2
25
47
-
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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hi my name is luis gerrardo lopez and mi granpa justo work as a bracero wen he was 20 years old he said that wen he was living in ROMITA. G.T.O.the alcalde was hiering people to work in the U.S.A.like a bracero and he dind have any money to give to hes family he said that he was going to work in texas but from ROMITA they send him to REYNOSA and from REYNOSA to texsas hidalgo and he started workin their picking cotton and pickles but he told me that they had a fumigation process and that they hve to take their close of for the fumigation and that they justo eat bolonia whit hamburger bred and that they justo sleep on a catre insied a hOUSE well this is mi story and sorry for mi spelling .aim trying to contac you
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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my father was a bracero
Contributor
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luis lopez
Creator
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luis lopez
Rights
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You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material.
Contribution Form
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Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Submission Consent
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Yes
Posting Consent
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Yes
Contributor is Creator
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Yes
-
Document
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Text
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I grew up in Ventura County, California in the 1960s. Every summer the braceros would magically appear, working in the agricultural fields surrounding our tiny town of Somis. They would stay for a few months and then just as magically disappear – headed north, we heard. I was curious about them, and to be honest a little afraid of them. They seemed rough and tough and free, quite unlike anyone else I had ever seen.
The summer after my freshman year in high school I was able to get a job working in the fields. I was the only “gringo” kid in the crew and, although I could work almost as hard and as long as the braceros, the fact that I could speak Spanish really made a difference. I was invited to join them for lunch and for their morning and afternoon “taco breaks”, and they taught me words that were much more colorful than those I learned in Spanish class.
I had asthma as a kid and one day I came to work after a particularly difficult bout, still having difficulty breathing. I knew that if I worked in the sun for a few hours I would probably be OK, but I wasn’t sure I could make it. We were all supposed to work our way down the field rows at the same pace, and if you fell behind or were seen helping someone else you could find yourself in a lot of trouble.
The field boss was in a particularly foul mood that day, which only made matters worse. I began to fall behind and was growing really worried when the bracero in the row to my left began stealthily working my row in addition to his own. Then the one to my right began doing the same thing. Neither of them said a word, but both of them were risking the wrath of the field boss just to help me. We worked this way for about two hours until I was able to handle it myself.
I have never forgotten those acts of kindness or the generosity of spirit they showed. They demonstrated in a very personal way the real purpose of the bracero program, extending an arm to help a neighbor.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Acts of Kindness
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ron Taylor
Contributor
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Ron Taylor
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material.
Contribution Form
The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form.
Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Posting Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Submission Consent
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Yes
Contributor is Creator
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Yes
bracero
kindness
-
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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My father was born in 1919 in Rockdale Illinois, the son of a poor Mexican worker. Even though he was a U.S. citizen, he was deported and was only able to re-enter though the Bracero program. He did manual labor all his life and raised 4 college-educated sons to become exemplary U.S. Mexican-American citizens.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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come or go
Contributor
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Ricardo Villalobos
Creator
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Ricardo Villalobos
Contribution Form
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Online Submission
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Yes
Submission Consent
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No
Posting Consent
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Yes
Contributor is Creator
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Yes
deported brazero program
-
Document
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Text
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I was able to get a copy of my mothers border crossing documet. Document #1553.
Her name was Emma Gutierrez de Gutierrez and she was 26 years old and pregnant when she crossed the border into Nogales, Arizon on February 5th 1947.
She had been married to Jesse Gutierrez(no relation) in Mexico City and he had come back to work in the fields. He was a U.S. Citizen.
She was to stay with her mother-in-law who had found her a job picking strawberries in Santa Maria, California.
I was born on June 11th 1947.
She stayed in California for all of her life and later became a U.S. Citizen.
