Portrait of a bracero standing in a pepper field in the Salinas Valley, California.
creator: Leonard Nadel
source: The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.26.32; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.26.32; Roll #: 26
publisher: National Museum of American History
date: 1956-00-00
contributor: National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry
rights: Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu
relation: See Nadel Footnotes, 16.

Portrait of a bracero standing on a truck full of Cookie Head lettuce boxes in a Californian field.
creator: Leonard Nadel
source: The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.56.26; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.56.26; Roll #: 56
publisher: National Museum of American History
date: 1956-00-00
contributor: National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry
rights: Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu
relation: See Nadel Footnotes, 24

Portrait of a bracero standing on a truck full of Cookie Head lettuce boxes in a Californian field.
creator: Leonard Nadel
source: The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.56.27; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.56.27; Roll #: 56
publisher: National Museum of American History
date: 1956-00-00
contributor: National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry
rights: Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu
relation: See Nadel Footnotes, 24

Portrait of two braceros standing in a Californian field.
creator: Leonard Nadel
source: The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.56.16; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.56.16; Roll #: 56
publisher: National Museum of American History
date: 1956-00-00
contributor: National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry
rights: Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu
relation: See Nadel Footnotes, 24

Portrait of two braceros standing in a pepper field in the Salinas Valley, California.
creator: Leonard Nadel
source: The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.26.31; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.26.31; Roll #: 26
publisher: National Museum of American History
date: 1956-00-00
contributor: National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry
rights: Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu
relation: See Nadel Footnotes, 16.

Portrait of two braceros.
creator: Leonard Nadel
source: The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.56.05; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.56.05; Roll #: 56
publisher: National Museum of American History
date: 1956-00-00
contributor: National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry
rights: Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu
relation: See Nadel Footnotes, 24

Postcard
subject: postcard
description: Postcard of cowboy and donkey at camp.
creator: Josie Carrillo Johnson
source: San Jose
publisher: UTEP
date: 2005-00-00
contributor: Steve Velasquez
rights: UTEP
language: eng

Postcard
subject: postcard
description: Back of postcard identifying the front of the postcard. Card from Martin Lucero.
creator: Josie Carrillo Johnson
source: San Jose
publisher: UTEP
date: 2005-00-00
contributor: Steve Velasquez
rights: UTEP
language: eng

Postcard of Winnemucca, Nevada
subject: Postcard of Winnemucca, Nevada 1954
description: Postcard of Winnemucca, Nevada 1954 with words "Sonoma Inn" written on it.
creator: Jose Francisco Delgado Soto
source: Mexico City
publisher: UTEP
date: 2002-05-11
contributor: David Villarreal
rights: UTEP
language: eng

Preciliano Suárez Gutiérrez
subject: bracero
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Suárez Gutiérrez, Preciliano
date: 2007-12-18
contributor: Méndez, Ivonne
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Primitivo Bustamante
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Primitivo Bustamante was born on June 10, 1952, in Coahuila, Mexico; he had four brothers and four sisters; his father worked as a bracero during the late fifties in California, New Mexico, and Texas; despite being encouraged by his father to attend school, he left after the sixth grade, because he didn’t like it; his father eventually returned to México where he continued working in agriculture; Primitivo immigrated to the United States in the seventies, and consequently, all his children were born there as well. Summary of Interview: Mr. Bustamante discusses his family and childhood; during the late fifties, when he was about five or six years old, his father worked as a bracero in California, New Mexico, and Texas; as a young boy, he recalls his father explaining what it meant to be a bracero; despite being encouraged by his father to attend school, he left after the sixth grade, because he didn’t like it; he goes on to describe his father as a very hard working man who never let his family go without and who constantly set a good example for him; although his father could not read or write, he always found someone to read and write letters for him; he would also send money orders home via registered mail; with the money he sent, his wife was able to buy beds, tables, chairs, and other such furnishings for their home; when he returned to México, he would bring gifts for his children and stay for about three or four months before leaving to work again; on one occasion, his wife went with him to Texas and had a child while there, but she returned to México shortly thereafter; he eventually returned to México, where he continued working in agriculture; Primitivo immigrated to the United States during he seventies, and consequently, all his children were born there as well; he concludes by describing how proud he is of his father and his legacy of hard work.
creator: García, Myrna
creator: Bustamante, Primitivo
date: 2005-09-01
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Proof of citizenship
subject: Proof of Mexican citizenship
description: This documents shows that Asterio Lopez Leon has proved this Mexican citizenship to the Mexican Consul October 27, 1972.
creator: Asterio Lopez Leon
creator: Mexican Government
source: Blythe/Ripley, California
publisher: UTEP
date: 2006-05-22
contributor: Monica Pelayo
rights: UTEP
language: eng

