Guadalupe Estrada Estrada
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Guadalupe Estrada Estrada was born in San Francisco de Borja, Chihuahua, México, in 1934; he worked the fields of his hometown with his father for ten years; in 1952, he enrolled in the bracero program and came to the United States; he worked in the cotton fields of Texas and New Mexico. Summary of Interview: Mr. Estrada initially learned of the Bracero Program while working the fields of his hometown in San Francisco de Borja, Chihuahua, México; his first work contract was in Lamesa, Texas, for twenty-eight days; he was paid $1.50 per pound of cotton that he picked; while working, he hurt his hand and a rancher took him to the hospital; he also worked in Dell City, Texas and Las Cruces and Deming, New Mexico; when he returned to México it was difficult for him to find work.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Estrada Estrada, Guadalupe
date: 2003-05-10
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Guadalupe Núñez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Guadalupe Núñez was born in Saucillo, Chihuahua, México, in 1941; he and his brothers helped care for the cattle and ranch that their father owned; he helped his family until he was twenty years old; he knew that if he wanted to enroll in the bracero program, he had to put his name on a town list; in 1964, he worked in Pecos, Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Núñez recalls that during his enrollment process in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, there were only Mexican officers present; there were no American representatives; in addition, there were no exams or contracts given there; the United States government paid the Mexican government about 27¢ for each bracero that was hired; it was when they were moved to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, that they were medically examined and signed contracts; he recalls that it was the last year of the program; his work contract lasted only three months, and took him to work in the cotton fields of Pecos, Texas.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Núñez, Guadalupe
date: 2003-06-13
relation: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ignacio Nájera
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ignacio Nájera was born in 1937, in Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, México; he was formally educated for four years; in 1960, he and a group of friends traveled to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, to begin the enrollment process for the bracero program; he worked in the cotton fields of Texas and New Mexico and the beet fields of Montana and Nebraska; he was a bracero for a total of six years. Summary of Interview: When Mr. Nájera began the enrollment process in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México he showed his Mexican military ID and a letter of recommendation; he recalls that sometimes when traveling from Chihuahua to El Paso, Texas, the braceros had to pay in order to get a place on a train or bus; his first work contract took him to the lettuce fields of Hereford, Texas; while there, he was burned with a liquid that was used to disinfect the lettuce; he worked in Montana for three years, where they paid him $14.50 per acre that he picked; in Pecos, Texas the braceros had to pay $10.00 per week for breakfast, lunch, and dinner; during their free time, the braceros often played cards.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Nájera, Ignacio
date: 2003-05-11
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jesús Rodríguez Méndez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Rodríguez Méndez was born in Guerrero, Chihuahua, México, in 1940; he helped his father work the land; due to the financial strain he and his family were under, he was never able to receive any formal schooling; he worked as a bracero for the first time in 1963, in Pecos, Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Rodríguez learned of the Bracero Program while living in his hometown of Guerrero, Chihuahua, México; he traveled to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, in order to begin the enrollment process; he had to wait for two weeks to be called; during this time, he did not have money or a place to stay; he recalls that people coming from southern México waited for months at El Trocadero, the processing center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, to be hired; when the braceros were officially hired, the United States government paid the Mexican government 10¢ per bracero; in 1963, he was hired and sent to work in Pecos, Texas.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Rodríguez Méndez, Jesús
date: 2003-06-13
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José L. Parra
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Parra was born in Sahuarichi, Chihuahua, México, in 1949; he and his father worked together in the fields for seven years; in 1949, he was hired as a bracero; he worked in the cotton fields of New Mexico and Texas; his last year as a bracero was in 1956. Summary of Interview: Mr. Parra learned of the bracero program from an Immigration official while he was working illegally in Texas; the first time he was hired as a bracero, he was sent to Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas, but then he had to return to Chihuahua, México, in order to renew his work contract after that; he recalls that there were centers strategically placed near towns where there were ranches so that the braceros could quickly be sent to the ranches where they would work; the main difference for him between working as a bracero and working illegally was the freedom he enjoyed to go wherever he pleased as a bracero; even so, he and other braceros suffered from racism; they were viewed by some Americans as foreigners who stole their jobs.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Parra, José L.