When she passed away I took her ashes back to the land where she had come from, Mexico.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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BORDER CROSSING
Contributor
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Jesse Gutierrez
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Jesse Gutierrez
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Online Submission
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Yes
Submission Consent
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Yes
Posting Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
-
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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MY PAPA CAME TO THE US AS A BRACERO IN THE EARLY 1940'S FROM A SMALL VILLAGE IN MICHOCHAN, MEXICO...HE WAS AN ORPHAN AND BEGAN WORKING AS A YOUNG BOY IN MEXICO...HIS AUNT RAISED HIM...HE ONLY HAD A 3RD GRADE EDUCATION...BUT HE COULD READ AND WRITE...WHEN HE WAS A YOUNG MAN...THE VILLAGE HAD BEEN BULLETED WITH FLIERS ABOUT WORK IN THE US...HE TOLD HIS AUNT HE WAS GOING TO FIND OUT IT...HE NEVER RETURNED HOME. THEY SAW A STRONG YOUNG MAN AND BOARDED HIM ON THE TRAIN WITH OTHERS AND HE BEGAN WORKING IN THE FIELDS OF SO. MONTEREY COUNTY. HE TOILED IN THE FIELDS WITH NO WATER, LITTLE FOOD AND OFTEN FILLED WITH MAGGETS...HE TOLD THE WORKERS NOT TO EAT THE FOOD...HE BECAME AN ADVOCATE FOR DECENT HUMAN CONDITIONS FOR THE BRACEROS...WHAT LITTLE MONEY HE MADE SENT IT BACK TO MEXICO. IN THE LATE 1940'S HE SETTLED IN SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, CA...HE WORKED AS COOK IN BOARDING HOUSE FOR BRACEROS BY NOW AND MET HIS WIFE, CARMEN MURO...THEY WOULD HAVE 8 CHILDREN...MANY OF HAVE RECEIVED A COLLEGE DEGREE, ONE A MASTER'S DEGREE...AND IN 2008 HE PASSED AWAY AT THE AGE OF 95...STILL ABLE TO TELL HIS STORIES OF HIS JOURNEY INTO THE US. AT THE AGE OF OF 82 YEARS OLD HE BECAME A US CITIZEN...REALIZING HE NEVER GOING TO RETURN HOME TO MEXICO.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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CRISPIN G. ESPINOSA...LA ENTRADA A USA DE BRACERO
Contributor
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CONSUELO ESPINOSA
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CONSUELO ESPINOSA
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Online Submission
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Yes
Submission Consent
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No
Posting Consent
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Yes
Contributor is Creator
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Yes
-
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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well, it was a long long time ago. So long i barely remember all the detail. ALL i remember is the pain and hardship that was caused to me and my brothers. It was not a time i wish to recount in any detail as it brings tears to my eyes and trembles that make my very soul shimmer.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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me myself and i
Creator
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al morgan
Contributor
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al morgan
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Online Submission
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Yes
Posting Consent
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Yes
Submission Consent
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No
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/06-planada-1947-isabel_a79346825d.pdf
657830e1ed69dc39a7f3706db1ef67c4
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
6. Martinez and Castruita Families Harvesting Alongside Braceros, 1947
Description
An account of the resource
06. Pictured: Grace Castruita, Isabel Martinez (Alba), Rosie Castruita (Martinez), Christina Martinez (Gonzalez), and Veronica Guadalupe “Lupe” Martinez (Curtis) picking figs in Planada, California, circa 1947. Married names shown in parentheses.
The Castruita and Martinez families of Baldwin Park, and Claremont, California picked fruit alongside Braceros both locally in the San Gabriel Valley, and as migrant workers throughout California’s Central Valley.
*Daniel Martinez (photographer) is author of Thesis “The Impact of Bracero Programs on a Southern California Community”, pub. 1958 (also available on the Bracero Archive).
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daniel Martinez
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Daniel Martinez
Contribution Form
The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form.
Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Posting Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Submission Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
Baldwin Park.
Castruita
Chicano
Claremont
Daniel Martinez
Gabriel Valley
Martinez
Mexican-American
Migrant
Planada
Thesis
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/05-planada-1947-lupe_0593655c20.pdf
59627dac6fbc0bcf425f179297cedcf4
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
5. Martinez Family Harvesting Alongside Braceros, 1941
Description
An account of the resource
05. Pictured (clockwise): Grace Castruita, Isabel Martinez (Alba), Higinio Castruita, Veronica Guadalupe “Lupe” Martinez (Curtis), and Rosie Castruita (Martinez), picking figs in Planada, California, circa 1947. Married names are shown in parenthesis.
The Castruita and Martinez families of Baldwin Park, and Claremont, California picked fruit alongside Braceros both locally in the San Gabriel Valley, and as migrant workers throughout California’s Central Valley.