Proof of citizenship (back)
subject: Proof of Mexican citizenship
description: This documents shows that Asterio Lopez Leon has proved this Mexican citizenship to the Mexican Consul October 27, 1972.
creator: Asterio Lopez Leon
creator: Mexican Government
source: Blythe/Ripley, California
publisher: UTEP
date: 2006-05-22
contributor: Monica Pelayo
rights: UTEP
language: eng

Rafael Cortez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Rafael Cortez was born in Techaluta [de Montenegro], Jalisco, México; some of his family members, including uncles and cousins, came to the United States under the bracero program; Rafael longed to come to the states in the hopes of finding a better life or more aptly stated, to live the American dream; when he was eighteen, he traveled to Empalme, Sonora, México, to enlist in the program; as a bracero, he worked on several contracts throughout California and once in Arizona, as well. Summary of Interview: Mr. Cortez describes how the Mexican government would often send notices about forty-five day contracts with the bracero program to various cities throughout the country; upon receiving these announcements, men would travel to designated work locations in order to obtain the necessary paperwork for contracting centers; Rafael went to the center in Empalme, Sonora, México, to enlist in the program; he states that there were over twenty-five thousand men waiting at the center, but there were only between three and five thousand men processed daily; Rafael goes on to describe the medical assessments he underwent while at the center; upon arriving in the United States, he was examined again and deloused; consequently, when blood samples were drawn, many men fainted; after being processed, ranchers would pick and choose which men they wanted to work, like they would animals; the men were singled out based on their size and what crop they would be harvesting; they were then transported by bus to their worksites; as a bracero, Rafael worked on several contracts throughout California and once in Arizona; he details the different cities he was sent to, as well as duties, daily routines, housing, provisions, payment, remittances, and recreational activities; in addition, he states that his initial salary was 75¢ an hour, but he ultimately earned up to $2.25 an hour; moreover, in spite of the fact that none of the men had cars, they woul…
creator: Esparza, Araceli
creator: Cortez, Rafael
date: 2006-05-13
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Rafael Cortez
creator: Efraín de Santos
date: 2008-10-09
rights: Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso
format: Digital, WAV, MP3
language: SP

Rafael Covarrubias
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Rafael Covarrubias was born in Tlaltenango [de Sánchez Román], Zacatecas, México; he was the youngest of his two sisters and four brothers; his parents owned a small ranch, where they worked the land; when he was roughly twenty-one years old, he enlisted in the bracero program; at the time, he as married and had a son, which put him in great need of financial assistance; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of New Mexico and Texas, irrigating and picking various crops and driving a tractor; he continued working with program for a total of ten years. Summary of Interview: Mr. Covarrubias briefly mentions his family and childhood; by the time he was twenty-two, he had a wife and a son, but they were in desperate need of financial assistance, which prompted him to join the bracero program; he traveled to the contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, where his paperwork was thoroughly checked, and he was medically examined; from there, he was transported, free of cost, by cargo train to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, then he crossed into El Paso, Texas, and finally, he was taken by bus to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; later, as he continued to re-enlist, he was transferred by bus from Chihuahua to Ciudad Juárez, and once he had money, he traveled by passenger train; while at Rio Vista, he again underwent medical assessments before being given the necessary contractual documentation; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of New Mexico and Texas, irrigating and picking various crops and driving a tractor, for a total of ten years; during this time, he worked seasonally with the same employers in Las Cruces, New Mexico and Big Spring, Texas; sometimes, he had to go to different farms, either because there were already enough workers or he could not wait to be picked up; overall, being a bracero was a positive experience for him, because it changed his life for the better; with the money he earned, he…
creator: Guerrero, Perla
creator: Covarrrubias, Rafael
date: 2006-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Rafael Hernández
subject: bracero
creator: Murillo, Grisel
creator: Hernández, Rafael
date: 2006-05-24
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Railroad tracks going through the town of Gonzales, California.
creator: Leonard Nadel
source: The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.36.05; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.36.05; Roll #: 36
publisher: National Museum of American History
date: 1956-00-00
contributor: National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry
rights: Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu
relation: See Nadel Footnotes, 22.

Railroad tracks pass by the living quarters of a bracero camp in Gonzales, California.
creator: Leonard Nadel
source: The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.36.06; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.36.06; Roll #: 36
publisher: National Museum of American History
date: 1956-00-00
contributor: National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry
rights: Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu
relation: See Nadel Footnotes, 22.

Railroad trip pass
subject: railroad
description: Employee's trip pass from the New York Central railroad for Catarino Casillas Rodriguez, good from Sept. 14, 1944 thru Nov. 1944, from Detroit, Mich to Wauseon, Ohio.
creator: Catarino Casillas Rodriguez
creator: New York Central System
source: El Paso - Las Cruces
publisher: UTEP
date: 2005-00-00
contributor: Steve Velasquez
rights: UTEP
language: eng

Ramiro A. Pompa
subject: bracero
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Pompa, Ramiro A.
date: 2008-01-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ramiro Solis
creator: Cristina Berumen
date: 2008-11-22
rights: Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso
language: SP

Ramón Ávila Hernández
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Ramón Ávila Hernández Fecha de la entrevista: 2 de junio de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Ramón Ávila Hernández, en la ciudad de Durango, Durango, el día 2 de junio de 2003, conducida por Laureano Martínez, para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral, de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Buenas tardes don Ramón, ¿cómo está? RA: Bien, bendito sea Dios. LM: Me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació? RA: Pos nací en Durango, Durango. LM: ¿Cuándo? RA: El 20 de octubre de 1939. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene? RA: Voy en sesenta y cuatro, treinta y nueve cumplidos, ya ando en los sesenta y cuatro. LM: ¿Cómo se llama su papá? RA: Ramón Ávila Lizardo. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Francisca Hernández Reyes. LM: ¿De dónde son originarios ellos? RA: Pos de aquí de Durango, ¿no? 2do: De Zacatecas. RA: ¿Mande? 2do: De Zacatecas. RA: De Zacatecas es mi papá. LM: De Zacatecas, ajá. Y, ¿su mamá? 2do: De aquí de Durango. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaba su papá o a qué se dedica su papá? RA: Bueno, cuando yo tuve uso de razón mi papá trabajaba en el Cerro Mercado. LM: En el Cerro Mercado. Es una mina, ¿verdad? RA: Sí. LM: ¿Qué hacía su papá ahí? RA: Pos era barretero, ¿verdad? LM: Barretero. Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Pos ama de casa. LM: Al hogar. RA: Exactamente. LM: ¿Cuántos fueron ustedes de familia? RA: Catorce. LM: Catorce, ¿cuántos hombres y cuántas mujeres? RA: Somos… 2do: Cuatro hombres. RA: Cuatro hombres y diez mujeres. LM: De esos, ¿tú eres el mayor? RA: El mayor de todos. LM: ¿Fue usted a la escuela, don Ramón? RA: Sí. LM: ¿Hasta qué año? RA: Hasta el cuarto año. LM: Hasta el cuarto año. ¿Por qué? RA: Porque ya no había más en el rancho onde estábamos nosotros ahí, hasta ahí había nada más. LM: ¿Dónde vivían?, ¿en qué rancho? RA: En Benjamín Aranda, Municipio de Canatlán. LM: O sea que nació usted aquí en Durango y se fue. RA: Sí, de la edad de once años nos fuimos para el ran…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Ávila Hernández, Ramón
date: 2003-06-02
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ramón Bravo García
subject: bracero
creator: Pelayo, Monica
creator: Bravo García, Ramón
date: 2006-05-24
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ramón Flores González
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ramón Flores González was born in Juquillo, Jaliso México, on July 10, 1935; he grew up in an agricultural family with four brothers and two sisters; from age five he worked in agriculture; he joined the bracero program in 1956, and worked in California until 1960; there her picked carrots, cotton, and watermelon. Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores González remembers growing up in Juquillo, Jalisco, México, and having to work from the age of five; he recalls hearing about the bracero program from his brother who worked in Blythe, California; in 1956, he joined the bracero program and worked in California until 1960 picking carrots, cotton, and watermelon; he relates what it was like to be contracted in Empalme, Sonora, México, the process they went through, the papers he needed, and the brief medical exams they received; furthermore, he describes his bus ride to Mexicali, Baja California, México, and how the contracts were created in El Centro, California; he continues to describe his work at the Imperial Valle in California, the pay he received, their daily schedule, and difficulty of the work; moreover, he recounts how they did not have electricity in their barracks, nor bathrooms; he also explains how he asked to be moved to Blythe, California so he could be closer to his brother, and how hard it was to get the move; additionally, he discusses that he sent money to his family in México, and that he was very proud that he could help them in that way; he learned to read and write as a bracero, and later was able to secure his residency; overall, he feels that the bracero program made him suffer many injustices, but that he is happy to have been able to better his life and the lives of his family.
creator: Acosta, Anais
creator: Flores González, Ramón
date: 2006-05-22
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa