12 25 3209 https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/velazquez_las025_af826eaff9.mp3 ec5a33542daf231096bab2be53557166 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Velázquez, María del Carmen Location The location of the interview. Los Angeles, California Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. Nombre del entrevistado: María del Carmen Velásquez Fecha de la entrevista: 12 de mayo de 2006 Nombre del entrevistador: Mireya Loza Hoy estoy aquí con María del Carmen Velásquez. Soy Mireya Loza, es el 12 de mayo, 1900, oh, 2006, disculpe y estamos en Los Ángeles. ML: ¿Dónde nació usted y cuándo? MV: En Las Jaritas, Municipio de Lagos de Moreno, en un ranchito, pero es ahí de Lagos de Moreno. ML: Y, ¿su familia nació en el mismo lugar? MV: Sí. ML: Y, ¿sus padres a qué se dedicaban? MV: Pos a sembrar, a ordeñar sus vacas así, nomás así a sembrar. ML: Y, ¿usted proviene de una familia grande o chiquita? MV: Grande. ML: ¿Cuántos hermanas y hermanos? MV: De hermanos ah no, pos de hermanos, nada más tengo un hermano y somos seis mujeres. ¿Cuántos semos? ML: Siete. MV: Siete. Nomás yo soy la que tengo muchos hijos, diez. ML: Y cuando usted, ¿fue a la escuela? MV: No, ¿cuál escuela? No, allá en el rancho una vez mi papá nos llevó una maestra, pero luego ya la maestra ya después no, ya no; que no tenía tiempo de irnos a dar clases y ya. Yo nomás me enseñé a leer, pero a escribir no. Y sí conozco las letras, pero no puedo juntarlas para saber escribir. ML: Y, ¿cuándo empezó a trabajar usted? MV: ¿A trabajar? ML: Sí. MV: ¿Dónde, aquí no? ML: No, ¿en México trabajaba aún con sus padres? MV: Pos allí les ayudaba. Cuando él se venía de bracero aquí a buscar la vida y yo me quedaba en la casa de mi papá, para que nos dieran un traguito de leche pa todos mis hijos, nos dieran una tortilla y pos yo les ayudaba en el quehacer, ir al agua, ir a darles forraje, al ganado de mi papá. ML: Y, ¿cuándo se casó usted?, ¿cuántos años? MV: Uy, pos sabe Dios. Voy a cumplir, creo ahora para octubre vamos a cumplir cincuenta años de casados, pero ya no me acuerdo. ML: Está bien. MV: Ya ni me acuerdo de la fecha de mis hijos. ML: Está bien. MV: No, no. ML: No hay problema. Y, ¿cómo se llama su esposo? MV: José Bartolo Velásquez. Ya ve antes el nombre que les poníanos. ML: Sí. MV: Ahora dice: “Ya no me digas Bartolo”. ML: Y, ¿dónde lo conoció? MV: Ay, lo conocí por allá en un ranchito, pero pos ya ve que uno [es]tá menso cuando está uno joven, pos en el rancho, ¿usted cree? Ni íbamos al agua y ahí él había llegado de Estados Unidos, ya ve que piensa uno que llevan las manos, las bolsas llenas de dinero y todas se vuelan cuando un muchacho de aquí de Estados Unidos de… y uno tonto, pos me casé tan chica, de dieciséis años. ML Y, ¿él ya había venido? MV: Oh, él ya, sí, él toda su juventud la pasaba aquí en Estados Unidos, venía contratado de bracero y se regresaba otra vez pa allá y así. Ya después que nos casamos, pos ya con tanto niño, él se venía a buscar la vida acá, se contrataban en Empalme, ey, ahí. Y yo batallando, tanto niño que ya no hallaba ni qué ponerles de pañal. ¿Ora qué?, ora aquí la gente está retecurra, pos que pañales desechables y que… Yo hasta allá rompía las camisas, sábanas, garritas, sábanas que tenía pa ponerles de pañal y a lave y lave pañales. Y no, allá está uno retepobre, pero aquí es otra la vida. ML: Y, ¿qué es lo que pensó usted la primera vez que le dijo que se iba a venir de bracero después de casarse? MV: Ay, pos me dio mucho pesar, ¿usted cree que no me iba a dar pesar? Porque ya me dijo: “No, pos tú te vas a ir a la casa de tus papás”. Y ahí me fui, ahí me mandaban mis centavitos para, comiendo. Y pos en veces que no encontraba trabajo, pues siempre hasta que no me mandaba… Pero pos no, la tortilla no me faltaba con mis papás, ahí comíamos. ML: Y, ¿había mucha gente en la casa de sus papás? MV: De mis papás, pos no, nomás. ML: ¿Hermanos y hermanas? MV: Pos sí, nomás mis hermanas, ey. Y yo como era la primera, pos ahí estaba con ellos. ML: ¿Usted era la primera en casarse? MV: Ey, sí. Pero ay no, cómo sufre uno, ay no. ML: Y, ¿le mandaba dinero seguido su esposo? MV: Sí, me mandaba cada vez que agarraba su cheque. Me mandaba mis centavitos, pos ya ve que… ML: Y, ¿en qué usaba el dinero usted? MV: El dinero pos lo usaba en comprar comida, comprarles a los niños lo que ocupaban y guardarlo. Pos ya ve en el rancho, en el rancho sí se guardan los centavitos en el pueblo no. Pos en el pueblo se acaban retemuncho. Me decía mi papá: “No te vayas al pueblo hija”. Porque tenía mi casita. “No te vayas pa allá hija, pal pueblo, pa que no gastes el dinero. Porque cuando vengan, pa cuando venga tu esposo, le tengas un cinco guardado”. Así me decía mi papá, por eso. ML: Y, ¿qué decían sus padres cuando su esposo se iba de bracero? MV: No, le decían: “Aquí deja a Carmela, aquí déjela aquí deja a Carmela y pos usted váyase a buscar la vida”. Le decía a mi esposo: “Usted váyase a buscar la vida y usted no se preocupe, no se preocupe, si no puede mandar pronto dinero, no mande. Ella no le falta aquí su tortilla, su lechita, sus frijoles, ella no le falta aquí nada. Usted váyase sin pendiente de ella”. Siempre mi papá nos daba, nos admitía ahí como a sus niños, ey, pos… Y tiene uno que batallar, que sufrir. Una vez un tío ya tenía yo munchos niños, no crea, sufre uno, tenía munchos niños y una vez me dijo el tío, era tío de él, dijo: “Carmela, voy a matar un puerquito para que vayan a comerse un taquito”. Pues fuimos, mataron al puerquito, pos ya después la batea, unas bateas que hay de palo con las carnitas y el hígado y patas de puerco ahí, yo con todos mis niños. Ya me dijo: “Oye, llegaron retetemprano, pos sí, ahí están las carnitas, pero de esa, de esas carnitas no pueden comer, allá están los hígados pa que coman los niños”. Le dije: “Ay no, pos casi no nos gustan”, les digo. “Ay cómo sufre uno, bendito sea Dios”, me dijo. A las cinco pasaba el camión donde nos íbamos a regresar pa atrás, pa Lagos de Moreno y entonces me dijo, ya era la una de la tarde y me dijo: “Ande, allá Carmela ya arréglense, porque ya va a pasar el camión”. Ya nos iba a regresar pa atrás temprano a nuestra casa, le digo. Uno sufre con sus hijos y pues cuando están chiquitos traviesos y todo y entonces le dije: “Ay tío, todavía no es hora”. Dijo: “No, no ahorita pone los rebozos, ahí hagan unas sombras y váyanse, váyanse ya”. Le dije: “Ay”. Dijo: “No, es que los niños son bien latosos, ya váyanse pa su casa”. “Válgame Dios de mi vida”, le dije, “yo no vuelvo a venir”. Pos qué anda uno haciendo con sus hijos que le hagan malos modos. Ahí nos fuimos a un huisache y yo con mis hijos parecía una gallina con pollos. Allí con mis niños y hasta las cinco de la tarde que pasó el camión, les digo yo: “¿Qué anda uno haciendo con niños, con familia?”. Es que uno solamente en su casa, ¿verda[d]?, ey. ML: Y, ¿qué decían sus hijos cuando se venía su esposo de bracero? MV: Se ponían tristes. Un niño, ah, ése, el grande, él hasta se me puso malo, ey. ML: ¿Qué es lo que le pasó? MV: Pos le daban, ¿saben? Nos dicen que de tristeza, sabe uno, les daban ataques, como ataques, sí. Y luego lo llevamos allá con un doctor de Aguascalientes y le dio un jarabe y con eso se le retiró. Sabe, dicen que era por tristeza, yo no sé, pero sufríamos mucho. Y un niño, el otro niño que también cuando él se venía, él [es]taba chico, él sacaba un carrito de paletas. No, sí se sufre, no crea que no se sufre. Dice: “Mamá voy a ir a vender estas paletas”. Iba a la paletería y un carrito chiquito, bien curiosito, iba él iba ahí caminando. “Ya me voy, mamá, a vender las paletas”. Y un día que no llegaba, le dije: “Ay hijo, ya llegó”. “Ya le traje una bolsa de frijoles, le traje una bolsa de tortillas, jitomate y chile. Y entonces mientras de que ahorita descanso, usted se pone a hacer el jitomate y el chile pa comerme un taco de chile”. Y entonces ya le dije: “¿Por qué no venías?”. Y dijo: “Es que me fui hasta la central”. Le dije: “Ay Dios de mi vida, ya ni me estés diciendo. Fíjate nomás, antes no te mató un carro”. Es que ahí pasan bien, munchos carros por ahí, todos los que van a la central y él con el carrito de paletas. Ay no, le dije: “Hijo, no, mejor ya no te andes yendo para allá a vender”. Pos puros sufrimientos cuando tiene uno sus niños chiquitos, pero pos, ¿qué hace uno? Ay no, no, hemos sufrido mucho pos con tanta familia. Unos querían estudiar y no podíamos darles estudio. Pos ya después que se fue él pa allá, no, allá no había trabajos y las muchachas todas que quería estudiar, pos una es maestra allá en Lagos de Moreno, pero solamente Dios sabe cómo le dimos estudio. Ay Dios de mi vida, yo lavando y planchando, ya mis manos descarapeladas, mis dedos que hasta me salían sangre. Nomás llegaba él de trabajar y yo me iba a las dos de la tarde. Llegaba hasta las nueve de la noche a mi casa. Ya con lo que me pagaban, llegaba, compraba un galoncito de leche, compraba pan, compraba una bolsita de frijol o papas para otro día hacer y ay Dios de mi vida; pero yo con mis manos que hasta que me salían sangre de mis destas. [Es]tar lave y lave y lave, pos allá no hay lavadoras. Bueno, ahora ya ha de haber, bueno sí hay, la gente que tiene dinero. Y a lave y lave yo a mano, les digo: “Allá sí la vida es triste, triste”. ML: Y, ¿cuántos años pasó su esposo de bracero después de casarse más o menos? MV: Uy, pues toda su vida se la pasaba para acá. Toda la vida ha estado acá y hasta quiere morirse aquí. Le digo: “¿Pa qué te quieres morir aquí, tanto te cuesta $10 dólares, $10,000 dólares?”. “No, allá me voy a morir, aquí ya no quiero irme para México, porque allá tanto que sufrí, tantos ladrones que conseguía dinero en veces a rédito y para comer y tanto que me estafaban, me robaban”. ML: ¿Habían muchas mujeres en su pueblito, en su rancho en México? MV: Oh, sí. ML: ¿Que tenían esposos acá en los Estados Unidos o eran braceros? MV: Pos sí, muchas, sí, que eran braceros venían también. ML: Y, ¿qué pasaba en el sitio cuando, pues qué pasaba en México cuando se venían todos?, ¿cambiaba la situación o qué hacían las mujeres? MV: Ay, pos cambiaba, pero de todos modos nos poníamos tristes, porque se ponían malos los niños y es que todo lo ahí que esté su esposo con uno y no, pos siempre muy triste. Yo me sentía muy mal con mis niños solos y yo siendo hombre y mujer y decía yo: “Ahí que les pase algo a mis niños, ay no, no”, yo bien preocupada. Pos ya después él ya se estuvo allá, le dije: “Yo ya no quiero vivir aquí sola”, le dije, “ya basta con tantos sufrimientos”. Ya él buscó un trabajito allá, pero pos allá llegaban los… ya ve allá cómo hay de amigos. En vez de llegar con la lana, llegaba borracho, pues ya ve cómo es allá. Una vez llegó a las tres de la mañana. “Ándale vieja dame”, con música. Ay Dios de mi vida, le dije: “Yo, pos qué”, borrachos, con otros. Entonces le digo yo: “Ay Dios de mi vida”. “Danos de comer un chile con bistec”. Le dije: “¿Pos cuál? Si no tengo ni frijoles, menos chile con bistec”. Y ya me dijeron los músicos: “Usted no se preocupe, señora no se preocupe, nomás que ahí venía pa acá y ahí nos agarró”. “Págales a los músicos”. Le dije: “¿Con qué les voy a pagar si yo no tengo dinero?”. No, ya ve los borrachos cómo se les ocurren tantas cosas. (risas) “Entonces vamos a bailar”. Ay Dios de mi vida, pos ahí ando como una loca yo bailando con él, no, si les digo, sí. (risas) Y ya ahí no, ahí no, le dice. Pos se emborrachaba y yo pos tenía que trabajar pa… ML: Y, ¿qué es lo que hacía su esposo cuando regresaba a México?, ¿regresaban a México a corto plazo?, ¿regresaba bastante? MV: Pos hay veces que duraba como seis meses y otra vez se volvía a venir pa acá. Pos con eso compramos nuestra casita allá en México, porque ya ve que aquí el dinerito es el que rinde allá. ML: ¿Pero qué es lo que hacía cuando pasaba tiempo en México su esposo? MV: ¿Qué hacía? ML: Sí. MV: Pos se iba allá a trabajar con unas vaquitas que tenía y ahí mi papá le daba un pedacito de terreno para que ahí anduviera, tuviera sus vacas y todo. Pero ya después se pusieron malos unos niños y las vendimos y ya se acabaron las vaquitas. ML: Y cuando se iba, se venía él a los Estados Unidos, ¿quién cuidaba de las vacas antes de que las vendieran? MV: Las cuidaba un sobrino mío, pero ya después se fue acabando todo. ML: ¿Usted platicaba con otras mujeres que tenían sus esposos en los Estados Unidos? MV: Ay, casi no les, casi no platicábamos porque vivían retirado y luego a mi papá no le gustaba. Que ya ve los papás de antes, bien delicados: “No quiero que anden de caseras buscando y sacando argüendes, cada quien en su casa esténse cuidando a sus hijos y no quiero que anden de jacaleras. Porque así una gente jacalera, no anda más que hablando de fulanita y zutanita. Esténse en su casa cuidando sus hijos”. Él era bien estricto, no dejaba que anduviéramos en las casas. Nomás ahí en la casa. ML: Y, ¿qué pasaba con la casa usted cuando se iba con su papá? MV: Yo se la emprestaba a una amiga de aquí de, que viven aquí en la estación Delta. Allá estaba esa amiga y no tenían dónde vivir y se la emprestábamos pa que vivieran ahí. ML: Y, ¿luego…? MV: No le cobrábamos renta, nomás se la emprestábamos pa que no estuviera sola la casa. ML: Y cuando regresaba, ¿ella se…? MV: Pos ya después se regresó ella y ella se, se vinieron para acá y ya la casa ahí tuvo un, pos yo iba cada ocho días; cada vez que me mandaban centavitos iba. Me duraba un, duraba ahí un día o dos días para sacudirla, barrerla y me regresaba luego, porque no gastarme el dinero. ML: Y, ¿qué es lo que su esposo le escribía o le mandaba? MV: No, sí, me escribía, ey, me escribía. ML: Y, ¿cómo es que usted le mandaba noticias de lo que estaba pasando en México? MV: Pos le, me hacían las cartas, ey. Una hermana me hacía las cartas, porque yo no sé escribir, nomás sé leer. Una lata, porque pos uno tiene que darles a saber todo y todo. De todos modos son los niños, todos sus sufrimientos y: “Qué más le pongo”, y: “Pos ponle esto y esto otro”, y ya. Por eso les digo, tan bonitos. Si yo siquiera supiera escribir, les digo: “Yo si estuviera escribiendo, le escribiría todos los días a mis hermanas, a mi mamá, a mis tíos, mis tías”. Pero dicen que no, que son mentiras. Dice: “Son mentiras”, dijo, “uno que sabe escribir”, me dice una tía, “yo no les escribo para nada, ora mejor puro teléfono”. “Ay”, le dije yo, “yo con ganas”. ML: ¿A usted le gusta más escribir? MV: Sí. ML: ¿Que platicar en el teléfono? MV: Ándele, sí. ML: ¿Por qué? MV: Pos porque escribiendo pos ahí le pongo todo y por teléfono pos si se acaba la tarjeta y luego pos en veces ni oye uno bien y luego, y así; no, en la carta yo digo pos bien a gusto. ML: Y, ¿cada cuándo se escribían? MV: Cada mes. ML: ¿Cada mes? 2do: Vámonos porque… MV: Ya nos vamos, ay ya nos vamos entonces. ML: Gracias. MV: Ándele pues, entonces ya nos vamos, eh. Fin de la entrevista Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 19:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Velazquez_LAS025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource María del Carmen Velázquez Subject The topic of the resource Wife of a bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: María del Carmen Velázquez was born on a small ranch in Las Jaritas, in the municipality of Lagos de Moreno, México; she has six siblings, and her parents owned livestock and worked in agriculture; her father hired a tutor for the children, which only lasted a short while; when she was sixteen years old, she married José Bartolo Velázquez, who enlisted in the bracero program. Summary of Interview: Ms. Velázquez briefly describes her childhood and family; she recalls being young and naïve enough to believe that coming to the United States guaranteed money; when she was sixteen years old, she married José Bartolo Velázquez; shortly after their nuptials, he went to Empalme, Sonora, México, to enlist in the bracero program; while he was away, she and her ten children lived with her father; she remembers not having enough money for cloth diapers, having to tear up whatever clothes she could find, and constantly washing; what little money he did manage to send she used to buy necessities for the children; they were eventually able to save up enough money to buy a small home, which she lent to a friend while she lived with her father; it was difficult for her to care for so many children alone; she recalls going with them to visit an uncle; he told them all to go home early, because they were too unruly and too much to handle; even so, her children helped when they could; she relates one instance when her son went into the city alone to sell paletas, and he did not return until very late, which worried her greatly; much to her surprise, he came home with beans, tortillas, tomatoes, and chiles for the family to eat; she also helped support the family by ironing and washing, but because she washed by hand her fingers often bled; her husband would write letters home, and she would have her sister respond, because she did not know how to write; she concludes by stating that she and her family suffered greatly in her husband’s absence. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Velázquez, María del Carmen Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-12 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. María del Carmen Velázquez creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/acosta_bly001_80fd6a5bad.mp3 b600525d4b74efbf407408b541d1d9c9 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Sifuentez, Mario Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Acosta, Simón Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 47:09 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Acosta_BLY001 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Simón Acosta creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Sifuentez, Mario contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sifuentez, Mario Acosta, Simón Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Simón Acosta was born on Zicorato, Sinaloa, México, in March 5, 1938; he was the oldest of 13 siblings; his parents worked in agriculture; he became a bracero in 1959 and worked in California; he picked beets, cotton, oranges, and cut lettuce. Summary of Interview: Mr. Acosta remembers how he heard about the bracero program in Sinaloa, México, and how he traveled to Sonora to get contracted; he relates how he had to pick cotton to earn his card for contracting and how the process was conducted in Empalme, Sonora, México; moreover, he states how the processing center at El Centro, California worked, how he was fumigated with a spray, and that he had blood drawn when crossing the border into the United States; he recalls working in California picking beets, oranges and cutting lettuce; furthermore, he goes on to discuss how daily life was for the braceros, how they listened to the radio for entertainment, and that they walked into town to buy goods; he also states what his pay was like as a bracero and how he was treated by foremen; additionally, he expresses what his life was like after his work as a bracero, how he became legalized, and the pay he received in the United States. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Simón Acosta https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/cardenas_maceas_bly002_3332da52c6.mp3 ae3ce54077a5430ed328a12fb79f4ef5 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Sandoval, Adriana & Rochelle Garza Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Cardenas Maceas, Raúl Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 53:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Cardenas_Maceas_BLY002 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Raúl Cardenas Maceas creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Sandoval, Adriana & Rochelle Garza contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sandoval, Adriana & Rochelle Garza Cardenas Maceas, Raúl Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Raúl Cardenas Maceas https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/marin_bly003_8da9ca39b3.mp3 fc1e27fd2ef154657d9d01da35b46af6 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Shreibati, Annette Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Marín, Luis C. Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 42:45 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Marin_BLY003 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Luis C. Marín creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Shreibati, Annette contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shreibati, Annette Marín, Luis C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Luís Marín was born on August 25, 1918, in Rivas Palacios, Chihuahua, México; he had five siblings, two sisters and two brothers; his parents worked in agriculture; he became a bracero in 1942 and worked in New Mexico picking cotton, driving tractors and irrigating. Summary of Interview: Mr. Marín states that he was contracted in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and he entered the United States through El Paso, Texas: he recalls the process he went through in El Paso, and how he was medically examined; additionally, he remembers that most braceros did not want to work in Texas due to the harsh treatment they received; he describes being at Rio Vista processing center; moreover, he recounts that he worked as a bracero until 1955 with only one farmer in New Mexico; he relates what his family life was like as a bracero, and how his children were born in Anthony, New Mexico and Canutillo, Texas; furthermore, he describes his life after being a bracero, how he became a resident, and how he later moved to Blythe, California. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Luis C. Marín https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/diaz_bojorquez_bly004_3a720e637a.mp3 c9de5c2240b9791bdb5e4e1dc0eda2e9 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Shreibati, Annette Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Díaz Bojorquez, Cirilo Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 55:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Diaz_Bojorquez_BLY004 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Cirilo Díaz Bojorquez creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Shreibati, Annette contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shreibati, Annette Díaz Bojorquez, Cirilo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Cirilo Díaz Bojorquez was born on in Izapan, Jalisco, México; his mother died when he was six years old, and he was raised by his godparents in Baja California, México; at age fourteen he worked cutting radishes and cilantro; he entered the bracero program in 1953, and then again from 1956 to 1960; he worked in Arizona picking cotton, lettuce, melon, and watermelon. Summary of Interview: Mr. Díaz Bojorquez remembers his childhood and cutting radishes and cilantro; he joined the bracero program in 1953, and from 1956 to 1960; he worked in Arizona picking cotton, lettuce, and watermelon; during 1953, he joined a group of braceros that held a strike due to bad food; he describes how the Mexican consulate representative sided with the farmer and how the group was moved to a different field and sent to México; in 1956, he was contracted in Empalme, Sonora, México; he expresses the conditions men suffered while waiting for contracts, how they were contracted, and their trip to the border; furthermore, he describes the processing center in El Centro, California, the medical exams given, the fumigation process, and the bad treatment they got; he relates that he was taken to Yuma, Arizona were he worked until 1960; moreover, he presents how contracts were renewed, how he was paid, the work he did, and how he was allowed to live in San Luis, Sonora, México with his family; he describes their work week, and how checks were held sometimes to ensure an extra day of work from the men; finally, he states that his boss helped him become a resident and that he remembers his time as a bracero as a hard period, but one that allowed him to better his life and family. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Cirilo Díaz Bojorquez https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/flores_gonzalez_bly005_100bcda239.mp3 8c3ee981d5ad55556443ed1455176671 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Acosta, Anais Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Flores González, Ramón Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 55:10 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Flores_Gonzalez_BLY005 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Ramón Flores González creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Acosta, Anais contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acosta, Anais Flores González, Ramón Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ramón Flores González was born in Juquillo, Jaliso México, on July 10, 1935; he grew up in an agricultural family with four brothers and two sisters; from age five he worked in agriculture; he joined the bracero program in 1956, and worked in California until 1960; there her picked carrots, cotton, and watermelon. Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores González remembers growing up in Juquillo, Jalisco, México, and having to work from the age of five; he recalls hearing about the bracero program from his brother who worked in Blythe, California; in 1956, he joined the bracero program and worked in California until 1960 picking carrots, cotton, and watermelon; he relates what it was like to be contracted in Empalme, Sonora, México, the process they went through, the papers he needed, and the brief medical exams they received; furthermore, he describes his bus ride to Mexicali, Baja California, México, and how the contracts were created in El Centro, California; he continues to describe his work at the Imperial Valle in California, the pay he received, their daily schedule, and difficulty of the work; moreover, he recounts how they did not have electricity in their barracks, nor bathrooms; he also explains how he asked to be moved to Blythe, California so he could be closer to his brother, and how hard it was to get the move; additionally, he discusses that he sent money to his family in México, and that he was very proud that he could help them in that way; he learned to read and write as a bracero, and later was able to secure his residency; overall, he feels that the bracero program made him suffer many injustices, but that he is happy to have been able to better his life and the lives of his family. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Ramón Flores González https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/flores_bly006_dbc40b3511.mp3 50b60c7f8f18dd19d346a7c8817530a4 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mena, Violeta Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Flores, Felipe Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 59:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Flores_BLY006 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Felipe Flores creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mena, Violeta contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mena, Violeta Flores, Felipe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Felipe Flores was born on May 1, 1954, in San Miguel de Camarena, Guanajuato, México; he is one of fourteen siblings, and the son of a bracero; he got formal schooling in México up to sixth grade, and up to college in the United States; in 1971, he moved with his family to California; his father moved his family with him for migratory work; he now lives in Ripley, California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores remembers his childhood in Guanajuato, México, and his home life; he recounts that his father was a bracero before he was born, and that he only saw him about once a year; schooled up to sixth grade in México, he completed a college degree in the United States; he recalls working in the fields from age six, and the hardships they endured by not having their father around; moreover, he states that his father sent them money and cards while working in the United States; he discusses how his father moved the family to Mexicali, how then they saw him every week, and how in 1971 they moved to the United States following migratory work; furthermore, he expresses the importance of his mother to his family, and the love she raised them with; he also remembers an accident that killed his sister, and the effect that had on his family; additionally, he says that his father died in 1993, and that now he understands why his father left for the U.S., and the sacrifice that he made for them. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Son of a bracero Title A name given to the resource Felipe Flores https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/flores_bly007_92bface62b.mp3 df3a05a2713c930780c59a5250583031 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Pelayo, Monica Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Flores, Jesús Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 44:40 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Flores_BLY007 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jesús Flores creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Pelayo, Monica contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pelayo, Monica Flores, Jesús Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Flores was born on April 15, 1925 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; he grew up in a small town outside Guadalajara, and worked with his parents in a ranch; in 1951, he joined the bracero program and worked on and off in it for nine years; he worked in California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores remembers his childhood in Jalisco, México, and working in agriculture with his parents; he states that he did not go to school and that he worked in his parents’ ranch until he was twenty-two years old; furthermore, he recalls getting his first bracero contract in 1951; he describes what the contract lengths were like, how he renewed his contract every six months, and how he was able to remain a bracero after eighteen months by crossing into México and then signing up for it again; additionally, he explains the contracting process and having to pick cotton for twenty days to acquire his pass to get contracted in Empalme, Sonora, México; he recounts paying a lawyer to help him get his visa in 1960, and how it was difficult because he did not have civil papers because they had been burnt by Cristeros. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Jesús Flores https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/gamez_garcia_bly008_ed8ccc0cc2.mp3 01d7b4a2a4b1b47449c7e73574af639b Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Carrillo, Alma Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Gámez García, Fernando Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 50:56 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Gamez_Garcia_BLY008 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Fernando Gámez García creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Carrillo, Alma contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrillo, Alma Gámez García, Fernando Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Fernando Gamez García was born on June 24, 1945, in Hierbabuena, Michoacán, México; he was the oldest boy of three, and also had four sisters; he went to school up to the fifth grade then started working; his father was a bracero who worked in the program on and off from 1943 to 1964; in 1964, his father got him legal papers to cross to the United States, and joined him in Oceanside, California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gamez Garcia remembers growing up in Hierbabuena, Michoacán, México, and going to school up to the fifth grade; he states that his father joined the bracero program in 1943, and worked as a bracero on and off until 1964; furthermore, he recounts his father’s memories of the process of becoming a bracero, his contracting, the treatment they received while crossing into the United States, how braceros were fumigated, and the treatment they received from foremen; he describes what life was like while his father was gone, the hardships his mother went through, and how he missed and worried for his father, especially when he had to cross into the U.S. as an undocumented worker; he explains that the first time his father got contracted he did it in Mexico City, México, and that people from Michoacan were given preference because a volcano had erupted in the state; moreover, he relates that his father got him and the rest of his family papers to cross into the United States in 1964, and that they joined him in Oceanside, California; he concludes by stating that his father felt content that he was able to help his family by joining the bracero program, but that he had to suffer much hardship. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Son of a Bracero Title A name given to the resource Fernando Gámez García https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/garcia_bly009_ec0d7290be.mp3 8f9683b4eefd8407321c332d3a6c34d2 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Acosta, Anais Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. García, Pedro Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini DIsc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 30:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garcia_BLY009 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Pedro García creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Acosta, Anais contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acosta, Anais García, Pedro Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Pedro García was born on May 4, 1932 in Cederal, San Luis Potosí, México; he was one of eleven siblings; his father worked in agriculture, but died when he was seven yeas old; his mother is still alive at 104 years old; as a child, he took care of animals in a ranch; he never had formal schooling; in 1944, he left home and went to Texas to pick carrots and cotton; he stayed in the United States as an undocumented worker, and later acquired his papers and worked in mining. Summary of Interview: Mr. García remembers growing up in Cederal, San Luis Potosí, México, and what his life was like as a child; he recalls wanting to leave home in 1944 and traveling to Texas to work picking carrots and cotton; furthermore, he recounts working as an undocumented worker in Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas; he states that he traveled to Blythe, California and that he couldn’t find work because all the jobs were filled by braceros; he describes trying to become a bracero, but being harassed and forced to leave while waiting in line; moreover, he expresses that braceros received better treatment from foremen and bosses; he tells of a time when a boss attempted to pay him less because the boss thought he was an undocumented worker, but by this time he had his papers and was able to secure a fair pay; he discusses some stories that braceros told him about the program, and then relates that he left México because the pay was much better in the U.S.; he concludes by saying that he misses México, but that he has made his life in the U.S with his wife and eleven children. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Pedro García https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/garnica_bly010_27f79488c9.mp3 e98d5cc3c47d06e80f3b9b4532e5551e Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Garnica, Jesús Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:09:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garnica_BLY010 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jesús Garnica creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Garnica, Jesús Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Garnica was born July 4, 1929, in Tasco, Guerrero, México, and Esther Garnica was born on August 23, 1934 in Villa Corona, Jalisco, México; Esther came from a family with eight siblings, while Jesús was the oldest of three; Esther’s father was a bracero; they met in Mexicali while Jesús was a bracero in the Imperial Valley, California; in 1959, they moved to Blythe, California after getting their residency papers; they stayed in the U.S. with their nine children, and Esther became a U.S. citizen in 1990. Summary of Interview: Mr. and Mrs. Garnica remember their childhood and how they moved to Mexicali; they recall their courtship, wedding, and their life while Jesús worked as a bracero; furthermore, they recount how he was hired as a special contract in Calexico, how he didn’t have to travel to Empalme or go through the fumigation process, and how he worked with the same company; they describe how braceros were fumigated out in the open where everyone could see, and how people laughed because they did not know what was going on; moreover, Jesús relates a time when he was treated badly by a foreman for being a special contract, and how he and other special contract braceros were sent away from the farm; he continues to state that he contacted the Mexican consulate and that at first they did not believe them, but eventually they helped and sent the braceros to a different farm; they express how they moved to Blythe, California after becoming residents, what life was like on the ranches there, how braceros work alongside undocumented workers and Filipinos; to conclude, they state that life in the bracero program was very hard and full of hardships, but that they are glad they were able to better their lives. Language A language of the resource spa Relation A related resource Esther Garnica Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Jesús Garnica Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Garnica, Esther Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:09:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garnica_BLY010 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Esther Garnica creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Garnica, Esther Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Garnica was born July 4, 1929, in Tasco, Guerrero, México, and Esther Garnica was born on August 23, 1934 in Villa Corona, Jalisco, México; Esther came from a family with eight siblings, while Jesús was the oldest of three; Esther’s father was a bracero; they met in Mexicali while Jesús was a bracero in the Imperial Valley, California; in 1959, they moved to Blythe, California after getting their residency papers; they stayed in the U.S. with their nine children, and Esther became a U.S. citizen in 1990. Summary of Interview: Mr. and Mrs. Garnica remember their childhood and how they moved to Mexicali; they recall their courtship, wedding, and their life while Jesús worked as a bracero; furthermore, they recount how he was hired as a special contract in Calexico, how he didn’t have to travel to Empalme or go through the fumigation process, and how he worked with the same company; they describe how braceros were fumigated out in the open where everyone could see, and how people laughed because they did not know what was going on; moreover, Jesús relates a time when he was treated badly by a foreman for being a special contract, and how he and other special contract braceros were sent away from the farm; he continues to state that he contacted the Mexican consulate and that at first they did not believe them, but eventually they helped and sent the braceros to a different farm; they express how they moved to Blythe, California after becoming residents, what life was like on the ranches there, how braceros work alongside undocumented workers and Filipinos; to conclude, they state that life in the bracero program was very hard and full of hardships, but that they are glad they were able to better their lives. Language A language of the resource spa Relation A related resource Jesús Garnica Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Title A name given to the resource Esther Garnica https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/gonzalez_bly011_b0801bbae3.mp3 69411cc2b980e29f4713f76437f4bd68 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Navarro, Kristine Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. González, Susan Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 50:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Gonzalez_BLY011 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Susan González creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Navarro, Kristine contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Navarro, Kristine González, Susan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Susan Gonzalez was born in Miami, Arizona; at age twelve she moved to Ripley, California to take care of her younger brother while her mother operated the restaurant she owned, “La Flor del Valle”; she worked as a waitress there, and also washed and ironed for local Braceros; at sixteen, she was raped by, became pregnant by, and married a Bracero named Frederico Velez; she helped him immigrate to the United States, was married to him for twenty years, and had six children; in 1957, she bought her mother’s restaurant; she also worked for the Riverside County Health Department as a nurse’s aide for thirty years; Mr. Velez was born in Hermosillo, Mexico, and worked as a Bracero for two years from 1955 to 1957. Summary of Interview: Ms. Gonzalez discusses the lives of the Braceros in Ripley, California; she recounts what items they bought at the clothing, grocery and hardware stores, the conditions of their barracks, the poor quality food they ate at the camps, and the low wages they received; furthermore, she expresses that the hardest aspect of Braceros’ lives was being unable to see their families; she also mentions that many single Braceros hired prostitutes, and married women from town; she discusses her life after moving to Ripley, California with her mother when she was twelve; she notes her impressions of Braceros from when she was a waitress at her mother’s restaurant, as their laundress, and as a nurses’ aide; moreover, she describes how she met her ex-husband and their marriage; she characterizes him, a Bracero for two years, as abusive but hardworking and a good provider; additionally, she describes the poverty she suffered, as well as the discrimination Mexicans faced, though she does not believe Braceros were mistreated by the Mexican Americans; finally, she states that the Bracero Program enabled the local economy to flourish. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Wife of a bracero Title A name given to the resource Susan González https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/lopez_leon_bly012_d763dd5a20.mp3 91b86796e9f65973c6b76020a45a4ce5 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mena, Violeta Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. López León, Asterio Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:08:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Lopez_Leon_BLY012 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Asterio López León creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mena, Violeta contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mena, Violeta López León, Asterio Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Asterio López León was born on October 27, 1927, in Palmar de Sepúlvedas, Sinaloa, México; he is the oldest of eleven siblings; his parents worked in agriculture, and he began working with them from an early age; he completed formal schooling until the third grade; in 1950, he joined the bracero program, and worked as a bracero on and off until 1962; he worked in California picking cotton, grapefruit, and oranges. Summary of Interview: Mr. López León remembers growing up in Palmar de Sepúlvedas, Sinaloa, México; he discusses how he started working in agriculture at an early age, and how he was able to get formal school until the third grade; furthermore, he recalls how he heard about the bracero program, how he got his first contract after being an undocumented worker in Blythe, California, and how his boss there helped him acquire the contract; he explains how contracting occurred in Empalme, Sonora, México, how potential braceros waited sometimes for months to get contracted, and how he paid coyotes to get on the list for contracts; additionally, he states what the trip to the border was like, how the processing center in El Centro, California worked, and the medical exams he went through; he recounts that he was able to avoid fumigation by stating to the person conducting it that he did not want to get his suit dirty and that he would just leave; he states that the fumigator let him through without fumigating; in 1950, he joined the bracero program, and worked as a bracero on and off until 1962; he worked in California picking cotton, grapefruit, and oranges; moreover, he relates what daily life was like on the farms, the treatment he received from foremen, and the work he did. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Asterio López León https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/lopez_bly013_7dd28b786e.mp3 d8315e2c9340162820f4af3ef2995a21 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. López, Rodolfo Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:00:22 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Lopez_BLY013 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Rodolfo López creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Murillo, Grisel contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel López, Rodolfo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Rodolfo López was born on November 17, 1937, in Angamacutiro, Michoacán, México; he began working in agriculture at an early age; after his military service, he joined the bracero program in 1957; he worked in California picking cotton and driving tractors; in 1960, he became a U.S. resident. Summary of Interview: Mr. López remembers his childhood growing up in Angamacutiro, Michoacán, México; he completed five years of formal schooling, and worked in agriculture at an early age; furthermore, after completing his military service, he joined the bracero program in 1957; he worked in California picking cotton and driving tractors; he describes the contracting process in Empalme, Sonora, México, the trip to the border he endured in a freight train, and the fumigation and medical exams he went through at El Centro, California, México; moreover, he recounts the names of different farms in Blythe, California, as well as how his life there was; he discusses the housing they had, the food they ate, and the daily work they did; additionally, he expresses what they were paid, and the treatment he got from foremen; he also relates what things they did for recreation, and how he kept in contact with his family; in 1960, he became a U.S. resident; he concludes by stating that he feels the bracero experience was a positive one. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Rodolfo López https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/magaña_bly014_f42fe8914b.mp3 baab46258e0fe4750777282e143afab7 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Magaña, José Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 38:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Magaña_BLY014 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. José Magaña creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Murillo, Grisel contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel Magaña, José Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Magaña was born in 1963, in Hierbabuena, Michoacán, México; his father was a bracero from 1956 to 1960; in 1976, his father arranged for his family to move to the United States as residents; his father worked in California cutting lettuce; he worked picking lemons and oranges in the United Farm Workers Union. Summary of Interview: Mr. Magaña remembers growing up in Hierbabuena, Michoacán, México; he is oldest sibling in his family, and remembers how hard it was to grow up poor in a ranch in México; he recalls that his father was a bracero from 1956 to 1960, and worked in California cutting lettuce; furthermore, he recounts the memories his father shared with him about the bracero program; he highlights the hardships his father endured, and how his father refused to work in United States again after returning to México, because of the bad treatment he received; moreover; he describes how his father arranged for his family to acquired residency papers in 1976, and how they moved to California; he states that they suffered extreme poverty after moving to the U.S., and that they lived on ranches and in deteriorated housing; additionally, he explains that he worked picking lemons and oranges in California and Florida while being in the United Farm Workers Union; he concludes by stating that his father’s experience in the bracero program had negative and positive aspects to it. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Son of a bracero Title A name given to the resource José Magaña https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/murillo_almaraz_bly015_ffdeebc725.mp3 43d6ec9df3ba09fe3af6e0dde12bb0bd Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Murillo Almaráz, Francisco Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 45:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Murillo_Almaraz_BLY015 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Francisco Murillo Almaráz contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Francisco Murrillo Almaráz was born in Tabasco, Zacatecas, México; he never attended formal schooling, and began working in agriculture at an early age; he was the only boy among three siblings; in 1942, he was contracted as a bracero in Mexico City, México; he worked in Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington; there he picked apples, beets, lemons, oranges, and peaches and also cut lettuce; he worked in the United States for fifty-seven years, and has never become a U.S. citizen. Summary of Interview: Mr. Murrillo Almaráz remembers growing up in Tabasco, Zacatecas, México and working from an early age in agriculture; he states that he never had formal schooling; in 1942, he explains that he was contracted as a bracero in Mexico City, México; he details that many people, in 1942, did not want to join the bracero program because they were worried that they might be sent to the war; moreover, he worked in Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington; there he picked apples, beets, lemons, oranges, and peaches and also cut lettuce; he recalls the contracting process, his trip to the border, the medical exams they endured, and crossing into the U.S.; he describes what daily life was like on the farms, the living conditions they had, the pay they received, and the food they ate; furthermore, he relates what braceros did for recreation; he says that he worked in the United States for over fifty-seven years, and that in that time he never wanted to become a U.S. citizen. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Francisco Murillo Almaráz Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo Almaráz, Francisco https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/sanchez_bly016_f1531180d7.mp3 7505b72760fcf0db93f7c54ce6aa097c Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Cortez, Veronica Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Sánchez, José Baltazar Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 33:06 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Sanchez_BLY016 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. José Baltazar Sánchez creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Cortez, Veronica contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cortez, Veronica Sánchez, José Baltazar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Baltazar Sánchez was born in San Miguel Epeja, Michoacán, México, on April 8, 1926; his parents worked in agriculture and masonry; he had twelve siblings; at age 13, he left home and worked throughout México in agriculture; he joined the bracero program in 1953, and worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, lettuce, and melons; his last year as a bracero was in 1963; he returned to the United States when amnesty was offered, and is now a resident of the country. Summary of Interview: Mr. Sánchez remembers growing up in San Miguel Epeja, Michoacán, México, and leaving home when he was thirteen years old because his father was very rough; he recalls working in agriculture throughout México; in 1953, he recounts how he was contracted in Gómez Palacio, Durango, México, the process he went through, and his trip to the border; furthermore, he describes crossing into the United States, and the medical exams he endured; he worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, lettuce, and melons; his last year as a bracero was in 1963; moreover, he states what the housing they received was like, what food they were given, and the work that they did; he relates what they did for entertainment, and a time when policemen went to the farm to search for women that had been taken to a dance by braceros; additionally, he explains how he was paid, and how he renewed his contracts by picking cotton in México and getting contracted again in Empalme, Sonora, México; he states that he became a resident when amnesty was offered, and concludes by stating that he feels good about having been a bracero, because it allowed him to put food on the table. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource José Baltazar Sánchez https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/tapia_bly017_6f82ca215c.mp3 edde7e8bcb29f3a2fd674c047580312a Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Córtez, Veronica Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Tapia, Amadeo Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 48:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Tapia_BLY017 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Amadeo Tapia creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Cortez, Veronica contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Córtez, Verónica Tapia, Amadeo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Amadeo Tapia was born in Sahuaripa, Sonora, México; he is the youngest of eight siblings; his father worked in agriculture, and was also a civil judge; he had formal schooling until the fifth grade; in 1958, he became a bracero, and worked in Arizona and California picking beets, cotton, lemons, lettuce, onions, and tomatoes; he worked as a bracero until 1962; he became a resident of the United States after leaving the program, and became a U.S. citizen in 1991. Summary of Interview: Mr. Tapia remembers growing up in Sahuaripa, Sonora, México, and his father’s work as a civil judge; he went to school until the fifth grade; in 1958, he joined the bracero program and worked in Arizona and California picking beets, cotton, lemons, lettuce, onions, and tomatoes, until 1962; he recounts how he joined the program in 1958 and 1959 through a government list, and how for the next two contracts he had to pick cotton to acquire them; he describes what the contracting process was like in Empalme, Sonora, México, the medical exams they got, and the embarrassment of having to be nude in front of thousands of people; moreover, he relates the hardship of traveling to the border in freight trains, the process at El Centro, California, the way they were fumigated, and how they were assigned to farms; he explains what his living conditions were, and the food they ate; furthermore, he states how he was paid, the quantity he got, and the difference in pay from state to state; he also describes what they did for entertainment; additionally, he recounts how he became a resident of the U.S. in 1962, and then a citizen in 1991; he remembers his time as a bracero with pride. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Amadeo Tapia https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/torres_beltran_bly018_d4b59ee9da.mp3 4fddbac2873f68ff433a64ba76418192 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Torres Beltrán, Salvador Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 45:30 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Torres_Beltran_BLY018 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Salvador Torres Beltrán creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Torres Beltrán, Salvador Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Salvador Torres Beltrán was born on November 30, 1930, in Cosalá, Sinaloa, México; he was the second of five brothers, and had three sisters; his parents worked in agriculture, and he began helping his father at age five; in 1956, he joined the bracero program, and then returned to it in 1958, because his father was killed; he worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, spreading seed, and watering until 1962; after leaving the bracero program, he became a resident of the United States and brought his family to California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Torres Beltrán remembers growing up in Cosalá, Sinaloa, México, and working from an early age with his father in agriculture; he recalls how he heard about the bracero program, and what the contracting process was like in Empalme, Sonora, México; in 1956, he joined the bracero program, and then returned to it in 1958, because his father was killed; he worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, spreading seed, and watering until 1962; furthermore, he describes what life on the farm was like, the work he did, and the pay he received; he explains what his living arrangements were like, the furniture they had, and the good food they received; moreover, he relates what they did for recreation, and how they worked everyday, except Sundays; he remembers a time when he won a car in a raffle held by a bracero who was returning for México, and how he sold it because he did not know how to drive; additionally, he states that he did not send money to his wife, but that she borrowed money from a group of women who ran a store in his home town, and then he would settle the debt; in 1962, he became a resident of the United States, and he brought his family over to California. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Salvador Torres Beltrán https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/villarreal_bly019_fd7fe39c98.mp3 d64e13954a973aa24ae3d1db52c6c9be Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Córtez, Verónica Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Villarreal, Severiano G. Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 50:47 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Villarreal_BLY019 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Severiano G. Villarreal creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Cortez, Veronica contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Córtez, Verónica Villarreal, Severiano G. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Severiano Villareal was born on January 8, 1931, in Saguaripa, Sonora, México; his father married twice, and he was one of five brothers; he worked in Yuma, Arizona as an undocumented worker from 1951 to 1954 when his boss helped him become a bracero; he worked with him planting and growing trees until 1961; in 1962 he became a resident of the U.S.; in 1979, he arranged for his family to get residency. Summary of Interview: Mr. Villareal remembers growing up in Saguaripa, Sonora, México; he states that his father worked in agriculture, and after his death, he was had to find work in the U.S.; he recounts that he worked in Yuma, Arizona planting and growing trees as an undocumented worker from 1951 to 1954; in 1954, his boss helped him become a bracero, and he worked for him until 1961; moreover, he recalls that he did not go to contracting centers in México, because he was contracted as a special bracero in San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México through the La Asociación, a group in charge of braceros in El Centro, California; he explains what the process at El Centro was like, how they conducted medical exams, and fumigated them in the nude; furthermore, he states that some braceros got injections; he relates what his life was like on the farm, the work he did, how they were paid, and the treatment he received; additionally, he describes living arrangements, what they cooked, and how they washed their clothes by hand; he also explains that his family lived about thirty minutes away in Sonora, México, so he would return home on weekends; in 1962, he became a resident of the United States, and in 1979, he arranged for his family to get residency as well. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Severiano G. Villarreal https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/nuño_coa039_f9f1c26cf5.mp3 6bccfcc1a9006fcf1e448832c774d315 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Shreibati, Annette Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Nuño, Antonio Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 53:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Nuño_COA039 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Antonio Nuño contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shreibati, Annette Nuño, Antonio Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Antonio Nuño https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/nuñez_martinez_coa040_e59e308afb.mp3 de68f1a76d369561985e18fba11d9723 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mena, Violeta Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Nuñez Martínez, Lucio Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 42 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Nuñez_Martinez_COA040 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Lucio Nuñez Martínez contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mena, Violeta Nuñez Martínez, Lucio Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Lucio Nuñez Martínez https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/nuñez_morales_coa041_97a04ab9dd.mp3 f3493d13f9d8871299b221edf1424576 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Shreibati, Annette Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Nuñez Morales, Vicente Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 23 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Nuñez_Morales_COA041 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Vicente Nuñez Morales contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shreibati, Annette Nuñez Morales, Vicente Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Vicente Nuñez Morales https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/padilla_coa042_bbbc51a90a.mp3 b13021389618b8fd2f35f3167c00fbb3 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Padilla, Juan Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 60 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Padilla_COA042 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Juan Padilla contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel Padilla, Juan Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Juan Padilla