at Rio Vista as a part-time security guard at night; he was later contracted through the Public Health Office for continued employment at Rio Vista; his primary responsibility was to draw blood samples from braceros; eventually, he moved to what was referred to as the selection area where the farmers or contractors would pick which braceros they wanted to hire; he recalls that many of the braceros refused to work in Pecos, Texas, because so many bad things happened there.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Samuel Chavira Medrano was born in September of 1925, in the municipality of General Frías, Chihuahua, México; his father was a farmer who taught him the agricultural trade; he and his family eventually moved to the Chihuahua, Chihuahua; in 1949, he married, and nearly a year later, enrolled in the bracero program. Summary of Interview: Mr. Chavira briefly recalls his childhood; at the age of thirteen, he began working odd jobs wherever he could find them; for a brief time, he worked in construction; he knew of the bracero program because he lived in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, which was one of the programs main contracting centers; in 1950, he began the hiring process to become a bracero; he goes on to give a detailed explanation of the various phases during hiring, including his transfer to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where he was medically examined; in addition, he describes filling out the necessary paperwork; his main duties included agricultural work and caring for the cattle; as a bracero, he worked in Illinois, New Mexico, Minnesota, Mississippi, and Wisconsin; in 1952, with the help of his boss, he became a legal United States resident; two years later, he was able to do the same for his family.
Image of the U.S. side of the Santa Fe bridge at meal time.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Sara Arrieta was born on May 25, 1943, in Lerdo, Durango, México; her father, Pedro Arrieta González, was a bracero; he was born in the same city, on June 27, 1902; Sara had sixteen brothers and sisters, but three of them passed away. Summary of Interview: Sara’s father, Pedro Arrieta González, worked as a bracero; she vividly describes how poor she and her family were while she was growing up; there were times when they went days without eating, until her father was able to send them money from the United States; they were always happy to have him back home; prior to becoming a bracero, he made brooms; he repeatedly mentioned how fond he was of the United States, especially because it was so different; his first contract was in 1942, the year before Sara was born; she comments that virtually every time he returned home, he left her mom pregnant; he would frequently tell Sara about his different experiences in the United States, including an incident where he helped unload wounded soldiers from a train during World War II; while he was gone, which was often, his family also went through very difficult times; later, in 1967, Sara and her sister emigrated to the United States; after the bracero program ended, Pedro returned to México, and he continued making brooms; Sara also recalls that her father would come back home with boxes of clothes for the entire family; he would send money home by telegraph or by mail; in addition, he also told Sara about not being allowed into certain restaurants; consequently, neither Mexicans nor African Americans were permitted.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Saturnino González was born on November 25, 1943, in Tequisquiapan, Querétaro, México; he was raised with his eleven siblings; his father was an artisan, and although he learned the trade, he did not like it; he was formally educated through the sixth grade, and he ultimately obtained a secure job with the federal electricity commission in México; when he was nineteen, he enlisted in the bracero program where he worked throughout California picking lemons and strawberries; in 1972, he was able to emigrate to the United States, and he was ultimately able to bring the rest of his family with him. Summary of Interview: Mr. González briefly recalls his family and childhood; he remembers hearing stories about his dad working in the United States, which made him want to do the same; as a young man he acquired a secure job with the federal electricity commission in México, mounting high tension cables; when he was nineteen he heard about a call for braceros, and he decided to quit his job for the chance to work in the United States; he traveled to the processing center in Empalme, Sonora, México, but he ended up being in debt before ever obtaining a contract; moreover, he details the harsh conditions he and other men endured while waiting there; in addition, he talks about how painful the physical exams were and how rudely they were conducted; as a bracero he worked throughout California picking lemons and strawberries; he goes on to describe the various worksites, duties, contract renewals, living conditions, provisions, payment, treatment, remittances, and recreational activities; oftentimes he served as a kind of leader for the other men, because he looked out for them and made sure no one took advantage of them; while working in Aromas, California, the crop was ruined by rain, but instead of returning to México, he deserted and sought work elsewhere; he initially went to Salinas, California, but he eventually made his way to Chicago, Illinois, where he found more permanent work; later, in 1972, he was able to legally emigrate to the United States, and he eventually brought the rest of his family with him.
Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Saúl Ponce was born on October 4, 1928, in Valle de Zaragoza, Chihuahua, México; he had four siblings, and his brother was also a bracero; from his hometown in Valle de Zaragoza, he was transported to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México to be contracted as a bracero; he enlisted in the hopes of helping his family financially; as a bracero, he worked in Montana, picking beets and cotton, cleaning corn, and milking cows; he was ultimately able to legalize residency for himself, his wife, and his children. Summary of Interview: Mr. Ponce very briefly discusses his family and childhood; as a young man, he decided to enlist in the bracero program in order to help his family financially; from his hometown in Valle de Zaragoza, Chihuahua, México, he was transported to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, where he obtained his first bracero contract; he was then transferred to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, and then taken to his worksite by plane; as a bracero, he worked in Montana, picking beets and cotton, cleaning corn, and milking cows; he and his brother were fortunate enough to live and work together while in Montana; there was an incident in which his brother was harassed by people not associated with program, but there were no other apparent tensions; he goes on to describe his living and working conditions, provisions, and remittances; because he could not read or write very well, he paid people, with money or favors, to write letters to his wife; she made money at home in México as a seamstress; he was ultimately able to legalize residency for himself, his wife, and his children