date: 2003-05-10
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Juan de Dios Estrada López
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Juan de Dios Estrada López was born in Rancho Rosas, Municipio de General Trías, Chihuahua, México, in 1929 [in 1993, the Mexican Congress changed the name of this Municipio to Santa Isabel]; upon his father’s passing, he began working on ranches at the age of ten; in 1954, he moved to the city of Chihuahua where he learned about the bracero program; he worked in the cotton fields of Texas and New Mexico and the beet fields of Colorado and Nebraska. Summary of Interview: Mr. Estrada recalls a recruitment/processing center for braceros in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, called El Trocadero; the hiring process there was easier if your name was already on the county’s list; another center for braceros was located in Dell City, Texas; ranchers came here and hired braceros; legal and illegal workers were hired at the same time, but illegal workers received fewer wages; in their free time, the workers would go to the movies; sometimes the ranchers would give them rides on their planes for $2.00.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: de Dios Estrada López, Juan
date: 2003-03-31
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Manuel Márquez Flores
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Manuel Márquez Flores was born in 1920; he spent his childhood with his seven siblings on the ranch where their father worked; he learned of the bracero program while he was helping his father work on the ranch; in 1959, he was hired as a bracero; he worked in the cotton and tomato fields of Las Cruces, New Mexico; he also worked in Pecos, Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Márquez traveled to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, in order to begin the hiring process; he recalls that there were thousands of people from cities all over México waiting to be hired as braceros; because many of them did not have any money, they looked for food in trash cans; Mr. Márquez was hired as a bracero when he was twenty-seven years old; he also remembers that at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, whenever a potential bracero was turned away due to illness, the rest of the braceros would collect money for that man so he could return home; the Bracero Program was not at all what he expected.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Márquez Flores, Manuel
date: 2003-03-30
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Norberto Mata Baylón
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Norberto Mata Baylón was born in Coyame, Chihuahua, México, in 1934; he worked in a candle factory when he was only twelve years old, and consequently, had to hide from the boss; in 1956, he went to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, to begin the hiring process; he renewed his work contract seven times; he worked in the cotton fields of Artesia, New Mexico and Dell City, Pecos, and Olton, Texas; he also worked in the beet fields of Montana. Summary of Interview: When Mr. Baylón was only sixteen years old, he worked in the United States illegally; in order to cross into the United States, he walked through the mountains, which took him an entire day to do; in 1956, he went to El Trocadero, a processing center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, to begin the hiring process; he paid the security officer in order to get a good place in line while waiting to be hired; in Pecos, Texas, he had very bad experiences because the wages were too low and there was too much work to be done; in addition, there were a lot of snakes; when he and a group of other braceros were sent to Olton, Texas, there were no jobs; they had to beg for food for two days.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Mata Baylón, Norberto
date: 2003-03-30
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Perfecto Márquez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Perfecto Márquez was born in Villa Aldama, Chihuahua, México, in 1936; in 1957, he traveled to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, to begin the hiring process; he worked in the cotton fields of New Mexico and Texas. Summary of Interview: When Mr. Márquez was hired as a bracero in 1957, he was married and had two children; as part of the hiring process, he and a group of other braceros were physically examined while in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; upon being hired, they were then transported from there to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and were not allowed to bring any personal belongings with them; they were physically examined again in El Paso, Texas and in Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; while in Rio Vista, the Mexican Counsel spoke with the braceros about what was expected of them, and the directions they were to follow if any problems arose; while working in New Mexico, Mr. Márquez never encountered any problems because the rancher he worked for was a very good and kind man; he was paid $1.55 per pound of cotton that he picked; there were twenty-seven braceros living in the same barracks; during their free time, they liked to go to the movies; he recalls that in Texas, there were roughly about 700 braceros that encountered several problems.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Márquez, Perfecto
date: 2003-03-30
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Refugio Pérez Lolla
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Refugio Pérez Lolla was born in Gran Morelos, Chihuahua, México, in 1944; he began helping his father work the fields when he was only eight years old; due to his family’s financial difficulties, his father applied and was hired to work as a bracero; Refugio however, worked illegally in the United States. Summary of Interview: When Refugio was only nine years old, he was put in charge of his father’s land because he was in the United States working as a bracero; his father worked in Dell City and Pecos, Texas, picking cotton and watering the fields; every six months his father would visit his family; Refugio decided to go to the United States to work because his father worked there; Refugio was unable to work for very long because he was apprehended by Immigration officials twice; he entered the United States through Palomas, Chihuahua, México, and walked for several days; he was hired in Deming, New Mexico, in 1966 when the bracero program finished.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Pérez Lolla, Refugio
date: 2003-05-09
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Roberto Orduño García
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Roberto Orduño García was born in Cusihuiriachi, Chihuahua, México, in 1931; he had fifteen siblings, and his father worked in the mines; he was formally schooled for four years; when he was fourteen years old, he began working by selling newspapers and magazines, shining shoes, and selling tacos to eat; he heard of the bracero program through an advertisement on the radio; he worked in Tularosa, New Mexico, for two years. Summary of Interview: Mr. Orduño was hired as a bracero in 1956; in order to be hired, he lied about his working experience in the cotton fields; the rancher who hired him noticed that he did not have any experience working in the fields; instead he was put to weigh the cotton that each bracero picked; in 1958, he came back home to Cusihuiriachi, Chihuahua, México, because his father was very ill; he recalls how the ranchers would freely lend and borrow the braceros to each other depending on the amount of work to be done; during their free time, he and other braceros liked to play baseball, listen to the radio, or go to a bar where they used to get together with the Mescalero Indians.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Orduño García, Roberto
date: 2003-05-10
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Roberto Ponce Covarrubias
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Roberto Ponce Covarrubias was born in Camargo, Chihuahua, México in 1929; he helped his father work the land; his father was 108 years old when he passed away, and his mother was 104 years old when she passed; both he and his brother decided to enroll in the bracero program; he worked for ten years as a bracero in Texas and New Mexico. Summary of Interview: Mr. Ponce and his brother decided to enroll in the bracero program due to their family’s financial difficulties; when they were taken to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, they were deloused and given a blood test; they were offered help when filling out work contracts; Mr. Ponce’s first work contract took him to Las Cruces, New Mexico; the worst place he worked was Lamesa, Texas; he recalls that the graveyards near the ranch were said to have been for the braceros; he sent money to his family via certified mail.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Ponce Covarrubias, Roberto
date: 2003-06-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Socorro Flores Pando
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Socorro Flores Pando was born in Delicias, Chihuahua, México in 1942; while his father worked in the fields he helped as a water boy; in 1960, he learned of the bracero program and went to Chihuahua, Chihuahua to enroll; he worked in the fields of Texas. Summary of Interview: When Mr. Flores began the hiring process in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, he was asked for a Mexican military ID and a recommendation letter; he came to the United States as a bracero when he was only eighteen years old; upon entering the United States, he was sent to El Paso, Texas, and then to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, for a physical examination; while there, he signed a job contract and was sent to the ranch where he would work; he worked in Fort Stockton, Texas, for seven months watering the fields; his weekly salary was $116.00.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Flores Pando, Socorro
date: 2003-06-13
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Tomás Zapata Castañeda
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Tomás Zapata Castañeda was born in Ejido el Faro, Chihuahua, México in 1937; although he did help his father in the fields, he also went to school; in 1956, he was hired as a bracero at the age on nineteen; he worked as a bracero in Texas, Montana, New Mexico, and Colorado. Summary of Interview: Mr. Zapata was hired as a bracero in 1956; his first work contract took him to New Mexico, where due to the rain, he was unable to work; in the various places he went, he worked in the cotton and beet fields; he recalls that the braceros would use signs to communicate with the ranchers; in Colorado, he was able to earn $12.00 per acre that he worked; he also recalls that during the month of December, work contracts were given for three months at a time, whereas during the month of May, work contracts were given for forty-five days at a time.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Zapata Castañeda, Tomás
date: 2003-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Alvaro Hernández
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alvaro Hernández was born on September 21, 1928, in Julimes, Chihuahua, México; his father worked in agriculture and his mother was a teacher; he moved to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, where he went to school for a short time, but he returned to his hometown to help his father work in the fields; in 1943, when he was only fourteen years old, he came into the United States illegally; a few years later, in 1946, he became a bracero and worked primarily in the cotton fields of New Mexico and Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Hernández briefly recalls his childhood and the financial difficulties he and his family endured; he moved from Julimes, Chihuahua, to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, where he went to school up to the sixth grade, but he left school in order to go back to his hometown of Julimes to help his father work in the fields; in 1943, when he was fourteen years old, he crossed into the United States illegally; he spent a few months working in the cotton fields of Mesquite, New Mexico, and soon returned home; in 1944, he crossed again to work with the same rancher, and the following year, he went back home; two years later, in 1946, he went through the hiring process to become a bracero; he recalls that one of the requirements for the braceros was to have calloused hands; as part of the process, he was medically examined, vaccinated, and deloused; his first contract took him to work in the cotton fields of Pecos, Texas; in 1947, a new working contract took him to Doña Ana where he stayed working until 1949; later that same year, he married and was able to bring his wife with him to the ranch in Doña Ana; he eventually learned how to work the cotton machines and was in charge of one of them; Mr. Hernández concludes that he is very proud to have worked with the bracero program.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Hernández, Alvaro
date: 2003-02-05
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Cecilia E. Concha
subject: El Paso
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Cecilia E. Concha was born in El Paso, Texas, in October of 1925; she was the second generation in her family to be born in the United States; in 1896, her grandfather immigrated into the United States through El Paso, Texas; her mother was born in Ysleta, Texas, and her father was born in Guanajuato México. Summary of Interview: Ms. Concha recalls what it was like growing up during the 1930s; her mother would shop in Ciudad Juárez, México, in order to avoid the rationing of food; she recounts her memories of World War II, while she was a high school student at St. Joseph’s Academy from 1941 to 1945; in addition, she describes the discrimination immigrants in El Paso, Texas, faced; she also details her employment opportunities during and after the war; her grandfather, Trinidad Concha, served as an assistant director to Profirio Díaz, before arriving in El Paso, in 1896; he formed a musical group that crossed the river to welcome and serenade the Maderistas in 1911.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Concha, Cecilia E.
date: 2003-07-24
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Eduardo De Santiago
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Eduardo De Santiago was born in Jerez, Zacatecas, México; he had seven sisters and only one brother; his father took him out of school when he was in third grade because he needed help working the land; he worked as a bracero form 1954 to 1960; while a bracero he was promoted to ranch foreman. Summary of Interview: Mr. De Santiago worked on a ranch in Zacatecas, México, prior to becoming a bracero; in 1954, when he learned of the bracero program, he made a list of all the people who worked with him that wanted to go to the United States as braceros; he was of course included on that list; upon beginning the hiring process in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, the braceros were asked to undress for physical examinations; they were then vaccinated and deloused; in Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, ranchers from Pecos, Texas, came to hire braceros; none of the workers wanted to go with them because they had heard about a number of bad experiences there; Mr. De Santiago worked primarily in the cotton fields of Texas; he recalls how many braceros would use tricks to weigh down their cotton in order to get paid more; over time, he was promoted to head foreman of the ranch where he worked; he worked as a bracero from 1954 to 1960.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: De Santiago, Eduardo
date: 2003-03-03
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Emilio Solis Pallares
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Emilio Solis Pallares was born in 1923, in San Miguel Chihuahua, México; his father died when he was eleven years old, and he had to start working in order to help support his family; he was the only one of five siblings to stay with his mother after his father’s death; in 1947, he began working as a bracero, and continued working as such until 1962. Summary of Interview: Mr. Solis briefly recalls his childhood; after his father’s death, he began working in the fields when he was only eleven years old; he continued working in agriculture throughout his adolescence and young adulthood; in 1943, financial difficulties coupled with a shortage of work led him to the United States to work illegally; he had great difficulties while working in the U.S. because he was often caught by immigration; although by this point he had learned of the bracero program, he could not afford to go to Chihuahua, Chihuahua to begin the hiring process; in 1947, he was finally able to afford the trip to Chihuahua in order to enroll in the bracero program; the following year, in 1948, he comments that they were not allowed to work as braceros; he recalls that in 1949, the El Paso County Coliseum was used as a reception center for incoming workers; he worked on and off as a bracero from 1947 to 1962.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Solis Pallares, Emilio
date: 2003-03-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Esteban Saldaña