*Daniel Martinez (photographer) is author of Thesis “The Impact of Bracero Programs on a Southern California Community”, pub. 1958 (also available on the Bracero Archive).
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Daniel Martinez
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daniel Martinez
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Contribution Form
The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form.
Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Submission Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Posting Consent
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Yes
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
Baldwin Park
Castruita
Chicano
Claremont
Daniel Martinez
Gabriel Valley
Martinez
Mexican-American
Migrant
Planada
Thesis
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/04-planada-1947-christina_52b632d64b.pdf
81d263e0ab896b0d2188ce8bedbd0cc3
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
4. Martinez Family Harvesting Alongside Braceros, 1947
Description
An account of the resource
04. Pictured: Christina Martinez (Gonzalez) picking figs in Planada, California, circa 1947. Married names are shown in parenthesis.
The Martinez family lived in Claremont, California. During the 1940s, the children, who were U.S. citizens, picked fruit alongside Braceros both locally in the San Gabriel Valley, and as migrant workers throughout California’s Central Valley. This photo shows family members picking Kadota figs in Planada, California.
*Daniel Martinez (photographer) is author of Thesis “The Impact of Bracero Programs on a Southern California Community”, pub. 1958 (also available on the Bracero Archive).
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Daniel Martinez
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daniel Martinez
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Contribution Form
The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form.
Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Submission Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Posting Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
Chicano
Claremont
Daniel Martinez
Gabriel Valley
Martinez
Mexican-American
Migrant
Planada
Thesis
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/02-planada-1947-cheva_christina_d4bbe28f3b.pdf
b3cb4d85b8a438fd29fc482f28f3a574
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
2. Martinez Family Harvesting Alongside Braceros, 1947
Description
An account of the resource
CORRECTED TEXT
02. Pictured: Eusevia Martinez (Garcia) and Christina Martinez (Gonzalez) picking figs in Planada, California, circa 1947. Married names are shown in parenthesis.
The Martinez family lived in Claremont, California. During the 1940s, the children, who were U.S. citizens, picked fruit alongside Braceros both locally in the San Gabriel Valley, and as migrant workers throughout California’s Central Valley. This photo shows family members picking Kadota figs in Planada, California.
*Daniel Martinez (photographer) is author of Thesis “The Impact of Bracero Programs on a Southern California Community”, pub. 1958 (also available on the Bracero Archive).
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Daniel Martinez
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daniel Martinez
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Contribution Form
The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form.
Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Submission Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Posting Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
Chicano
Claremont.
Daniel Martinez
Gabriel Valley
Martinez
Mexican-American
Migrant
Planada
Thesis
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/03--planada-1947-rosie_760ed58f53.pdf
2cd299214d98f8dd2ddf053c4742dfb8
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
3. Martinez Family Harvesting Alongside Braceros, 1947
Description
An account of the resource
03. Pictured: Rosa Castruita (Martinez) picking figs in Planada, California, circa 1947. Married names are shown in parenthesis.
The Castruita and Martinez families of Baldwin Park, and Claremont, California picked fruit alongside Braceros both locally in the San Gabriel Valley, and as migrant workers throughout California’s Central Valley.
*Daniel Martinez (photographer) is author of Thesis “The Impact of Bracero Programs on a Southern California Community”, pub. 1958 (also available on the Bracero Archive).
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Daniel Martinez
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daniel Martinez
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Contribution Form
The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form.
Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Submission Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Posting Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
Baldwin Park.
Castruita
Chicano
Claremont
Daniel Martinez
Gabriel Valley
Martinez
Mexican-American
Migrant
Planada
Thesis
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/02-plaada-1947-cheva_christina_d99e3681e4.pdf
b3cb4d85b8a438fd29fc482f28f3a574
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
2. Martinez Family Harvesting Alongside Braceros, 1947
Description
An account of the resource
02. Pictured: Eusevia Martinez (Garcia) and Christina Martinez (Gonzalez) picking figs in Planada, California, circa 1947.
Married names are shown in parenthesis.
