127 25 3209 https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401385325.jpg d61b4a1c5e096cf82dbe7a575d63de8f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 24. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.53.25; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.53.25; Roll #: 53 Title A name given to the resource View over some empty beds in a living quarter of a Californian camp. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401382204.jpg 52bd95dff461c954934b49c79a6a8237 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Original Caption: This drafty barn was hastily converted into housing facilities for braceros near Stockton, Calif. One dirty mattress and one blanket was all that was provided for bedding. (A, #21/ See also 22.03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Nadel Captions A, #21. See Nadel Footnotes, 24. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.22.04; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.22.04; Roll #: 22 Title A name given to the resource View over some empty beds of braceros in a barn in California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401383124.jpg 5bad3517bc52e31c3b8c9c775d849fb7 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 21. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.31.24; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.31.24; Roll #: 31 Title A name given to the resource View over the beginning ot the town of Chualar, California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Chualar, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401382734.jpg 008177687b951635fcce95a05426511d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 10. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.27.34; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.27.34; Roll #: 27 Title A name given to the resource View over the Gondo Labor Camp in Watsonville, California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Watsonville, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384217.jpg 812dc693e89c50572e543ec29d72dc83 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 10 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.42.17; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.42.17; Roll #: 42 Title A name given to the resource View over the Gondo Labor Camp near Watsonville, California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Watsonville, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384218.jpg 801f8c119694db0cd0851c2b958f1e0b Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 10 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.42.18; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.42.18; Roll #: 42 Title A name given to the resource View over the Gondo Labor Camp near Watsonville, California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Watsonville, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384219.jpg 0ccc0bf1a6b7eeaf137f5a40cc824545 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 10 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.42.19; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.42.19; Roll #: 42 Title A name given to the resource View over the Gondo Labor Camp near Watsonville, California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Watsonville, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384722.jpg 1abf758632a12f31dfdfb9472ff6adfc Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.47.22; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.47.22; Roll #: 47 Title A name given to the resource View over the tables in a dining hall prepared for dinner in a Californian camp. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384014.jpg 041da5ff0c3bce3c7e60da0f2630965c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 16 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.40.14; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.40.14; Roll #: 40 Title A name given to the resource View over Toro lettuce boxes from above a truck in a lettuce field in the Salinas Valley in California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Salinas Valley, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/delgado_chic010_c21831c3cc.mp3 b59bfc488e68a784150bc4c178d71d90 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Villafranca, Nancy Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Delgado, Vincente Location The location of the interview. Chicago, Illinois Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 41:56 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Delgado_CHIC010 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Vincente Delgado creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Villafranca, Nancy contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Villafranca, Nancy Delgado, Vincente Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-09-01 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Vicente Delgado was born in a small town by the name of Cerro Gordo, between Teloloapan and Acatepec, Guerrero, México; he was raised on a ranch and had very humble beginnings; when he was eighteen, he came into the United States illegally, but shortly thereafter, he was deported to Tijuana, Baja