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Esteban Saldaña was born on December 25, 1929, in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; as a child, he often helped his father work on their ranch and care for the animals; he never received any formal schooling; when he was twenty-one years old, he stopped working for his father and began the hiring process for the bracero program; he worked on and off as a bracero from 1949 to 1954. Summary of Interview: Mr. Saldaña spent his childhood and adolescence helping his father work the land and care for the animals they owned; he married when he was only seventeen years old, and he had children shortly thereafter; when he was twenty-one years old, he stopped working for his father in order to become a bracero and make more money to support his family; he had heard of the bracero program through media and news advertisements; for this first contract, he went to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, which in turn took him to work in Lovington, New Mexico, for three months; he later went through contracting centers in Durango and Monterrey México to find work; from 1949 to 1952, he worked as a bracero; he recalls that their meals consisted of a sandwich and an apple each day, for which they had to pay $12.00 per week; in 1953, he worked illegally in the United States, and a year later, in 1954, he was again able to work legally as a bracero; he comments that there were no differences in salary or duties while he worked illegally; that same year, while working in Arkansas, he organized a strike for workers to get paid 10¢ more per pound of cotton that they picked.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Saldaña, Esteban
date: 2003-02-14
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Gregorio Trejo
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Gregorio Trejo was born on May 9, 1925, in Sánchez Román, Zacatecas, México; he began working with his father in the fields at a very young age and consequently never received any formal schooling; later in 1947, he became a bracero and worked in the corn, potato, and cotton fields of Illinois, Nebraska, and New Mexico. Summary of Interview: Mr. Trejo very briefly recalls his childhood; when he was nine years old, he and his family moved to Plateros, Zacatecas, México; from there they moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, before returning to Zacatecas; because one of the recruiting and contracting centers was in Zacatecas, Zacatecas, he was aware of the bracero program; he recalls that the governor of Zacatecas did not want workers from the cities of Fresnillo or Plateros to be hired as braceros because there was plenty of work for them to stay and do in the mines; in spite of this, he managed to have his name put on the county’s list of workers in Zacatecas; he and other braceros were transported from Zacatecas to Irapuato, Guanajuato, for medical exams and vaccinations; while being transported to Illinois by train, they had to stop because the railroad workers were on strike; he also mentions that he and other braceros had a very good insurance plan; in addition, he goes on to describe how one of his coworkers passed away while working in the cornfields of Illinois, and how the ranchers behaved both during and after the tragic accident.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Trejo, Gregorio
date: 2003-03-25
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ismael Díaz de León
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ismael Díaz de León was born on June 17, 1926, in El Paso, Texas; he and his family moved to Aguascalientes, México, when he was only two years old; in 1943, he became a bracero, and he worked primarily in the cornfields and picking apples in Washington; he continued to work as a bracero for the next fifteen years. Summary of Interview: Mr. Diaz briefly recounts his childhood; his father worked on the railroads in El Paso, Texas; when he was still young, his father became very ill and moved the family to Aguascalientes, México; his grandfather set up a business for his father there, and the family decided to stay; in 1943, he began the hiring process for the bracero program; at that time, the El Paso County Coliseum was the reception center for incoming braceros; his worst job was working in the cotton fields of Texas; while working in the fields he recalls that the workers would often sing songs to help pass the time.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Díaz de León, Ismael
date: 2003-02-04
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José de la Luz Mares
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José de la Luz Mares was born on May 15, 1918, in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; his father was a shoemaker, and he learned the trade from his father; in 1955, his family’s financial strains led him to the bracero program; he worked primarily in the cotton fields. Summary of Interview: Mr. Mares recalls being trained as a shoemaker by his father; due to financial difficulties, he had to leave his father’s shoe store to look for work elsewhere; in 1955, he began the hiring process for the bracero program in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; he and other braceros were transported from Chihuahua, to El Paso, Texas, in freight cars that had previously been used to carry concentrated amounts of lead and zinc; the boxcars were not cleaned prior to being used to transported the braceros; in addition, the braceros were sealed in the cars and left there for the entirety of the trip, which took nearly two days; once they reached the port of entry in El Paso, they were taken to a basement and medically examined and deloused; from there they were taken to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where they had to wait for eight days before being taken to work; he recalls that there were many teachers, engineers, and other professionals working as braceros; he spent most of his time as a bracero working in cotton fields.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: de la Luz Mares, José
date: 2003-02-13
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Gámez
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: José Gámez Fecha de la entrevista: 12 de marzo de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Myrna Parra Mantilla El día de hoy es 12 de Marzo del 2003, en Fabens, Texas. Entrevistando al señor José Gámez para el departamento de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso, Myrna Parra Mantilla. MP: Buenos días señor Gámez. JG: Buenos días. MP: Para empezar la entrevista, quisiera que me dijera, ¿dónde y cuándo nació? JG: Yo nací en el [19]27. Febrero 17 del [19]27. MP: ¿En dónde nació? JG: En el estado de Coahuila en eh, se llama Francisco I. Madero, Coahuila. MP: También quisiera que me platicara algo de su familia cuando estaba chiquito. Sus papás, ¿a qué se dedicaban su papá, su mamá, sus hermanos, si tuvo algunos estudios? JG: No pos yo, eh, yo eh, mi papá era él trabajador jornalero, mi abuelito. Mi amá no la conocí, yo jui huérfano. Y mi papá, mi apá después se casó por eso pues yo me crié con mi abuelito. Y yo, bueno a mi amá, yo por familia de mi amá yo no conocí a nadie, ni abuelos, ni a nadie. Y luego ya, pues ahí estando aquí, íbanos aquí en Guadalupe, estaba aquí en el Valle de Juárez, nos venimos de allá porque yo, yo vine de allá de chico y él estaba, pues nos trajeron pues el 1929, aquí pal pueblo de Guadalupe, aquí al Valle de Juárez. Y luego, pos de la familia no, no le puedo decir más porque, porque no conocí, eh. Familiares de mi mamá no conocí a nadie, yo me crié con mi abuelito, él nomás. Y de hermanos ahí nomás yo, nomás yo solo. El matrimonio ese, matrimonio, el primer matrimonio, nomás. MP: Aquí en, cuando se vinieron ya para acá para, para el Valle de Guadalupe, ¿usted tuvo alguna educación?, bueno, ¿fue a la escuela? JG: Fui nomás hasta segundo año, nomás en la escuela primaria, nomás fue todo. Y ahí ya, no pues ya me puse a trabajar y el [19]42. El 20 de enero me pasé para este lado, ahí pa Tornillo, pal rancho de Tornillo, ahí rancho del melón. MP: Y, ¿se pasó de mojado? JG: De mojado, sí. MP: ¿Qué le hizo a usted mot…
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Gámez, José
date: 2003-03-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Manuel Gámez Romero
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Manuel Gamez was born on September 15, 1932; he came from a large family and would often help his father work in the fields; in 1949, at the age of seventeen, he came to the United States illegally in order to work; later that same year, he went through the hiring process for the bracero program; he continued working as a bracero for the next thirteen years. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gamez briefly recalls his childhood and early adolescence; in 1949, when he was seventeen years old, he came into the United States illegally to work; it was while working illegally in Tornillo, Texas, that he learned of the bracero program; his boss at the time sent him to the processing center so that he could officially go through the hiring process and become a bracero; he continued working for that particular rancher over the next eight years; the rancher he worked for spoke Spanish, which made communicating much easier; he recalls celebrating birthdays and holidays by having special lunches out in the fields; oftentimes, he would use machines when working out in the fields, which was less work for him and more money as well; although he worked primarily in the cotton fields, he worked in various places throughout Texas and New Mexico; he went on to work as a bracero for a total of thirteen years, until 1962.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Gámez Romero, Manuel
date: 2003-03-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Manuel Vázquez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Manuel Vazquez was born in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, México, on October 23, 1928; when he was seven years old, he began helping his father work in the fields, and consequently he never received any formal education; in 1942, he and his brother went to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and crossed into the United States illegally, but he could not work because he was too young; later, in 1945, he became a bracero and worked in the cotton fields of Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Vazquez briefly recalls his childhood; in 1945, he was hired as a bracero, and taken to work in El Paso, Texas; the only requirement for him to work was his Mexican military I.D. card; he recalls that representative from the Mexican consulate approved the work contracts for the braceros, but they denied renewals for those who had already been contracted three or four times; because of this, he often had to return to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, in order to obtain new work permits; upon passing through the Stanton Bridge in El Paso, Texas, he and other braceros were often examined and deloused in front of everyone who happened to be passing by; from there they were transported by truck to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; as a bracero, he worked in the cotton fields of Texas; it was while working as a bracero that he learned how to write his name; he recounts how his boss was killed and how the United States and Mexican governments worked together to find the murderer.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Vázquez, Manuel
date: 2003-03-26
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa