125 25 3209 https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/montalvo_lrg003_f7ea40c546.mp3 eaff1a18f50dbf27457619163b818b7e Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Vera, Homero S. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Montalvo, Leo Location The location of the interview. McAllen, Texas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 20:06 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Montalvo_LRG003 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Leo Montalvo creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Vera, Homero contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vera, Homero S. Montalvo, Leo Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Leo Montalvo was born on June 9, 1943, in México; when he was nine years old, he came to the United States; he also worked in the fields for a time; during his senior year in high school, he worked as an assistant cook at a bracero processing center in Hidalgo, Texas; while there, he worked in the kitchen helping to prepare meals and cleaning; he went to college and eventually graduated from law school; later, he became involved in politics, and he went on to serve two terms as mayor of McAllen, Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Montalvo recalls his senior year in high school when he worked as an assistant cook at a bracero processing center in Hidalgo, Texas; his shift started after school at 3:30 and lasted until 11:30; in addition, he also worked Saturdays and Sundays; he earned a little over $1.00 an hour; the braceros were given breakfast, lunch, and dinner; the meals consisted of chicken or meat, which was prepared as carne guisada, picadillo, or papas con carne picada, beans, powdered potatoes, bread, milk or an orange drink, and fresh fruit; anywhere between 200 and 300 people would eat at once, depending on the time of day; breakfast was served between 7:00 and 7:30, and dinner was served between 5:30 and 6:00; the braceros were always allowed a second serving if they so desired, and they were never denied more food; the mess hall was comprised of an open area with nothing but tables and up front was the counter; in order to get served a meal, the men would move in a line alongside the counter with their trays; he goes on to recall particular instances with braceros while he was in town; in addition, he comments on how and why he views the use of braceros as exploitative; in his opinion, a legal guest worker program would be beneficial insofar as it would ensure payment for the workers and provide an avenue for complaints. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Cook at a bracero processing center in Hidalgo, Texas Title A name given to the resource Leo Montalvo https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/norquest_lrg004_56216c7c55.mp3 d8733895daf04dda8b6549f5cb90511d Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Vera, Homero S. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Norquest Jr., Carol Location The location of the interview. Edinburg, Texas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:02:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Norquest_LRG004 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Carol Norquest Jr. contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vera, Homero S. Norquest Jr., Carol Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-04-03 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Carol Norquest Jr. was born on November 27, 1934, in Edinburg, Texas; her father owned about 100 acres of farm land, and the primary crop was cotton; as a child she helped work the land, and later as an adult, she ran the farm; in the late 1940s and all through the 1950s, her father hired braceros to help with the crops. Summary of Interview: Ms. Norquest recalls growing up as a child on her father’s farm; her family owned 100 acres of land, and they rented another 200 acres; their primary crop was cotton, but they also had carrots, citrus, corn, grain, and tomatoes; she and her siblings would help during the harvest by picking and weighing cotton; in the late 1940s and all through the 1950s, her father hired braceros to help with the crops; there was an average of five to ten workers that stayed on year round, and more during the harvesting season; her father hired a number of skilled laborers, such as irrigators and tractor drivers, on a permanent basis, and a few of them later became United States citizens; she mentions that her father had to abide by strict government standards with regard to housing, pay, and medical insurance; some of the braceros preferred going to doctors in México, and her father would drive them across the border if necessary; he would also give workers bonuses at the end of a season as an incentive for them to come back and work for him; she recalls one instance when her father did not have enough money to pay everyone the minimum wage, but the they agreed to work for him anyway; one worker reported him to government officials, but he was shunned by the bracero community for having made such a statement; she goes on to recall other specific incidents with braceros as well; overall, her family developed great relationships with the braceros, and a number of them stayed in touch with the family long after they stopped working together. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Family farm in Edinburg, Texas Title A name given to the resource Carol Norquest Jr. https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/treviño_lrg006_e11cc7b835.mp3 be4f9c98e3dc506ab9343ad347baf8e1 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Vera, Homero S. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Treviño, Jesse Location The location of the interview. McAllen, Texas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 30:44 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Treviño_LRG006 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jesse Treviño contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vera, Homero S. Treviño, Jesse Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesse Treviño was born on December 25, 1925, in Harlingen, Texas; he was employed by the Department of Labor as a compliance officer; his office was in San Benito, Texas, but he also went to the bracero processing center in Harlingen, Texas, on a regular basis; he later worked for an insurance company that catered to the bracero community. Summary of Interview: Mr. Treviño recalls being employed by the Department of Labor as a compliance officer; his office was in San Benito, Texas, but he also went to the bracero processing center in Harlingen, Texas, on a regular basis; as a compliance officer, he ensured that the contracts between farmers and braceros were adhered to while working on behalf of the farmers; on average, it cost between seven and eleven dollars to process each worker, and the farmers had to pay them at least minimum wage or adequately based on the weight of cotton they picked; in addition, the farmers were required to provide medical and life insurance, clean beds, transportation, utensils with which to cook, and other such things; he goes on to describe how he often worked closely with members of the Mexican consulate, who worked on behalf of the braceros, to investigate cases; together, they were able to handle cases quickly and easily; while working as a compliance officer, he was discriminated against, and he was continually passed over for raises and promotions even though he was the only one with a college degree; in light of this, he left his job there, and began working with an insurance company that catered to the bracero community; there were a number of braceros who died due to sunstroke, and the company had to pay the families several thousands of dollars in compensation; he goes on to describe other experiences he had while working with the company. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Department of Labor; Insurance adjuster Title A name given to the resource Jesse Treviño https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/tafolla-melendez,-vidal_dc0ad0bb5c.jpg 0a28d66ae68c9ea261b7b5135c4aaa13 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1416 Height 924 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Vidal Tofoya Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Vidal Tofoya Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1416 x 924 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vidal Tafoya Mexican government Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-20 Description An account of the resource Mexican migrant worker ID for Vidal Tafoya dated September 26, 1967. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Coachella Subject The topic of the resource Mexican migrant worker ID for Vidal Tafoya dated 1967 Title A name given to the resource Mexican migrant worker ID Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Jalisco, Mexico Rights Holder Vidal Tafoya Temporal Coverage 1967-09-26 1967 ID jalisco mexican Migrant Tafoya Worker https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/delgado_chic010_c21831c3cc.mp3 b59bfc488e68a784150bc4c178d71d90 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Villafranca, Nancy Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Delgado, Vincente Location The location of the interview. Chicago, Illinois Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 41:56 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Delgado_CHIC010 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Vincente Delgado creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Villafranca, Nancy contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Villafranca, Nancy Delgado, Vincente Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-09-01 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Vicente Delgado was born in a small town by the name of Cerro Gordo, between Teloloapan and Acatepec, Guerrero, México; he was raised on a ranch and had very humble beginnings; when he was eighteen, he came into the United States illegally, but shortly thereafter, he was deported to Tijuana, Baja California, México; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero he worked in Arizona, California, and Colorado, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; he and his family later emigrated to the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. Delgado briefly describes his family and humble beginnings; when he was eighteen, he came into the United States illegally, but shortly thereafter, he was deported to Tijuana, Baja California, México; in 1952, he went to Mexicali, Baja California, to enlist in the bracero program; he goes on to discuss the various contracting centers he went through in México, including the requirements, the thousands of men vying for contracts, the long waiting periods that sometimes lasted weeks or months, and the harsh conditions he endured while there, like sleeping on the floor; moreover, he mentions the coyotes that were often used to avoid delays; upon arriving in the United States he was medically examined, a process which he describes as vulgar and embarrassing; as a bracero he worked in Arizona, California, and Colorado, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; he also details the different worksites, duties, living conditions, amenities, provisions, payment, treatment, relationships, remittances, and recreational activities; in addition, he explains how he asked for a transfer while working in Stockton, California; oftentimes, he would help other braceros, who could not read or write, with letters; he also talks about working in border cities and being allowed to cross into México on his days off with proper documentation; in the late sixties, he was able to come to the United States with a passport, and he later arranged for the rest of his family to emigrate as well. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Vincente Delgado https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/guzman_chic013_8a228393c5.mp3 ccdd6c6accabf98342ba08c7aba8e580 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Villafranca, Nancy Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Guzmán, Luis Location The location of the interview. Chicago, Illinois Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 29:24 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview [Mins 0:00-1:30; Introduction to Early Life] Luis was born on August 25, 1939 on a ranch in a town called El Pueblo de Santa Cruz in the municipality of Santa Maria del Oro, Nayarit, Mexico. He came from a completely rural background. [Mins 1:31-3:05; Early Life] Luis had eight siblings. Today some are living in Mexico and others in the United States. He was a student until secondary school where he learned to read and write. Luis helped around the ranch while attending school, planting corn, tomatoes, beans, onion, and peppers. He also worked to help irrigate the farm. [Mins 3:06-4:13; Work Experience Overview] Luis considers the work he did with his father to be the first work experience he had. His first paid job was when he came to the United States. He explains that the bracero program was very well-known in Mexico, and briefly explains how one became a bracero. Braceros were given initial work contracts of about 45 days, and U.S. employers could decide to extend the contract if he/she like the work the bracero was doing. [Mins 4:14-5:50; Bracero Experience Overview] Luis says that he and the other workers were always referred to as “braceros.” He remained unmarried from the time of his first contract in 1956 until 1959, and was married in 1960. Luis continued to work in 1961 and 1962 was the last year he worked in the United States. He explains how one became eligible for the bracero program. His first contract was through Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico, and later he was contracted through Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Once contracted, braceros took a train across the U.S.-Mexico border. [Mins 5:51-9:14; Processing] Workers brought necessary documentation to the processing centers. There, they were given a series of examinations and were sent back if they were not in good health. The job requirements and details were explained to the braceros before the signing of contracts. Individual bosses handled accommodations differently. When he was first processed in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico, he crossed the U.S.-Mexican border through the Paso Texas. From Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, he crossed through the Paso de Alguila. He recalls that one suffered at the processing centers. Some had to sleep outside because they could not afford the dormitories. People would stay at the processing centers from one to 15 days, and they were responsible for feeding themselves. [Mins 9:15-10:27; Entering the U.S.] When braceros crossed the U.S.-Mexico border, they were well-received. The language barrier was a challenge but some employers knew a little Spanish. Braceros then waited at association centers to be picked up by their employers. Associations were usually not in cities but were camps unto themselves. [Mins 10:28-12:29; Bracero Employment] Luis’ first job was picking cotton, which he chose and really enjoyed because it allowed one to work at his own pace and make as much money as his abilities would allow. Luis’ boss would take him to buy his own food on the weekends. He worked officially as a bracero for about six years, including time between contracts. His first job was in Pecos, Texas, then he worked near McAllen, Texas, then in Mexico, then in Amarillo, Texas, then in New Mexico, again in Amarillo, Texas, and his final contract was in Fort Morgan, Colorado. [Mins 12:30-14:44; Work Life] In Colorado, Luis harvested beets. Contracts ended with the end of the harvest. Luis spent the most time in Pecos, Texas, where he worked on small farms which employed 30 to 40 braceros at a time. The large barracks and bunk-bed sleeping arrangements always kept the braceros together, so they became friends. Luis’ farms never employed undocumented workers. He had a decent relationship with his bosses, and he neither experienced nor witnessed workers being treated poorly. He says no Mexican authorities ever came to his camps. [Mins 14:45-15:59; Family] The telephone at Luis’ ranch was too expensive to use so he and his family communicated through letters every eight to fifteen days. Luis speaks about how money was his reason for becoming a bracero. [Mins 16:00-19:14; Daily Life] Luis usually worked five days a week for about eight hours a day. He explains that cotton picking did not necessitate a set schedule but work usually began around six or seven in the morning. At his camp, four or five people would share a stove to cook Mexican food with. His furnished barracks also had bathrooms and electricity. In the large barracks, one could always hear singing at night. Everyone went to sleep at around eight or nine at night. Clothes were washed by hand. Employers took the braceros to stores to buy personal items. [Mins 19:15-21:55; Wages and Health] Braceros were paid $25 to $30, and sometimes $40, each week in cash. Sometimes braceros were paid on the spot after weighing-in the cotton they picked. Of his wages, Luis kept only what he needed to live and sent the rest home to Mexico. The bosses would mail letters and cash for the braceros. Luis was not able to save a lot of money for himself. Braceros were usually paid the same hourly wages. There was never a time he was not paid the right amount or had money withheld by his employer, nor did Luis ever need to see a doctor. Other people experienced such ailments as the flu or appendicitis. Managers were always around to help and employers would take people to the doctor when necessary. [Mins 21:56-23:00; Discrimination] Luis says he did not encounter discrimination but that the language barrier made things very difficult. He remembers others feeling that they were discriminated against but he did not experience it first-hand. He illustrates this by saying that if the weight of the cotton was ever recorded incorrectly or weighed incorrectly, the case would be investigated and everything would be fixed. [Mins 23:01-25:30; Leisure and Recreation] Luis says there really wasn’t ever substantial time to relax because one always wanted to keep picking more cotton and keep making more money. Sometimes on Saturdays, when there was no work, braceros would go to the movies. They listened to the radio which had some Spanish stations. Nearby towns had churches to which the braceros would walk in groups. The townspeople usually did not know any Spanish. Luis does not think they had off for Holy Week or Christmas. Braceros could leave their jobs before their contracts were over for emergencies only. His longest contract was three months long. [Mins 25:31-26:40; Subsequent Contracts] When a contract was up, the employers would provide the means and method of transportation back to the Mexico-U.S. border. Luis had generally long breaks at home between contracts. [Mins 26:41-27:37; Migrating to the U.S. Permanently] After the bracero program, many others migrated to Chicago, Illinois to live. Luis first came alone, and eventually brought his wife in the mid-1970s. He worked in restaurants and with a railroad company. [Mins 27:38-End; Final Thoughts] To Luis, “bracero” means “worker.” He indicates that it was a fine experience. It changed his life in that it paved the way for him to make his permanent move to the United States. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Guzman_CHIC013 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Luis Guzmán creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Villafranca, Nancy contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Villafranca, Nancy Guzmán, Luis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-08-31 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Mr. Luis Guzmán was born August 25, 1939, in Santa María del Oro, Durango, México; he and his nine siblings grew up on a ranch with their parents, and he helped his father work in the fields while going to school; in 1956, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, picking beets and cotton; he continued working on and off with the program until 1962; later, in 1969, he immigrated to the United States, and he brought the rest of his family with him in 1976. Summary of Interview: Mr. Guzmán briefly discusses his family, childhood, and adolescence; in 1956, he enlisted in the bracero program at a contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and he later went through a center in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México; as part of the hiring process, he had to have a letter of recommendation from a judge or authority stating that he was a good worker; in addition, he was physically examined, and he had to give blood samples as well; as a bracero, he worked in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, picking beets and cotton; he goes on to describe the various worksites, a typical work day, housing, living amenities, provisions, payment, and recreational activities; overall, he was treated well by his employers; he spent his longest time working in Pecos, Texas, on a small farm with about thirty to forty workers; although he was never in need of medical treatment, he knew of others who were taken to see a doctor by the foreman; moreover, he states that he kept in contact with his family via letters, and he sent money home every eight to fifteen days; he continued working on and off with the program until 1962; later, in 1969, he immigrated to the United States, and he ultimately brought the rest of his family with him in 1976; his memories of the program are positive, and he is proud of having worked as a bracero; he concludes by commenting that his experiences ultimately changed his life, because they are what made him decide to permanently live in the United States. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Luis Guzmán https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/williams_coa067_6e1a2e280d.mp3 723af818eecb0971e6e08d10e440c0f3 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Navarro, Kristine Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Williams, George Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 35:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Williams_COA067 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource George Williams Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Navarro, Kristine Williams, George Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. George Williams contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Yamas, Francisco Location The location of the interview. Chico, California Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini DIsc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 2 tapes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Francisco Yamas Subject The topic of the resource bracero Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yamas, Francisco Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Francisco Yamas contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Yamas, Francisco Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/atkins_ark03_9289facb84.mp3 de18117b29e5597d1660a113eb9233f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dolores Atkins Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/bourland_ark06_ce70ff8516.mp3 f264752bc4f8928cdb7379a28d3a7b1a Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Bourland_ARK06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fred Bourland Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/ruis_samudio_luis_cam08_994fad447f.mp3 bd3674313c67201817b0778a39ddd0d8 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Ruis_Samudio_Luis_CAM08.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Luis Ruis Samudio Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-03-23 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/sanchez_rosario_cam30_e2b5b49a48.mp3 b7d679d2717f1b6ca09f7774a3d4b79f Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Sanchez_Rosario_CAM30.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rosario Sanchez Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-11-10 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/perez_samuel_cam25_ba919ebb6e.mp3 bf363cd5e650fcc8771f8a7f87e88d67 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Perez_Samuel_CAM25.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Samuel Perez Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-18 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/lupian_juan_cam21_460591d65b.mp3 15ac4e0f439a4c4b62e26fa860975385 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Lupian_Juan_CAM21.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Juan Lupian Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/zurape_feliciano_cam34_42606266ae.mp3 ecc3349999dff938ed450ffb663ba0cb Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Zurape_Feliciano_CAM34.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Feliciano Zurape Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/carrillo_maria_cam14_583c431af2.mp3 1f4f5131f762a396da98213692fbc837 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Carrillo_Maria_CAM14.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maria Carrillo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-11-10 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/cordero_roberto_cam15_e7bfa09a2d.mp3 3f457b4838358663ad3be6cf808ac4ca Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Cordero_Roberto_CAM15.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Roberto Martinez Cordero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-11-12 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/salinas_armando_cam09_133f93b61d.mp3 3e4c29e3f7bb70251456a2cfc043a643 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Salinas_Armando_CAM09.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Armando Salinas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-08-08 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/galaviz_celedonio_cam03_e362863fa9.mp3 d8dd88034365d3723dd4e9b37544269c Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Galaviz_Celedonio_CAM03.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Celedonio Galaviz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-04-06 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/saldana_edualrdo_cam29_d00e8017b9.mp3 3ac9d5338baf84c713c0bf8406646379 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Saldana_Edualrdo_CAM29.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eduardo Saldana Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/corral_celedonia_cam16_02e4e58eee.mp3 630772984e38d9b6dd5fa5f97e096a2f Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Corral_Celedonia_CAM16.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Celedonia Corral Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-10-17 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/garcia_porfirio_cam05_f488723ae3.mp3 9392026853e37b248407fe1b05439930 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garcia_Porfirio_CAM05.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Porfirio Garcia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-07-01 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/garcia_esequiel_cam04_bc6ae665c3.mp3 4430c59a0a34a947c6d1b47a140c37a0 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garcia_Esequiel_CAM04.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Esequiel Garcia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-04-02 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/salcedo_juan_cam28_3dbc36d253.mp3 cc2c42d8a7f4b25a4740f703c894afd1 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Salcedo_Juan_CAM28.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Juan Salcedo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-11-30 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/molina_daniel_cam23_a9a3a4c3fe.mp3 baf04cc854a87b65c6f90a3eb022d682 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Molina_Daniel_CAM23.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Daniel Molina Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-11-11 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No