California, México; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero he worked in Arizona, California, and Colorado, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; he and his family later emigrated to the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. Delgado briefly describes his family and humble beginnings; when he was eighteen, he came into the United States illegally, but shortly thereafter, he was deported to Tijuana, Baja California, México; in 1952, he went to Mexicali, Baja California, to enlist in the bracero program; he goes on to discuss the various contracting centers he went through in México, including the requirements, the thousands of men vying for contracts, the long waiting periods that sometimes lasted weeks or months, and the harsh conditions he endured while there, like sleeping on the floor; moreover, he mentions the coyotes that were often used to avoid delays; upon arriving in the United States he was medically examined, a process which he describes as vulgar and embarrassing; as a bracero he worked in Arizona, California, and Colorado, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; he also details the different worksites, duties, living conditions, amenities, provisions, payment, treatment, relationships, remittances, and recreational activities; in addition, he explains how he asked for a transfer while working in Stockton, California; oftentimes, he would help other braceros, who could not read or write, with letters; he also talks about working in border cities and being allowed to cross into México on his days off with proper documentation; in the late sixties, he was able to come to the United States with a passport, and he later arranged for the rest of his family to emigrate as well. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Vincente Delgado https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/ramirez_sjc021_133ef2ea16.mp3 951e55ccdae273b304eb80d818720ebd Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Velásquez, Steve Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Ramirez, Vincente Location The location of the interview. San Jose, CA Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. Nombre del entrevistado: Vicente Ramírez Fecha de la entrevista: 25 de julio de 2005 Nombre del entrevistador: Steve Velásquez This is an interview with Vicente Ramírez, 25th of July, 2005. The Mexican Heritage Plaza, at San Jose, California. The interview is being conducted by Steve Velásquez, Smithsonian Institution. SV: Don Vicente, ¿dónde y cuándo nació usted? VR: Yo soy del 1930. Nací el 5 de abril, soy del estado Oaxaca, Santa Rosa de Juárez. SV: Juárez, okay. Háblame de su familia y… VR: Pos mi papacito ya se murió, ya es pues difunto, ¿verdad? SV: Sí, sí. VR: Ya no tengo nada, ni abuelito ni nada, más que están mis hijos y mi esposa, pues. SV: Sí, sí. Y, ¿hermanos, hermanas? VR: Tengo una hermana y un hermano. También mi hermano vino de bracero ése, se llama Francisco Ramírez Cuenca y yo también soy Vicente Ramírez Cuenca. SV: Y, ¿él ya se murió? VR: Ya se murieron mis papás, sí. SV: Y no, su hermano. VR: El único hermano y Francisco y luego mi hermana, pero esa no salió pa acá. SV: Sí, sí. 2do: La hermana y el hermano viven. SV: Ah, okay. VR: Sí, sí. SV: Sí. Y, ¿viven en México? VR: En México están. 2do: Oaxaca. SV: ¿Fuiste a la escuela en México? VR: Pues realmente, señor, como un año jui, pero no aprendí nada y ya no quise ir, pues. SV: Yeah, entonces trabajó en México. VR: En México. SV: ¿Qué hiciste? VR: Sí, en México jui albañil, hice casas bastantes y bueno, pues jui campesino, pues, agricultor del campo. SV: So, empezó a trabajar cuando tenías… VR: Como unos dieciocho años. SV: Dieciocho años. VR: Porque jui huérfano. Mi papá se murió muy joven, tuve que trabajar para mantener a mi mamá y mis hermanos. SV: Sí, eso es duro, ¿sí? VR: Es trabajoso eso. SV: Okay. ¿Cómo se enteró usted del Programa Bracero? VR: Del bracero, pos yo jui este, vine de bracero como tres veces nada más, pero yo me contraté en Empalme. SV: En Empalme, okay. ¿Cómo supiste del programa? VR: Porque estaba, llegaron, llegó el aviso allá que había contratación y que, que si el que quisiera venir a Estados Unidos, pos ahí ya lo contrataban pa que entrara pa adentro. Pero este, así es como supimos y juimos a hacer la lucha, pues me tocó la suerte pasar y tres veces. Mi hermano vino más, ése vino como unas cinco veces. SV: So, cuando supiste del programa, ¿estabas…? VR: No, ni dinero tenía, no. SV: Ni dinero, nada. VR: No tenía ni dinero, sacamos prestado. Entonces un señor allá prestaba dinero, peso sobre peso, con el peligro que no pasáramos y con qué pagábamos, esas deudas nos las echamos encima. Pero en nombre de Dios, juimos y sí, sí la hicimos, sí pagamos luego la droga, pues también, ¿verdá? SV: So, cuando supiste del programa, ¿dónde estabas en México? VR: Sí, estaba yo en Oaxaca. SV: Yeah, todavía estaba ahí. VR: Sí, estaba en Oaxaca yo. SV: Okay. ¿Alguna vez llegó a pensar en trabajar en los Estados Unidos antes de eso? VR: Pos viera que no lo pensamos. Lo pensamos cuando ya estábanos con ese pendiente de que queríanos a ver aquí, pues, ¿verdá? Y entonces ya estaba, ya pensamos eso: “Vamos, vamos, vamos”. De ahí ya acabó la contratación, nos venimos de mojaditos, pues. SV: Yeah, hace mucho vino así. So, cuando veniste primer vez… VR: Jue del [19]55. SV: [Mil novecientos] cincuenta y cinco. VR: Sí. SV: Pero antes de eso, cuando estabas pensando ir en el programa del bracero, ¿estabas pensando en el dinero, o estabas solamente pensando en venir a los Estado Unidos a ver qué? VR: Pues pensando las dos cosas, ¿verdá? Que quería venir aquí a Estados Unidos a ganar unos centavitos para ayudarnos. Pos somos pobres, pues. SV: Yeah, yeah. VR: Fuimos pobres, ¿verdá? Y este, y queríanos venir acá pues a sufrirle, a ver si le podíanos hacer algo. Sí pos ese era el, ese era el inte… Después de que venimos ansina, ya se nos pegó la tentación y [es]tuvimos viene y viene y viene, pues, hasta que nos quedamos aquí. SV: ¿Cuáles eran su…? VR: Yo ya tengo más de veinte años [de] estar aquí. SV: ¿Aquí? Yeah. Y, ¿cuáles eran sus expectativas de los Estados Unidos? VR: Yo allá era campesino, pues, sembraba maíz en el campo con mi yunta y después este, le seguí al trabajo de la albañería y hice acá muchas casas, sí. Y ése era mi trabajo, pues, jornalero, ¿verdá?, ey. SV: Okay. Describe el proceso de contratación, ¿qué tuvo que hacer para ser un bracero?, ¿te recuerdas del proceso? VR: Sí, sí, ¿si yo estaba de acuerdo? SV: Sí. 2do: ¿Cómo les hicieron para pasar, para pasarlos? VR: Oh, pasamos aquí el, llegamos a la línea, pues y allá hay personas que son los que les dicen los coyotes. Ellos nos echaban pa adentro, pagando, también, va arreglado. Sí y ahí este, pos nos pasaban. Hay coyotes ahí en la frontera, muchachos, pues, que les dicen los coyotes, que pasan las personas pa adentro. Y allá, como ya conocíanos la venida y la entrada, pos ya llegábanos derecho con ellos y ellos nos pasaban pa acá. SV: Pero para el programa del bracero, ¿cómo era el proceso? VR: Pos este… SV: ¿Tú tuviste que traer papeles? VR: Oh no, el sufrimiento sí jue duro ahí también, también para entrar [es]tuvo duro, no digas. SV: Sí. VR: Porque si usted no daba la medida, no pasaba. SV: Yeah, enton[ces]… VR: Porque hay una cosa ansina así, que es la medida de la persona que tiene que tener, pero si no la tenía, ajuera pues. Ahora, para hacer este, ir al, a la comida, tenías que hacer cola larga, larga para ir a agarrar el lonche. No, sufrimos mucho, pues, ¿verdad? SV: So, no tuviste que traer papeles, algo así, nada, solamente… VR: Nada, nada, si nomás venimos al aventón, nomás ansina y aquí pues así nos metieron. SV: Entonces, ¿recuerdas dónde, después del proceso, recuerdas dónde los mandaron a Monterrey a…? VR: Oh, aquí allá, allá en la frontera estaba uno este, un mayordomo que estaba, patrones, pues. 2do: Agarrando la gente. VR: Que estaban agarrando la gente que los que pasaban: “Yo necesito diez, yo necesito ocho, yo siete, cinco”. Así. SV: Pero, ¿te recuerdas dónde era eso en el…? VR: Y ya nos llevaban hasta, a mí me trajeron aquí a Salinas a la lechuga. Ahí vine las tres veces con la compañía Del Toro. SV: Oh, sí. VR: Ey. SV: Y entraste a la frontera en Texas, ¿entonces? VR: ¿Eh? SV: ¿Entraste en la frontera en Texas? VR: Aquí en Tijuana, ahí en Mexicali o… SV: Mexicali, algo así, okay. Describe físicamente el centro de recepción donde estabas, donde llegó, ¿era grande, pequeño? VR: No, pos allí ya no nos llevaban al centro, nos llevaban al campo donde estaban las barracas que entraba la gente, a trabajar onde… SV: No, no, antes de eso, pero estabas, fuiste al centro en Mexicali. ¿Había mucha gente ahí? VR: Ah, sí, claro. SV: ¿Sí? VR: Debajo del puente estaba lleno. SV: Okay. ¿Vivían debajo del puente? VR: Y ahí pasaban, estaban los que nos taban pasando pa adentro. SV: ¿Tuviste que hacer un examen médico ahí? VR: Sí, sí, muchas cosas. No, sí nos hicieron unas pendejadas muy duras, nos ponían en cuatro pies y nos metían el dedo atrás con el perdón de usted. Y luego nos jalaban aquí el, adelante, a ver si no teníamos nada. Bueno, cada cosas que nos hacían, pues. Pero a eso iba uno, a eso iba uno, a todos esos registros. Si estaba usted bien de todo eso, iba usted pa adentro y si no, de ahí lo tachaban pa atrás, pues. No, sí [es]tuvo dura también la aceptación allá, [es]tuvo dura la situación. SV: So, ¿qué tuvo que hacer para obtener su permiso de trabajo cuando estaba ahí? VR: ¿Cuándo taba yo adentro? SV: Yeah. VR: Pos sí, eran contratos, pues jefe, eran contratos que nos daban. Si usted era buen trabajador y se acababa este contrato, le daban otro. Ahí mismo se lo renovaban y si no, vámonos. SV: Regresamos un momentito, ¿veniste solo aquí o veniste con su hermano o sus primos, unos amigos? VR: No, yo solo, yo solo. Me vine con mi hermano una vez, pero después yo solo me venía yo. Yo solo me venía y así, yo solo anduve siempre. SV: So, no, no veniste con sus amigos, nada, solo. VR: No, no, yo solo rebotaba, yo y a la bendición de Dios y ámonos pa adentro, ey. SV: So, ¿tuvo alguna opción para escoger entre el tipo de trabajo que le dieron? VR: Pos, de duro, sí taban duros los trabajos, pero no sé de qué me habla usted, de qué pregunta o alguna cosa, ¿verdad? 2do: Que si te dijeron qué trabajo querías hacer, escoger el trabajo. VR: No. SV: ¿No? VR: No dijeron nada, nomás éntrale al toro por los cuernos y ámonos, sí, porque pues a eso va usted pues, a trabajar. SV: Yeah. VR: A lo, si lo aguanta uno, bueno, si no, se da uno cola. SV: Entonces, ¿estabas oficialmente de bracero? VR: Sí. SV: Tres veces, me dijo, ¿no?, tres veces. VR: Ey. SV: Recuerdas, ¿las tres veces estaba en Salinas? VR: ¿Mande? SV: ¿Estabas en Salinas las tres veces?, ¿fuiste a Salinas? VR: ¿A Salinas? SV: Sí, ¿los tres veces? VR: Sí, las tres veces fui a Salinas en la compañía Del Toro, a la lechuga fui por el desahije de la lechuga y el azadoncito era chiquitito y se cansaba uno un resto. ¡Hijo de la fregada! Y dóblate pelao y ahí vamos. SV: Y, ¿los contratos eran de tres meses, o seis meses, o nueve meses? VR: No, tres, tres meses. Este, nos daban noventa días, nos daban tres meses, nos daban dos meses a según. No nos daban este, contrato parejo, ¿verdá?, de mucho tiempo. Onde agarraba tiempo era cuando venimos de mojados, ahí seis meses, ocho meses, hasta que se acababa la fruta nos íbamos nosotros, vuelta pa atrás, sí. SV: Y el primer año que estaba en el programa era el 1955. VR: Ajá. SV: Sí, okay. VR: Comenzó del cuarenta y, ¿qué? Ya no me acuerdo, sí, el [19]55 y ahí se vino la ley pa acá. SV: ¿Te recuerdas cuántos braceros trabajaban junto con usted? VR: ¿Eh? SV: ¿Sabe cuántos braceros estaban trabajando junto [con usted]? VR: Oh, ya había pues varias, era una cuadrilla de unos diez, veinte, treinta, según tenía gente el hombre, pues. SV: ¿Todos eran braceros o todos eran de contrato o algunos…? VR: Sí, todos eran de contrato, otros ya estaban, ya pues este, permanente ahí, pues, ¿vedá? Pero andábanos revueltos ahí todos, sí. A según que, para que la gente, bueno, había mayordomo, ahí suponemos para que nos juera dirigiendo lo que íbanos hacer, ¿verdad? Pero había mucha gente que ya conocía el trabajo muy bien y nosotros íbanos de nuevos, pos teníamos que aprender, pues. SV: Okay. Hábleme de los otros braceros que trabajaban ahí, ¿hizo alguna amistad ahí? VR: ¿Cómo? SV: ¿Hiciste alguna amistad? VR: Sí, de eso sí. SV: ¿Sí? VR: Tenía yo muchas amistades de aquí de Jalisco, de Michoacán, de Puebla y ya vino, ya este… SV: A little pause. (entrevista interrumpida) SV: ¿Cuál era la actitud entre los que ya estaban ahí trabajando que ya sabían y entre los braceros? VR: Oh, pos unos ya estaban… Fueron de varias partes, ¿verdad? Se quedaban y ahí se hacíanos muy amigos todos, pues, y convivíamos en comida y en ayudarnos ahí cualquier cosa, ¿verdad?, ey. Sí, pues eran amigos, unos eran buenos, otros eran carajos, ¿vedá? Pero no, si no se metía con ellos, pos no pasaba nada. SV: Okay. So, no había problemas entre ellos. VR: No, no, no, yo nunca tuve problemas. Tuve muchos amigos, porque me gustaba también, pues la... SV: El (imita sonido de tomar) que se dice. VR: Me gustaba el pisto. (risas) SV: So, dígame de eso, después de trabajo, ¿qué hiciste? Estabas tocando música… VR: Sí, teníamos un radiecito allí, una grabadora que compramos. Luego que ya teníamos dinero compraron una grabadora para oír canciones y nos comprábamos ahí un seis, un doce y tomando allá en el cuarto porque a cada quien le daban su cuartito, ¿verdá?, pa dormir. Era una barraca grande, pero taban divididos los cuartitos, sí. Y ahí cada quien, pero nos juntábamos ahí todos amontonados en un solo cuarto, ¿verdad? Y chupando y platica y platica, a cómo estaban las mujeres allá y ya taría el santo, ya les daría de comer pollo y que, que tú mandando dinero de aquí pa allá y que, bueno, cosas que… SV: Sí. VR: Se pierdan muchas cosas. SV: Y entonces, ¿qué hiciste en los días libres?, ¿salió al…? VR: No, no salía uno. SV: ¿No? Quedaste nomás en el campo. VR: Sí, estábanos ahí, pos ahí nomás nos estábanos chupando. Nos, es lo que pasábanos el día, el tiempo que no trabajábanos ahí. Pero casi trabajábanos parejo, nos chingaban parejo, en veces hasta los sábados íbamos. SV: So, empezó trabajando, ¿a qué hora entonces? VR: Pos casi ocho horas. SV: Ocho horas. VR: Ocho horas. A las ocho horas ya nos… Entrábanos como a las cuatro de la mañana y salíamos como a las dos y media de la tarde, a las tres. Sí, pues era contestación del tiempo de la gente, ¿verdad? Pero del trabajo eran como, era por horas, pues. SV: Y, ¿trabajaste ocho horas? VR: Ocho horas, sí, nunca me falló, ¿pa qué?, nunca, nunca. Sí, gané mis centavitos allí, pues hice algo ahí a mi casa. Pero ora que despues que me cambié yo para Puebla a trabajar, a agarrar pues el trabajo de la requetería, allá había mucho trabajo, pos ya la íbamos pasando una así, pues. 2do: No traigo llave. VR: ¿Eh? 2do: No traigo llave para entrar al cuarto. SV: Y la comida, ¿cómo fue la comida? VR: Pos es, la comida la comprábamos en, pos en las tiendas, ¿verdá? Íbamos a traer nuestro mandadito y compramos un sartén, una ollita pa frijolitos, ¿verdá? Nosotros la hacíamos, nosotros hacíamos la comida. SV: Oh, entonces hicieron su… VR: Sí, nosotros guisábanos y todo, sí, lavamos nuestra ropa y todo. SV: Oh, ¿sí? VR: Sí. SV: Pero, ¿tenías que pagar por eso? VR: No. SV: ¿No? VR: No, porque pues nosotros sabíamos hacerlo, sí, no. SV: Y los huéspedes eran, eran grande, ¿cada bracero tenía su cuarto? VR: Aquí cada quien tenía su lugarcito, su camita y su baño ahí. SV: Okay. VR: Todos teníanos sus areglados, no eran grandes, eran cortos los tramos, como de ahí acá, así. SV: Pero espacio para una cama ahí. VR: Sí, sí, pos sí pa la camita, y todo eso, pos uno solo, pues, ¿verdá? Pues ahí el que quería tener una mujer, la metía ahí pues, ¿verdá? Era muy trabajoso eso, porque se enojaban los mayordomos. SV: Pero sí, sí hicieron eso. VR: Pos, ¿cómo no vamos a hacer desmadre?, sí lo hacen. La gente es cabrona. SV: Sí, ¿alguna vez fueron las autoridades mexicanas para ver el trabajo, huéspedes, los contratos o algo así? VR: Pos sí iban unas personas a visitarnos. Jue un sacerdote y jue este, otros señores ahí a vernos que cómo nos estaban tratando y todo eso. Pos todo eso nos preguntaban pues, pura pregunta, ¿verdá? Que cómo nos taban tratando. “Sí, pues bien, tamos bien”. No íbamos a exponer más, si no, más tire nos agarraba el mayordomos, si les decía uno: “No, pues este mayordomo nos está tratando mal”. No queríamos decir, bueno, por motivo ese del miedo que nos iba a traer más a carrillera. SV: ¿Cómo se comunicaba con su familia en México? VR: Sufriendo, pues, señor. SV: Sí. VR: Sufriendo. Hasta que yo juntaba mis centavitos les mandaba yo pa allá pa mi casa, pa mis hijitos. Tenía muchos hijos, nomás que se murieron seis y me viven cinco, aquí los tengo todos, todos los tengo arreglados aquí, nietos y todo, ey. Mi mujer se me murió en Puebla. SV: Cuando estabas en los Estados Unidos como bracero, ¿murió ahí? VR: Allá en mi tierra, en Puebla, sí. Aquí estaba mi hijo cuando murió mi mujer, yo me quedé allá un tiempo porque taba enferma. La llevaba al hospital y todo eso, ¿verdá? Y sí, sufriendo, señor, sufriendo. SV: So, ¿mandaste su dinero a allá? VR: Sí mandaba yo dinero para allá para que se ayudaran, para que compraran, pues cualquier cosa que se les ofreciera allá pues, ey. SV: ¿Cuánto mandó?, ¿te recuerdas? VR: Pues lo más mucho fueron $300 dólares. No mandábanos mucho, pos era poco lo que ganaba, $300 dólares. Teníamos gastos nosotros aquí también. SV: Y, ¿en ese tiempo era mucho o para vivir nomás? VR: Pos sí, en ese tiempo era mucho dinero, era mucho. Y ya, ya se alivianaron allá, pues. SV: Y, ¿había alguien ahí para escribir cartas para su familia? VR: No, pues tenía yo, lo mandaba a telégrafos y ahí lo iban a recoger ellos. SV: Ah, okay. Y, ¿había eso en el campo, en el Rancho Del Toro? VR: No este, o sea, nos llevaba el mayordomo a ponerlo a la oficina de correo. SV: Okay. VR: Sí, ahí él nos llevaba para que, él nos llevaba a poner dinero, poner cartas y todo, ¿verdá? Pero allá los recibían allá, pues. SV: Y so, regresó a México los tres veces. VR: Sí, acababa yo mi contrato y si ya no había, me iba yo para allá, pues y [de] vuelta me venía yo. SV: Yeah, so fuiste, fuiste a… VR: Güey, fui vine y fui, vine y fui. (suena el teléfono) (entrevista interrumpida) SV: Oh, so, ¿regresaste a Puebla, o quedaste en la frontera? VR: No, yo no, no, no me quedaba en la frontera, no. SV: So, fuiste… VR: No, yo me iba derecho a mi casa a ver a mis hijos. Y ya después, cuando yo disponía mi viaje, me venía yo de allá pa acá pa la frontera, para Empalme o para Ciudad Juárez o Mexicali, a ver ónde se me hacía mejor pasar, pues y contratarme. (suena el teléfono) SV: Yeah. VR: Ah, Dios mío. (entrevista interrumpida) SV: Ya después fuiste a Juárez, después de unos meses y… VR: Sí, allá estuve un tiempecito allá, pues y ya cuando se había más contrataciones, pos ya nos avisaban o mi patrón me mandaba decir, porque a mí me mandaba a traer después. Dice: “Vente ya, ahí te espero en la frontera pa meterte”. Y ahí me esperaba, las tres veces que vine a Salinas. SV: So, habían, so, todos los otros braceros que estaban trabajando, ¿lo mismo?, ¿eran los mismos trabajadores? VR: En la lechuga, sí jue los mismos, la compañía esa que tenía yo, ¿verdá? Pero había más de otras cosas, algodón, había otras cosas, cuadrillas de pisca con algodón o desahije de algodón. SV: Sí, sí. VR: Sí había mucha gente, había mucha gente, cuadrillas, pues, cuadrillas. Bueno, digo yo que, ¿cómo le quisiera decir?, dependía del patrón el trabajo que tuviera él. SV: So, dígame otra vez, ¿cuáles alimentos hicistes?, ¿qué cosas cosecharon ahí?, ¿cosecharon?, yeah. VR: Lo que usábanos era un azadoncito. SV: Okay. Y, let’s see, ¿le proporcionaba su patrón articulos de uso personal como cepillos de dientes, jabón? ¿Tenía que pagar por eso? VR: No, pos los comprábamos, ey. SV: Y, ¿los precios eran…? VR: Ey, barato. Pos era, pos como unos $0.10 centavos por ahí así, muy poquito. SV: So, ¿cuánto…? VR: Era barato todo, ahorita ya subió mucho. SV: ¿Cuánto le pagaban entonces? VR: Pos no llegaba ni a dólar pagar la pasta y el cepillo. En ese tiempo $1.50, por ahí así, según pues, ¿verdá? SV: Y su salario, ¿cuánto le pagaban? ¿Era por mes o por semana? VR: No, muy baratas. Pagaban a $3 pesos. SV: Y, ¿le pagaban en efectivo o con cheque? VR: No, nos daban un chequecito, pues y íbanos a cambiar, nos llevaba el mayordomo a cambiar el dinero, ey. SV: Y, ¿todos los braceros ganaban igual en ese tiempo? VR: Sí, todos éranos, ganábamos igual, sí. ¿Ya llegó María? 2do: Sí. SV: Ya mismo acabamos. VR: ¿Ya? SV: Ya mismo, ya mismo, unos cinco minutos. VR: Es que tengo que, va a llegar un doctor, ahí de los ojos, me va mirar. SV: Okay. So, ¿celebraron días festivos mexicanos en el campo? VR: ¿Mande? SV: ¿Celebraron días festivos como 16 de Septiembre? VR: Sí, sí, esos sí. No trabajábamos pues, nos avisaba el patrón que ese día no íbanos a ir pa álla. SV: ¿Cuáles eran las quejas más comunes ahí en el campo? VR: Pos cuando era el día del presidente o bueno, los más interesantes de aquí, pues y… SV: ¿Cuáles eran las quejas más comunes? ¿Habían problemas con la comida, con hospedaje? VR: Pos no, no quejas de esas, no. SV: ¿Salario? VR: No, pues no. Pues que, como la comida la hacíanos nosotros, íbamos a traer las cosas de la tienda, lo que nos gustaba, ¿verdá? Pero no nos daban, a nosotros no nos dieron de comer así las cocineras, no. Nosotros hacíamos la comida en la tarde ya cuando llegábamos, ya teníanos tiempo. Ya este, y a hacer todo pues y ya descansar. Nomás nos dábanos un bañito y pa trabajar, pues. SV: So, era un experiencia en ese sentido, ¿era bueno o malo? VR: Todo era bueno. SV: ¿Todo era bueno? VR: Todo era bueno, sí. Gracias a Dios que sí, todo era bueno. SV: El trabajo duro, pero la experiencia… VR: Sí, sí, ya más o menos, pues más o menos. SV: ¿Qué significa el término bracero para usted? VR: Pos para mí jue una cosa importante por motivo de que nos ayudamos, nos ayudamos. Jue importante para mí, jue importante porque mire usted, todavía estoy aquí y ahorita ya estoy pensionado, ¿por qué? Por mi trabajo que hice. Ya ahorita yo ya no trabajo y aquí me curan, me pagan todo, curaciones y todo, gracias a Dios. ¿Por qué? Porque pues vine a trabajar mucho tiempo aquí, pues. SV: ¿Cómo es…? VR: Y todo eso me cuenta a mí. SV: Y, ¿cómo se siente usted de que lo llamen bracero? VR: Pues feliz. SV: ¿Sí? VR: Feliz. SV: ¿Sí? VR: Me siento feliz porque es una palabra muy audaz, pues. Muy bonita que se oye. SV: So, sus recuerdos de ser bracero, trabajando como bracero, ¿son positivos o negativos? VR: Pos cómo le quisiera decir, porque pos que fueron positivos porque fueron buenos. Fueron buenos trabajos, buenos lugares, pues, ¿verdá? SV: Y, ¿su vida sí cambió después de ser bracero? VR: Poco cambió. SV: Porque bracero. VR: Cambió la vida, sí, sí cambió. SV: Sí. VR: Esa jue mi bendición a mí, porque realmente estoy aquí ahorita ya y de aquí, ahorita me van a llevar para mi tierra, pero ya muerto. Ya estoy pagando mi funeraria y todo, ya estoy arreglando ya para que me lleven pa allá, pero aquí estoy, pues. SV: Y cuando eras bracero, ¿su familia qué pensó de eso? VR: Pues no… SV: ¿Era positivo o negativo? VR: Pos ella pensa, ella pensaba que yo tenía que, tenía que regresar, pues, ¿verdá? Iba, iba y venía, iba y venía. Entonces este, no, nunca se imaginaron, pues que yo me iba a quedar aquí, pues, nunca, ni yo tampoco. Sí, pero mire usted, Dios está pa todos sus hijos, ey. SV: Y, ¿era negativo o positivo para su familia entonces? VR: Pos sí este… SV: Más o menos. VR: Pensaba uno después que estaban pa allá y uno pa acá sufriendo, ¿verdá? Bueno, sufriendo aquí no estábanos, nomás por el trabajo que era duro para nosotros, pero de sufrir no sufríanos. La cosa es que pensábanos en nuestros hijos, nuestra mujer, allá cómo estarán y todo eso, ¿vedá? Muchas problemas pues, pero teníanos que aguantar, pues. SV: So, okay, eso es… VR: ¿Eso es todo? SV: Eso es todo, gracias don Ramírez. VR: Muchas gracias, señor. Fin de la entrevista Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 34:06 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Ramirez_SJC021 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. 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Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 16 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Solorzano_Sanchez_COA059 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Virginia Solorzano Sánchez contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cortez, Veronica Solorzano Sánchez, Virginia Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Virginia Solorzano Sánchez https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/venegas-apolonio---mx-voting-card-copy_8cc3d2605e.jpg 03622239ec98dcf080d0bf06ac5068f0 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1028 Height 688 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:1:{s:5:"2#000";a:1:{i:0;s:2:"��";}} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Apolonio Venegas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Apolonio Venegas Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1028 x 688 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Apolonio Venegas Mexican Government Description An account of the resource Mexican voter ID card Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived San Bernadino Subject The topic of the resource Voter ID card Title A name given to the resource Voter ID Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Michoacan, Mexico Rights Holder Apolonio Venegas card ID mexican voter https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/voting-card-2-front-copy_6abf9bb0d3.jpg 6abdf9f24e6301c040978496362a0b03 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1005 Height 630 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Maria Carmen Botello Parra Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Botello Parra, Maria Carmen Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1005x630 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maria Carmen Botello Parra Mexican Government Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Description An account of the resource Mexican voting ID issued for bracero, Guadalupe Becerra Topete in 1991. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heber, CA Subject The topic of the resource Voting ID Title A name given to the resource Voting ID Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Maria Carmen Botello Parra bracero ID voting https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/voting-card-2-back_c1537dfaae.jpg e9729e03a2c62c89acda21f07679af0e Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1000 Height 639 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Maria Carmen Botello Parra Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Botello Parra, Maria Carmen Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 639x1000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maria Carmen Botello Parra Mexican Government Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Description An account of the resource Mexican issued voting ID for bracero, Guadalupe Becerra Topete in 1991. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heber, CA Subject The topic of the resource Voting ID Title A name given to the resource Voting ID (back) Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Maria Carmen Botello Parra bracero ID voting https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/espino10copy_13a0f7771c.jpg 1307ab5f9145cd807ae5e517d7a3e0b7 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1752 Height 1264 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Ernesto & Linda Espino Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Espino, Ernesto & Linda Resolution pixels per inch 600 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 3504x2528 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ernesto & Linda Espino War Manpower Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-11-12 Description An account of the resource The War Manpower Commission issued this war ration book to Mr. Jose Ortiz Espino on 3/10/1944 in Fresno, CA. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived El Paso Subject The topic of the resource War Ration Book #3 Title A name given to the resource War Ration Book #3 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Ernesto & Linda Espino 1944 Fresno Railroad ration book war manpower commssion https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/espino-11_7642ee26d9.jpg 0ef8737e82b0765299d34833c279821a Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2912 Height 3792 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Ernesto & Linda Espino Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Espino, Ernesto & Linda Resolution pixels per inch 600 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2912x3792 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ernesto & Linda Espino War Manpower Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-11-12 Description An account of the resource Mr. Jose Ortiz Espino's War Ration book from 1944 (inside). Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived El Paso Subject The topic of the resource War Ration Book #3 Title A name given to the resource War Ration Book #3 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Ernesto & Linda Espino 1944 Railroad ration book war manpower commssion https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/espino12copy_0f1857f20e.jpg 684b7ea32a88febfe1e12bb4c26f2430 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1812 Height 1256 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Ernesto & Linda Espino Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Espino, Ernesto & Linda Resolution pixels per inch 600 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2512x3624 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ernesto & Linda Espino War Manpower Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-11-12 Description An account of the resource Mr. Jose Ortiz Espino's War Ration Book from 1944 Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived El Paso Subject The topic of the resource War Ration Book #3 Title A name given to the resource War Ration Book #3 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Ernesto & Linda Espino 1944 Railroad ration book war manpower commssion https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/espino13copy_67055dca49.jpg 7beaa9eaef133400fd686399abdec371 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1704 Height 1232 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Ernesto & Linda Espino Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Espino, Ernesto & Linda Resolution pixels per inch 600 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 3408x2464 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ernesto & Linda Espino War Manpower Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-11-12 Description An account of the resource Mr. Jose Ortiz Espino's war ration book from the War Manpower Commission in 1944. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived El Paso Subject The topic of the resource War Ration Book #3 Title A name given to the resource War Ration Book #3 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Ernesto & Linda Espino 1944 Railroad ration book war manpower commssion https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401382429.jpg 4fbaaeb3e8ee41aacb444333fdeabfe5 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 24. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.24.29; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.24.29; Roll #: 24 Title A name given to the resource Washing facilities in a bracero camp in California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/nichols_ark20_55813333a9.mp3 635a56c56a2940748266d45f4963a579 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Nichols, Wayne Location The location of the interview. Jonesboro, Arkansas Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 51:12 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Nichols_ARK20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wayne Nichols Subject The topic of the resource Memories of braceros working on farm Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-22 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource Eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Title A name given to the resource Wayne Nichols Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Wayne Nichols contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/recibos-envio-dinero-western-union-1957_cfaffe642a.jpg 43db3303322281357e533fdb6007de53 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2312 Height 3036 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Liborio Santiago Perez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Liborio Santiago Perez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2312 x 3036 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liborio Santiago Perez Western Union Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Western Union money order by Liborio Santiago Perez. 1st form dated 16 Sep 1957 and 2nd dated 24 Oct 1957. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Western Union money order Title A name given to the resource Western Union money order Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Calipatria, California Rights Holder Liborio Santiago Perez Temporal Coverage 1957-09-16 1957-10-24 money order Perez Santiago union western https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/recibos-envio-dinero-western-union-1961-(1)_24a338e9f1.jpg d62ec5a351a54b43d204c99a72e6054e Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2244 Height 3080 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Liborio Santiago Perez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Liborio Santiago Perez Resolution pixels per inch 96 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2244 X 3080 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liborio Santiago Perez Western Union Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Western Union Money Order by Liborio Santiago Perez. 1st form dated 24 Aug 1961 and 2nd dated 21 Dec 1961. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Western Union money order Title A name given to the resource Western Union money order Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Seminole, Texas and Oaxaca, Mexico Rights Holder Liborio Santiago Perez Temporal Coverage 1961-08-24 1961-12-21 money order Perez Santiago union western https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/recibos-envio-dinero-western-union-1961-(2)_6f1c7268d2.jpg 7fc6ddb6a5fae8c107c77c8e0e164483 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2304 Height 1584 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Liborio Santiago Perez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Liborio Santiago Perez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2304 x 1584 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liborio Santiago Perez Western Union Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Western Union money order by Liborio Santiago Perez. One form dated 25 Jul 1961, Harlingen, Texas. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Western Union money order Title A name given to the resource Western Union money order Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Harlingen, Texas Rights Holder Liborio Santiago Perez Temporal Coverage 1961-07-25 money order Perez Santiago union western https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/recibos-envio-dinero-western-union-1962-(2)_463eb7fdfb.jpg b76d3247e7fe31d99bd72ad1234e08ba Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2212 Height 3120 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Liborio Santiago Perez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Liborio Santiago Perez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2212 x 3120 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liborio Santiago Perez Western Union Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Western Union money order by Liborio Santiago Perez. First document signed on 20 Feb 1962. Second signed on 26 Mar 1962. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Western Union money order Title A name given to the resource Western Union money order Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Seminole, Texas Rights Holder Liborio Santiago Perez Temporal Coverage 1961-02-20 1961-03-26 money order Perez Santiago union western