The Martinez family lived in Claremont, California. During the 1940s, the children, who were U.S. citizens, picked fruit alongside Braceros both locally in the San Gabriel Valley, and as migrant workers throughout California’s Central Valley. This photo shows Daniel Fernandez Martinez of Claremont and two of his nine children picking Kadota figs in Planada, California.
*Daniel Martinez (photographer)is author of Thesis “The Impact of Bracero Programs on a Southern California Community”, pub. 1958 (also available on the Bracero Archive).
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Daniel Martinez
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daniel Martinez
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Contribution Form
The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form.
Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Submission Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Posting Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
Chicano
Claremont.
Daniel Martinez
Gabriel Valley
Martinez
Mexican-American
Migrant
Planada
Thesis
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/01-planada-daniel(s)_cheva--1941_c0ebc96bf3.pdf
f0434cbc5fa7a1500d0522b23b6cd836
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
. Martinez Family Harvesting Alongside Braceros, 1941
Description
An account of the resource
01. Pictured: Eusevia Martinez (age 16), Daniel Fernandez Martinez (age 45) and Daniel Martinez *(age 12), circa 1941, Planada, California.
The Martinez family lived in Claremont, California. During the 1940s, the children, who were U.S. citizens, picked fruit alongside Braceros both locally in the San Gabriel Valley, and as migrant workers throughout California’s Central Valley. This photo shows Daniel Fernandez Martinez of Claremont and two of his nine children picking Kadota figs in Planada, California.
*Daniel Martinez (son) is author of Thesis “The Impact of Bracero Programs on a Southern California Community”, pub. 1958 (also available on the Bracero Archive).
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daniel Martinez
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Daniel Martinez
Contribution Form
The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form.
Online Submission
Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form.
Yes
Posting Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Submission Consent
Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No)
Yes
Contributor is Creator
Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation.
Yes
Chicano
Claremont.
Daniel Martinez
Martinez
Mexican-American
Migrant
Planada
San Gabriel Valley
Thesis
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/01-planada-daniel(s)_cheva--1941_64fcf351ed.pdf
f0434cbc5fa7a1500d0522b23b6cd836
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
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Title
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1. Martinez Family Harvesting Alongside Braceros, 1941
Description
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1 of 6 photos. Pictured: Eusevia Martinez (age 16), Daniel Fernandez Martinez (age 45) and Daniel Martinez *(age 12), circa 1941, Planada, California.
The Martinez family lived in Claremont, California. During the 1940s, the children, who were U.S. citizens, picked fruit alongside Braceros both locally in the San Gabriel Valley, and as migrant workers throughout California’s Central Valley. This photo shows Daniel Fernandez Martinez of Claremont and two of his nine children picking Kadota figs in Planada, California.
*Daniel Martinez (son) is author of the Thesis “The Impact of Bracero Programs on a Southern California Community”, pub. 1958 (also available on the Bracero Archive).
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Daniel Martinez
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Daniel Martinez
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Yes
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No
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Baldwin Park.
Castruita
Chicano
Claremont
Daniel Martinez
Martinez
Mexican-American
Migrant
Planada
San Gabriel Valley
Thesis
-
Document
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Text
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RE: the Bracero History Archive:
I am Refugio I. Rochin, Professor Emeritus of UC Davis and Santa Cruz and native of San Diego County. I was born in May 1941 and worked with my father who was under contract to provide Bracero Labor camps with food and related provisions from 1941 through 1964, the year the program ended.
I believe that little has been written about the relationships developed between Bracero hosting corporations and U.S. service providers, especially Hispanics (Mexican-Americans) in business. I am writing to make sure that the Bracero story is told in terms of its spin-offs, corporate ties and the impact of Bracero contracts in San Diego county.
For example, Sunkist and avocado growers (also called associations) developed camps and facilities for Bracero workers in San Diego county to live in during the time they harvested and processed vegetables, avocados, oranges and lemons.
The camps they developed would hold (by my recollection) 25 to 300 workers each. Relatively large camps were located in Fallbrook, Vista and Escondido California. Each camp was built of wood and appeared to be modeled like US military barracks. The workers (all men) slept in bunk-beds, closely lined with boxes for each for personal items.
Workers used open showers and did their laundry - much like soldiers of their day. Workers ate together in "mess-halls." They used metal trays for food and regular glasses for drinks. The quality of food varied by camp, cooks and staples provided by the companies. Camps that specialized in "Mexican food" kept their workers content. Camps that did not serve Mexican food experienced some protests and worker flight.
I know this from personal experience. My father was one of the first contractors in San Diego county who worked successfully for Sunkist growers, serving Mexican food with fresh tortillas, lots of beans and rice and meat. The camps served by my father often had workers from other camps seeking "sanctuary" at the Sunkist camps.
My father developed a wholesale business called C&R Provisions in Oceanside. He learned from personal experience as an immigrant farmworker (beginning at 15 years of age) the importance of home cooking and service.
The 'C' in C&R stood for Castorena (Manuel) and the 'R' for Rochin (Refugio).
Manuel Castorena (Spanish origin) was my fathers friend and our neighbor. He became the first mayor of Carlsbad California - also the founder of Carlsbad's acclaimed school for gems.
Refugio Rochin (my father - born in Sinaloa Mexico in 1908) was a wholesaler of Mexican produce and owner of Mexican grocery stores and restaurants. Through the restaurants he befriended (mostly through the Rotary Club) some of Sunkist's executives. One, in particular, Roy Workman, who was married to a Mexican, was responsible for contract workers. Roy liked my dad and handled my dad's special contracts with Sunkist.
Together, C&R and Sunkist developed contracts to feed workers at Sunkist labor camps. C&R Provisions also picked up several other farm labor camps in San Diego county.
The business relationship led to C&R becoming a successful operation, supplying Mexican food and related supplies (e.g corn husks for tamales, spices, tortilla presses) in the region.
I can relate more since I started working with my father in C&R from the time I was 10 years old. I was born in May 1941. When I was 16 - 1957 - I had my own delivery route and went to camps in Fallbrook, Vista, San Marcos and Escondido.
I also delivered to my father's close friend - actor Leo Carrillo. He purchased my fathers' specially aged prime rib and Mexican food for his parties and friends - some I met were old time movie stars, Conrad Hilton, and corporate executives. At the time, Leo was always in the Rose Parade and rode his beautiful gold stallions, all dressed with silver saddle, etc. For verification, contact: Gerry Streff. Visit:
www.carrillo-ranch.org
Leo Carrillo was referred to as Mr Republican. My father was a Republican and my mother a Democrat - mostly because of social ties, not because of political agendas.
The Julian Samora Research Institute at Michigan State University published booklet that my mother wrote, covering aspects of the Rochin business and bracero program. It lends credence to my account above. It also shows the affect of my father's work and friends in her life. She provides another perspective of the Mexican business community, beginning with her birth in 1913 in Colton California.
http://jsri.msu.edu/RandS/books/juanita/index.shtml
Let me know if you have questions or interest in other Bracero related work. I can relate, for example, how la migra (US border patrol) raided our restaurant and harassed our Mexican workers - legal or not. This story continues today.
Refugio
Refugio I. Rochin, PhD
Professor & Research Director, Emeritus, UC Davis and UC Santa Cruz
Founding Director, Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives
rrochin at ucdavis.edu
http://works.bepress.com/refugio_rochin/
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Hispanic Business and Bracero Workers
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Refugio Rochin
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Refugio Rochin
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
braceros in san diego county
contract food provisions
Hispanic business
-
Document
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My mother Ana Maria de la Rosa Codina helped process Braceros in McAllen, Texas. She would type the applications. She said that many braceros would reverse their last names (mother/father's names) because they knew that that was the custom in the US. Then these names would be reversed again by the processors!
Edward Codina
ecodina at earthlink.net
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secretary
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Edward Codina
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Edward Codina
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
McAllen
processor
secretary
texas
-
https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/danielmartinezthesis_d24a05a438.pdf
fadc4b642b5aec76a7ff3091936fab84
Document
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Daniel Martinez Thesis, "The Impact of the Bracero Programs on a Southern California Mexican American Community: A Field Study of Cucamonga, California", pub. 1958
Description
An account of the resource
This pdf file is the thesis by Daniel Martinez published in 1958 at Claremont Graduate School. The author attended the September 30, 2009 program at the National Museum of American History, participated in the discussion, and was asked to submit this document to the online Bracero Archive.
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Daniel Martinez
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Daniel Martinez
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Yes
Posting Consent
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Yes
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Yes
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1958
California
community impact
Cucamonga
Daniel Martinez
field study
interviews
Mexican-Americans
Thesis
-
Document
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Text
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My grand father used to tell me that when he came to the United States as a bracero the Americans will fumigated him with a powder to disinfect him and to all the braceros. That powder which I don’t recall the name of it, can cause cancer and many other illness. My grandfather also used to tell me that because his blond hair and blue eyes he will be aloud to buy food or beer from Caucasian stores and he will play that he was deft and mute, he will get bear and goodies for his other bracero friends. This is sad and so discriminating.
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Mi Abuelo el Bracero, My bracero grandpa
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Claudia Brunet
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Claudia Brunet
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Testing
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Online Submission
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Yes
Submission Consent
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Yes
Posting Consent
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Yes
Contributor is Creator
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Yes
-
Document
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Text
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Mi nombre es Jose Guadalupe Hernandez. Yo vine de brasero en 1944 desde Degollado Jalisco en el mes de Mayo, pasamos por ciudad Juarez y venian entregando a la gente por todo el camino. Yo fui uno de los ultimos que dejaron en San Luis, Missouri. Nos dejaron para vivir en baules de tren. Se llamama campo Andolante. Hay veces que nos acostavamos a dormir y amaneciamos en otras partes donde necesitaman mas el trabajo, nosotros trabajamos en el traque de ferrocarril. Me di cuenta de que avia un seguro para nosotros los pobres que nadie queria agarrar porque nos quitavan los centavitos. Nos pagavan como a 60 centavos la hora o algo asi. Lo tubimos que agarrar afuersas pero de ese dinero no e visto nada no le teniamos mucho interes porque no eramos de aqui y queriamos regresar despues de un tiempito. Cambiavamos los rieles de chicos a grandes. Sabados y Domingos no los trabajamos y en esos dias platicavamos y nos poniamos a lavar la ropita. Lavamos en un carro de bano. Viviamos a soliados por lo de los Japoneses no avia radio ni television solo era lo que se platicava y corria la voz. Y teniamos miedo porque decian que como eran tan chiquitos que asta cabian en una olla. Pero buscavamos ayudar a esta gente y tener un futuro para mis chiquillos que viviamos en pura pobreza en Mexico y con tanto sacrificio y el dolor de mi corazon deje pa' venirme. En San Luis Mo. trabajando en la llarda vimos que llegaron los padres de un muchacho muy robusto que lla lo mandavan a la guerra y me hizo sentir tristesa por el muchacho y animo para seguir. Los padres de ese muchacho agarrados de la mano se suvieron a su carro y llorando por su hijo se fueron a su casa y con mucha tristeza. Mi mayordomo se llamaba Sam. Era muy buen mayordomo y muy trabajador siempre nos trato muy bien, bueno a mi criterio. El otro se llamava Mr. Ollen.
La guerra trajo un fracaso feo para Mexico y los Estados Unidos, porque los maridos dejaron a las mujeres solas para la guerra y nosotros en Mexico nos vinimos para aca dejando nuestras mujeres y aqui muchas americanas se fueron con los braseros para Mexico. Todo el mundo llegamos llenos de piojos yo me acuerdo que en la casa siempre andavan hirviendo la ropa la dejavan limpiesita nosotros con la epidemia de piojos y con la pansa vasia muriendonos de hambre. Por eso cuando veniamos para aca nos asian tirar la ropa y quemarla y nos davan otra limpiezita. Como no savia leer ni escrivir me valia de otro muchacho que estudio en el seminario el me asia las cartas y me enseno a leer y escrivir lo poquito que se. Aqui se nos quito un poquito lo menso nos ensenaron el camino y ahora ya no nos quieren aqui. Con todo pude comprar la casita que ahora tengo en Mexico para mi familia. Gracias a la compania de Ferrocarril Santa Fe.
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Jose Guadalupe Hernandez
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Rosalva Casillas
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Jose Guadalupe Hernandez Angel
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Testing
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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No
-
Document
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I was born on January 23rd 1947 in Pomona California. As far back as I can remember my father was a Farm Labor Foreman. He had a 1947 red ford truck with a cabin in the back to transport the workers. Most of the time he would pick them up in Irwindale, California, but sometimes at the camp in Pomona or Upland California. As time went on he bought a 1956 Chevrolet truck and later a 1965 Chevrolet truck. Each time the cabin in the back got larger. My father would leave our house in San Dimas, Califorina at about 4:30 a.m. each morning, usually 7 days a week. My mother would gut up earlier to make him breakfast, and lunch which consisted of burritosn and were packed in a Thermos lunchbox. As kids my older brother and I would go with him on Saturdays and pick Oranges, Lemons, Tomatoes, Cucumbert, Peas, Grapefruit, or whatever was in season. Each Noverber we would go to Porterville, California, for the Orange season. This lasted until about 1965 when the program ended. I still have many pictures of my father in groves with the Braceros, and of his trucks.
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Albert Martinez
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albert martinez
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albert martinez
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Yes
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Yes
Submission Consent
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Yes
Contributor is Creator
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Yes
-
Document
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Text
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To whom it may concern,
I am the daughter of a bracero, whose father volunteered part of his youth to defend the Americas from tyranny during WW II.
My father was born in Arenal, Jalisco in 1922. When he was 21 years old, he volunteered from Mexico to aid America’s Homefront Activities. He decided to put his efforts in the better organized railroad industry (as opposed to the agricultural industry). Southern Pacific Railroad trained him, and his Mexican compatriots, as track maintenance workers. He was a member of a section gang that kept up to standard 10 to 25 miles of laid tracks. My father’s job as as a section gang member, was backbreaking and grueling. Under a blistering hot sun, he removed old crossties, replaced worn rails and surrounded the area with fresh gavel. Water breaks were called often to encourage them to drink and to take their water pills to help their bodies retain moisture. MY PAPA THE BRACERO, had aguante!
He and his compatriots were paid $1 an hour for their efforts, with ten percent retained for their pensions. However, this pension money is now in litigation due to the fact that both the United States and Mexico point fingers at each other after its disappearance. My father is currently 87 years old, and not likely to ever see his pension.
The reason I write to you has more to do to with recognition of my father’s American Homefront Activities. In a perfect world, I would like to have him interviewed on camera to give him a sense of our gratitude as a nation for his wartime efforts. All the t.v. documentaries I have seen over the years dealing with braceros, always describe them in their stereotypical roles—as field hands, or fruit/vegetable pickers. In my opinion, my father’s story deserves to be heard by mainstream America because he too indirectly aided a nation at war, but also helped (via the railroads) ferry its soldiers and their ammunition from Indio, California to the Pacific coast enroute to the European theater. My father tells a different story, one I have never heard said by a Latino WWII veteran or bracero on t.v.
Within your website, I encountered Ms. Kristine Navarro’s name, as the collections director. How can I contact her about having my father interviewed to add to your collection of oral histories. Out of his seven children, I am the one who has attempted over the years to document his recollections by writing them down for posterity. His stories are positive, and told effortlessly, in Spanish, with a taste of dark Mexican humor. He is currently an American citizen with two eagles embedded in his heart, one Mexican, the other, American.
In the event you may want to contact me, please do so at: silveria.ballaron@sbcglobal.net
Sinceramente,
Silveria Arizona-Ballaron
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My Papa the Bracero
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Silveria Arizona Ballaron
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Silveria Arizona Ballaron
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Yes
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Yes
Submission Consent
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Yes
Contributor is Creator
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Yes
-
Document
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In 1982 or 1983, my husband and then son-in-law tore down a small building that had housed Bracero workers for Stern Gin in Cotton Center, Texas. They saved the boards comprising one wall because someone had painted religious pictures on it. There was a Virgin Mary and several other symbolic icons that are definitly done in the style seen in churches in Mexico. They were done with paint normally used to paint houses, not from an artist's pallet. They are about 8'x6"x1" tongue and groove; there are 8 boards, which when put together, form the pictures.
We still have those pieces of wood and would contrubute them to your program. If you are interested, please write me at this address:
M.S.Phillips
498 County Road V
Plainview, Texas 79072
806-293-4753
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Bracero Art
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M. S. Phillips
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M. S. Phillips
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Yes
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Yes
Posting Consent
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No
Contributor is Creator
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Yes