118 25 3209 https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/tarifas-de-salarios_123c78d791.jpg 170ce8586afcc9d32ec8869d0df75f7c Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 3508 Height 2552 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 3508 x 2552 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figuero U.S. Department of Labor Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-05-11 Description An account of the resource Wage Rate Sheet for Beets divided by geographic region (district) in which work is done. Set by the US Department of Labor. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Crop wage rate sheet for beet picking Title A name given to the resource Crop wage rate sheet Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Beet figueroa rate sheet Sugar wage https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/amendments-to-standard-work-contract_b36538a186.jpg d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2544 x 1900 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa U.S. Government Printing Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Amendments to Standard Work Contract by U.S. Government Printing Office. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Amendments to standard work contract Title A name given to the resource Amendments to standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1956-00-00 1956 amendments Contract figueroa government U.S. Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-california-abr-sept-1957(atras)_86bd7ef0a7.jpg 07ff3301dc5d689a262d6f3d80cf5345 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2372 Height 1568 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2372 x 1568 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Contract with Pay Wages Described per Task Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Contract with Pay Wages Described Title A name given to the resource Contract and pay wage Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1957-04-00 1957-09-00 1957 Contract figueroa labor picking Task wage https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-california-abr-sept-1957_ba5b1bfb48.jpg 6b676482e29dd271edea833641d470b5 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2336 Height 3056 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2336 x 3056 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Valley Farm Housing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Work Contract with Valley Farm Housing extended two times but terminated in September 1957. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract terminated in 1957 Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Santa Maria, California Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1957-04-00 1957-09-00 California Contract Extended https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-california-oct-nov-1956_65baf056f8.jpg 55cf85d7ff4fdecc30e5839030f00550 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2380 Height 3136 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2380 x 3136 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Imperial Valley Farmers Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Bracero Work Contract with Imperial Valley Farmers Association October 1956 to February 1957. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract with Imperial Valley up to 1957. Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage El Centro, California Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1956-10-06 1957-02-14 1957 bracero California Contract El Centro Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-california-sept-oct-1956_d083e01b7d.jpg e16b070a5a409a31571881aec4ef9592 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2396 Height 3136 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2396 x 3136 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Imperial Valley Farm Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Bracero Work Contract with Imperial Valley Farm Association from September to October 1956 Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract with Imperial Valley in 1956 Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage El Centro, California Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1956-09-10 1956-10-22 1956 bracero Contract Imperial Valley Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-junio-5,-1946-(atras,-inferior)_5fa7a2e78e.jpg b91171a931362bc4c88500d83b311bcc Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2552 Height 3508 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2552 x 3508 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Bracero Work Contract signed by Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa on June 5, 1946 with a stamp on it saying "Irapuato, Gto." Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Work Contract Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1946-06-05 1946 bracero Contract figueroa Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-junio-5,-1946-(frente,-superior)_ebfd43ce84.jpg c48cd5b711b3613875b38c0f22eb5ac2 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2536 Height 2616 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2536 x 2616 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa U.S. Department of Agriculture Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Bracero individual work contract (top half of front side) of Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa's June 1946 Contract. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Individual work agreement Title A name given to the resource Individual work agreement Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1946-06-05 1946 bracero Contract figueroa Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-junio-5,-1946-(frente,-inferior)_2b4c040cf6.jpg 4e013211a8f079d16edcfbda0cba37fd Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2512 Height 2468 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2512 x 2468 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa U.S. Department of Agriculture Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Provisions of Work Contract for Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa (Bottom Half) of front side of 1946 contract. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Work Contract Provision Title A name given to the resource Bracero Work Provisions Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1946-06-05 1946 Contract figueroa Provisions Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-texas-jul-ago-1960_e5ce96bd90.jpg 5884d78641c5b417bc89aae939962d29 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2392 Height 3144 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2392 x 3144 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Sebastian Farmers Cooperative Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa's Bracero Work Contract in Hidalgo, Texas in July 1960. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract in Hidalgo, TX, 1960 Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Hidalgo, Texas Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1960-06-16 1960-08-27 1960 Contract Cotton texas Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-texas-jun-sept-1961-(atras)_dcc9573764.jpg 0cb2022d5b2bd6bebbdf59bcec73ad4e Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2408 Height 1544 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2408 x 1544 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa's backside of contract that has a provision explaining the termination or extension of the contract (1961). Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Contract Labor Provisions Title A name given to the resource Contract Labor Provisions Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa 1961 Contract Extension figueroa Provisions termination Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-texas-jun-sept-1961_718ca8ae20.jpg d3af9a9f0728565e842659c9213cf6c4 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2376 Height 3128 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2376 x 3128 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Farm Growers' Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Bracero Work Contract for work in Big Spring, Texas. Signed in El Paso on July 21, 1961. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract in Big Spring, Texas, 1961. Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage El Paso, Texas Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1961-06-21 1961-09-18 1961 Contract el paso figueroa texas Work https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-wyoming-may-jul-1964_49e68664c5.jpg 527f20004d6e203930eea587c2e88030 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2420 Height 3144 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2420 x 3144 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Great Western Sugar Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-25 Description An account of the resource Bracero Work Contract in Wyoming for Sugar Beet coop, signed May 20, 1964. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract in Wyoming, 1964 Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage El Paso, Texas Rights Holder Rodolfo Cruz Figueroa Temporal Coverage 1964-05-20 1964 Contract figueroa Sugar Work Wyoming https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/rodriguez_de_moreno_coa048_a89cb484cf.mp3 63ab5edaf030a00062615655a9a787ef Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodríguez de Moreno, Isabel Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 31 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodriguez_de_Moreno_COA048 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Isabel Rodríguez de Moreno contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Isabel Rodríguez de Moreno Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodríguez de Moreno, Isabel Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodríguez, Agapito Location The location of the interview. Chico, California Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1 tape Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Agapito Rodríguez Subject The topic of the resource bracero Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodríguez, Agapito Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Agapito Rodríguez contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Location The location of the interview. El Paso, Texas Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodríguez, Gloria Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photos File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodriguez_NMAH018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gloria Rodríguez Subject The topic of the resource bracero, pictures Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodríguez, Gloria Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Gloria Rodríguez Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/nuno_antonio_cam24_7d4335c207.mp3 8e3ef035c819313ba0bc619a8a058a0b Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Romelia Richmond Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Antonio Nuno Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:29:53 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 k / 96 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Nuno_Antonio_CAM24.mp3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Antonio Nuno Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Romelia Richmond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-11-18 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital, WAV, MP3 Language A language of the resource SP Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Romelia Richmond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-11-18 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital, WAV, MP3 Language A language of the resource SP Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Antonio Nuno creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Romelia Richmond Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/romero_heb043_84cebfbcbe.mp3 abc21a8ff3ff93637ebdcb67ac3ec233 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Romero Carvajal, Manuel Location The location of the interview. Heber, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 57 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Romero_HEB043 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Manuel Romero Carvajal contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Manuel Romero Carvajal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Romero Carvajal, Manuel Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. I grew up in Ventura County, California in the 1960s. Every summer the braceros would magically appear, working in the agricultural fields surrounding our tiny town of Somis. They would stay for a few months and then just as magically disappear – headed north, we heard. I was curious about them, and to be honest a little afraid of them. They seemed rough and tough and free, quite unlike anyone else I had ever seen. The summer after my freshman year in high school I was able to get a job working in the fields. I was the only “gringo” kid in the crew and, although I could work almost as hard and as long as the braceros, the fact that I could speak Spanish really made a difference. I was invited to join them for lunch and for their morning and afternoon “taco breaks”, and they taught me words that were much more colorful than those I learned in Spanish class. I had asthma as a kid and one day I came to work after a particularly difficult bout, still having difficulty breathing. I knew that if I worked in the sun for a few hours I would probably be OK, but I wasn’t sure I could make it. We were all supposed to work our way down the field rows at the same pace, and if you fell behind or were seen helping someone else you could find yourself in a lot of trouble. The field boss was in a particularly foul mood that day, which only made matters worse. I began to fall behind and was growing really worried when the bracero in the row to my left began stealthily working my row in addition to his own. Then the one to my right began doing the same thing. Neither of them said a word, but both of them were risking the wrath of the field boss just to help me. We worked this way for about two hours until I was able to handle it myself. I have never forgotten those acts of kindness or the generosity of spirit they showed. They demonstrated in a very personal way the real purpose of the bracero program, extending an arm to help a neighbor. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Acts of Kindness Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ron Taylor Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ron Taylor Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes bracero kindness https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/photo-1_df833ac773.jpg 0bd9d25bae255e905135fd350dcf0a1f Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1619 Height 2047 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String Array ( ) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passport Picture of My Father- A Bracero Description An account of the resource I would like to contribute a picture of my father who was a Bracero in 1944. He recently passed away and his stories were many. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rosa Hernandez Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rosa Hernandez Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. Mi nombre es Jose Guadalupe Hernandez. Yo vine de brasero en 1944 desde Degollado Jalisco en el mes de Mayo, pasamos por ciudad Juarez y venian entregando a la gente por todo el camino. Yo fui uno de los ultimos que dejaron en San Luis, Missouri. Nos dejaron para vivir en baules de tren. Se llamama campo Andolante. Hay veces que nos acostavamos a dormir y amaneciamos en otras partes donde necesitaman mas el trabajo, nosotros trabajamos en el traque de ferrocarril. Me di cuenta de que avia un seguro para nosotros los pobres que nadie queria agarrar porque nos quitavan los centavitos. Nos pagavan como a 60 centavos la hora o algo asi. Lo tubimos que agarrar afuersas pero de ese dinero no e visto nada no le teniamos mucho interes porque no eramos de aqui y queriamos regresar despues de un tiempito. Cambiavamos los rieles de chicos a grandes. Sabados y Domingos no los trabajamos y en esos dias platicavamos y nos poniamos a lavar la ropita. Lavamos en un carro de bano. Viviamos a soliados por lo de los Japoneses no avia radio ni television solo era lo que se platicava y corria la voz. Y teniamos miedo porque decian que como eran tan chiquitos que asta cabian en una olla. Pero buscavamos ayudar a esta gente y tener un futuro para mis chiquillos que viviamos en pura pobreza en Mexico y con tanto sacrificio y el dolor de mi corazon deje pa' venirme. En San Luis Mo. trabajando en la llarda vimos que llegaron los padres de un muchacho muy robusto que lla lo mandavan a la guerra y me hizo sentir tristesa por el muchacho y animo para seguir. Los padres de ese muchacho agarrados de la mano se suvieron a su carro y llorando por su hijo se fueron a su casa y con mucha tristeza. Mi mayordomo se llamaba Sam. Era muy buen mayordomo y muy trabajador siempre nos trato muy bien, bueno a mi criterio. El otro se llamava Mr. Ollen. La guerra trajo un fracaso feo para Mexico y los Estados Unidos, porque los maridos dejaron a las mujeres solas para la guerra y nosotros en Mexico nos vinimos para aca dejando nuestras mujeres y aqui muchas americanas se fueron con los braseros para Mexico. Todo el mundo llegamos llenos de piojos yo me acuerdo que en la casa siempre andavan hirviendo la ropa la dejavan limpiesita nosotros con la epidemia de piojos y con la pansa vasia muriendonos de hambre. Por eso cuando veniamos para aca nos asian tirar la ropa y quemarla y nos davan otra limpiezita. Como no savia leer ni escrivir me valia de otro muchacho que estudio en el seminario el me asia las cartas y me enseno a leer y escrivir lo poquito que se. Aqui se nos quito un poquito lo menso nos ensenaron el camino y ahora ya no nos quieren aqui. Con todo pude comprar la casita que ahora tengo en Mexico para mi familia. Gracias a la compania de Ferrocarril Santa Fe. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jose Guadalupe Hernandez Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rosalva Casillas Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jose Guadalupe Hernandez Angel Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Testing Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. No https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/alfaro_sandoval_las002_3d49024058.mp3 d50100c8f70b83a7a2f52e0d7458a5c7 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. subject (Spanish) Bracero Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Rosas, Abagail Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Alfaro Sandoval, David Location The location of the interview. Los Angeles, California Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. Nombre del entrevistado: David Alfaro Sandoval Fecha de la entrevista: 12 de mayo de 2006 Nombre del entrevistador: Abigail Rosas Alfaro Sandoval, lo voy a entrevistar yo, Abigail Rosas y estamos en Los Ángeles, California, en mayo 12, 2006. AR: Y para empezar la entrevista quisiera que usted me dijera un poquito de dónde y cuándo nació usted, dónde es su familia, un poquito más sobre de qué pueblo viene, su origen de usted, si puede empezar con contestar eso. DA: Nomás que, así. AR: Oh, ¿no oye muy bien, quiere que me siente allá mejor? Okay, si quiere deje me muevo, nomás deja. DA: No estoy tanto, nomás que si hablamos más seguido… AR: No, no, no, está mejor. Sí, si me puede decir un poquito de dónde… Sí, que me pudiera decir un poquito más en dónde nació usted, de qué pueblo viene, en qué año nació. DA: Yo nací en el mes cuatro, dieciocho, treinta [18 de abril de 1930]. AR: Y, ¿en qué pueblo nació, en dónde nació? DA: Pues ahora ya [es]toy registrado ya en el pueblo de Romita, Guanajuato. AR: So, es de Guanajuato. Y, ¿sus papás qué hacían? Cuando usted era chico, ¿en qué trabajaban sus papás? DA: Eran campesinos. AR: ¿Campesinos ahí en Guanajuato? DA: Sí. AR: ¿Sí? Y, ¿sus hermanos y hermanas? DA: No, no tengo hermanos, nomás hermanas. AR: Y, ¿ellas todavía viven en México o viven aquí? DA: Sí, no, una está en México y la otra está en Salinas. AR: ¿[Es]tá en Salinas? Okay. ¿Me puede decir un poquito si fue a la escuela y no, hasta qué grado llegó? DA: Pues de escuela, de la escuela, como era de rancho, no había escuelas. AR: ¿No había escuelas? DA: No había escuelas, pero estuve, en la escuela que [es]tuve jue, jue por paga y duré seis años. AR: ¿Seis años? Okay, y ya no siguió porque empezó a ir. DA: Pos a trabajar. AR: Pos a trabajar. DA: Ah, no, a trabajar allá mismo en el campo. AR: O sea trabajaron antes de venirse a los Estados Unidos, trabajó allá. DA: Sí, en el campo. AR: Y, ¿usted cómo se dio cuenta de que había un programa de braceros o cómo le decían en México? DA: Sí, sí, yo estaba muy chico, jue el 1942 el programa ése de los braceros, pero yo ya cuando ya crecí, empecé a, empecé a ver. Pues como todos empecé a crecer y empecé a fijarme y empecé a venirme. AR: Y, ¿su papá no se vino como bracero? DA: No, porque él falleció antes. AR: Okay. Entonces usted era más bien el hombre de la casa, se puede decir. DA: Sí. AR: Con sus hermanas y eso. DA: Sí. AR: Cuando usted vino de contratado, ¿usted estaba casado o vino de soltero? DA: No, de soltero, vine dos veces. AR: ¿Dos veces? DA: De soltero y el [19]50 y… el [19]54 me casé, pero ese año mismo me vine, fue la primera vez. AR: ¿Fue la primera vez? Y me puede decir un poquito más del proceso como aprendió del programa, ¿quién le dijo en el pueblo o si oyó en la radio o cómo oyó que había un programa que se llamaba braceros o cómo le llamaban en México en ese entonces? DA: Igual, bracero. AR: ¿Bracero? DA: Pos unos con otros se empezaban a platicar. Empezaron a venir y empezaron a platicar y ya ahí se vino toda la gente, se venía mucha gente. AR: Ah, okay. DA: Y duró veinte años eso, así de que… AR: No, sí, duró muchos años, sí. DA: Sí. AR: Entonces usted más bien por la gente del pueblo, la gente del rancho le dijo que había este programa. DA: Sí. AR: Entonces usted para contratarse, ¿a qué lugar fue en Guanajuato?, ¿a dónde fue para que lo contrataran? ¿Fue a México, fue a Guadalajara? DA: No, yo a México no, allí mesmo estado de Guanajuato ahí hubo, hubo centro de contratación. AR: Oh, ¿sí? DA: Se llama Irapuato. Entonces ahí hubo, duró diez años, la contratación ahí en mero Guanajuato, en el estado, pues. AR: El estado, sí. Y, ¿cómo llegó usted ahí? DA: No, porque yo vivía cerca. AR: Oh, ¿vivía cerca? Oh, okay. DA: Sí, me iba a pie. AR: Oh, okay. Entonces cómo usted, podía describir un poquito cómo era el centro, digo en el sentido como, ¿qué se podía ver en ese tiempo? ¿Puros hombres, había mujeres, había niños o había pura vendimia, como los hombres que venían? O, ¿cada cuándo se reunían en el centro ahí? DA: No, no era para reunir. AR: Digo, digo, en el sentido de para los hombres que fueran, que quisieran, que se contrataran, ahí tenían que ir, ¿no? ¿Verdad? DA: Sí porque duraba todo el año y todos esos años, duraba por temporadas unos cinco meses de todos los días. Entonces que ahora les tocó a los del estado de Durango, que ahora les tocó al estado de Morelia, Jalisco, Michoacán, entonces se venían esos grupos de gentes de cada estado, se contrataban allí. Y luego les daban las mesmas estados, como la contratación estaba ahí en mesmo Guanajuato, entonces nosotros como éramos cerquitas, pues todos los días íbamos. Pero era un mundo de gente, eran de unos treinta a cincuenta mil gentes. Entre esos les tocaba ahora la del grupo de Zacatecas, que: “Ahora va a entrar Chihuahua”, que: “Ahora va a entrar”, así de por estados, pues. Entonces a los grupos de ese modo andábanos, nosotros como éramos cercas, pues ahí íbanos todos los días hasta que no salía la lista de nosotros, por listas era. AR: ¿Si les tocaba a los de Jalisco a ustedes no les tocaba venirse? DA: No, no. AR: ¿Aunque fueran al centro? DA: Sí, cuando tábanos ahí, pues no nos arrimábanos y nos arrimábanos a ver si nos salía la lista de nosotros, de ese modo eran las contrataciones. AR: Entonces, ¿cómo puede describir la cultura ahí en las contrataciones? En el sentido que eran puros hombres nomás haciendo fila o, ¿cómo podía usted describir lo que estaba pasando ahí en ese momento? DA: ¿Lo que estaba pasando ahí en la contratación? No, pos… AR: O si nomás los hombres se quedaban parados por horas y horas o, ¿más bien cómo era la cultura? DA: Pues sí, los que nos tocaba que decían: “No, pos que ora va a salir la del municipio”. Como ya sabíamos municipios cada pueblo, entonces que: “Ora va a salir el municipio de Silao, que de León”, que de, de así. Entonces siempre nosotros nos arrimábamos, estábamos parados todo el día en el sol a ver si nos tocaba y no nos tocaba hasta que el día que le, que ya le hablaban a uno. Entonces luego luego pos nos daban y luego luego, al instante agarrábanos avión ahí, por paga de nosotros. AR: Entonces, ¿ya que los contrataban se subían a un avión para venirse? DA: No, algunos, pero los demás los traíanos, uno tenía que pagar hasta Mexicali, en el tren, en los autobuses, en el tren. El que quería, pos que tenía dinero, pagaba el avión de cuarenta o sesenta pasajeros, pero la mayoría en el tren, en los camiones. Hasta pagábanos hasta Mexicali, ya ahí en El Centro ahí nos metían allá a todos los que estábanos, nos metían a darnos el pasaporte ahí en El Centro, para que llegara el americano, el patrón, que iba a ser patrón. “Tú, tú, todos estos fórmense aquí”. Y el patrón decía: “Tú y tú y tú y tú y tú”, hasta que no se escogía unos cuarenta. AR: Oh, entonces los ponían así como en una, que se pudieran ver todos. DA: Como en una fila, así como en fila. Y luego el ranchero llegaba y: “Tú y tú y tú y tú”. Decían que al que le cayera bien, al que le gustara. AR: Sí, sí, cómo trabajaba. DA: Como decir, según el trabajo. Entonces el que estaba alto, pues no lo querían porque… AR: Sí, porque se tenía que agachar, la pisca y eso. DA: Y cada patrón escogía a la gente, que: “Yo no quiero gordos”. Pues nomás sacaba a los gordos: “Tú no y tú no y tú no”. AR: Oh, entonces usted estaba contratado en Guanajuato, ¿verdad? Tenía su contrato. Se iba a Mexicali, si el patrón no lo quería, entonces no se pasaba al otro lado, no venía a los Estados Unidos. DA: Ya es aquí en El Centro, ya adentro. AR: Oh, aquí ya, ya, como si llega a Salinas. DA: En las… AR: O, ¿dónde llegó usted? DA: Las este, los que hacían eso, ya contrataba, arreglaba ya uno de aquí, entonces se pasaba para adentro, lo pasaban, pos ya uno traía el contrato de allá donde le dan, le daban (ininteligible) con éste lo dejaban pasar. Entonces aquí en El Centro, ya es California de este lado de Mexicali, ya adentro. Y ahí lo contrataban a uno y era cuando le decían: “Tú y tú y tú y tú”. AR: Y si no te contrataban, ¿qué pasaba? Si nadie te escogía. DA: No, de todos modos… AR: ¿A todos? DA: De todos modos tenían que contratarlo. AR: Oh, okay. DA: Ya para atrás no volvía, no. Es que ya cuando salía uno de allá de Irapuato, ya venía, ya venía de compromiso. Ya nomás que a ver qué, a qué patrón lo quería. AR: ¿Entonces a veces no les tocaba con paisanos, se puede decir? Como si tú ibas con un amigo no significa que te va a tocar con él. DA: Pos había veces que estábanos del mesmo edad, del mesmo tamaño y de aquí para acá era bueno. Y si no le tocaba solo a uno, los mandaban a Washington, otros aquí, otros a distintos estados. AR: Y, ¿usted dónde le tocó? DA: A mí me tocó aquí, yo no sabía en ese año, a mí me tocó en Salinas y luego en Watsonville y así me tocó en varios lugares. Pero como era muy pesado eso, era de muerte, a veces los trabajos porque, pos tanto sufría uno como sufría la familia, porque no les podía uno mandar dinero, pues si no teníanos, pues. Porque no nos pagaban, no, no, no pagaban bien. Pues en ese tiempo si nos pagaban a $0.60 centavos la hora, teníamos que trabajar por diez, por ocho horas, ¿cuánto? Cuatro por ocho son, cuatro, eran diez horas, ganábamos $6 dólares por día. Si es que con $6 dólares y luego nos cobraban $2 de comida, nos quedaban $4. Y luego a veces, había unos braceros que les cobraban el ride por sacarlo a trabajar, otros $2 dólares, entonces, ¿qué nos quedaba? AR: No les quedaba nada, sí es cierto. Okay. Su primer año en el [19]54 cuando llegó, ¿dónde le tocó trabajar? DA: Cuando llegué que ya… AR: Digo, la primera vez que lo contrataron. DA: La primera vez me tocó este, a Tucson, Arizona. AR: Oh, ¿fue a Tucson? DA: Pero ahí, ahí fue onde me enseñé a trabajar en el algodón, lo piscaba uno con las manos. Pero, no, no alcanzamos, porque ganábanos $6 dólares al día. Entonces $6 dólares no era para, para, y quedara uno para… AR: Para mandar para atrás. DA: Ni para comprar uno ropa. Era muy malo eso de la contratada. AR: No, sí, sí es cierto. DA: Muy pesado. Y teníamos que hacerlo, porque si no, ¿de acá con qué nos íbanos? Porque si no, si no cumplíanos el contrato, teníamos que pagar el pasaje y unos de uno para allá. AR: Y, ¿de qué de largos eran los contratos? ¿De cuántos meses, un año? DA: No, pos había, había diferentes, diferentes trabajos. Unos los dejaban por seis meses y por otros, de seis meses era el más grande. Entonces si no se ahorraba uno, pos no juntaba dinero para irse, tenían que ahorrar. Si había unos que de por tres meses y así, así lo iban renovando y hasta que no juntaba los seis meses, entonces ya, ya decía: “Ya cumplites, ya vámonos”. AR: Y se iban pa tras y hasta otra. DA: Y se volvía uno a contratar de nuevo, llegaba allá y poder contratarme. AR: Sí, sí. DA: Así estaba. AR: Era un círculo entonces, de gente pasar. DA: Sí, nomás sigue y pos ya y había otros que les tocaba buenos trabajos y pos así ganaban más dinero pero… AR: Y, ¿esos qué tipo de trabajos eran? Los que ganaban más dinero, se puede decir. DA: No, pos yo, yo onde gané más dinero y que hice más dinero no jue en el contrato, jue cuando yo me les escondía que me iba del contrato. Eso se llama desertar, desertar se llama. Se desertó del contrato. Pero ahora decían que ya no podía venir uno y yo, nosotros veníamos, allá nomás durábamos unos dos meses, un mes a lo más y ahí veníamos de vuelta. Nunca me, nunca no, pero yo nunca hice mal, nunca hice daño a… AR: No, no, no, no. DA: Pero tá reportado. AR: Sí. DA: Entonces sí, pero pos yo nunca ahí, no haciendo un daño ni nada. AR: No, no, no. DA: Lo agarraba a uno La Migración y: “Vámonos pa México. Vámonos”. AR: Y otra vez venía. DA: Pero ya mañana y ahí mismo en la misma Migración decía: “Ándale, súbete ya y vámonos, tráete tu ropa o quén te debe”. Y te daban, le decían al patrón: “Págale para que nos vamos, porque nos lo vamos a llevar ahorita”. AR: Y, ¿sí les pagaba el patrón? DA: Sí, el patrón pagaba porque ellos, la misma Migración lo llevaba. Y hasta eso no, no, no se quedaban con nada y ya nos íbanos, ya nos echábanos. “Ándale, súbete porque al cabo ya mañana ya estás aquí de vuelta”. AR: Si ellos mismos, si ellos sabían. DA: Sí, la misma Migración decía: “Al cabo ya mañana ya estás aquí de vuelta”. Sí era cierto, unos nomás los echaban a Tijuana y ahí vienen otro día. AR: Sí, sí, sí. (risas) Había modo de regresar. DA: Pero yo mucho trabajos, en mi caso yo, yo les pude decir a muchos cómo se hace una cosa, cómo se hace otra, porque yo lo hice. AR: ¿En qué trabajó usted? DA: ¿Mande? AR: Digo, ¿en qué trabajó, si puede decirnos? DA: No, pos aquí lo más, aquí en Fresno yo trabajé en la uva, trabajé piscando uva, durazno, nectarine, ciruela, chabacano, olivo, que es la aceituna y el algodón, el ejote, la lechuga, el frijol, la papa. AR: No, sí le tocó entonces de mucho. DA: ¿Qué más, qué más? Brócoli y este, rábano, no, y frijol. AR: No, sí, sí trabajó todo. DA: No, pos todo esto, esos trabajos yo los hice. AR: Sí. DA: Yo les pude decir cómo. Me pregunta y yo les digo: “Así se hace”. Porque lo hice. ¿Cómo se pisca? Yo duraba seis meses piscando fruta ahí en un pueblo que se llama Fresno. Ahí era mi lugar donde yo tenía patrón. Cada año me decía, nomás le hablaba o le escribía, ya estaba yo, y: “Ya estoy aquí”, dice: “Pos vente, pero tráeme otros dos”. AR: Y eso cuando se venía… DA: Es cuando yo me le zafaba al, me le zafaba del contrato, me iba un día sábado a las doce de la noche, iba a amanecer allá con el patrón. AR: Oh, okay, cuando dice que se le zafa… DA: Quería con un día, con un día que trabajara con el patrón, ganaba lo que ganaba toda la semana contratado. AR: Sí, sí es cierto, porque… DA: ¿Por qué no me iba a ir? Nunca me castigaron. AR: Entonces cuando dice que se zafó de los contratos, ¿era ya después de los seis meses que acabó el contrato o el mismo día que se lo agarró nomás llegó a California? DA: No, nomás, nomás duraba quince días, dos semanas en el contrato. AR: Oh, ¿sí? DA: Ya que me pagaban el primer cheque, me daban $30 dólares, $30 y… el más grande jue $32 dólares y nomás hice esos y le pagaba al coyote que me llevara en carro. Y ya me llevaba a Fresno y ya llegaba y amanecía y otro día ganando yo por día, ganaba $35, $40 dólares por día. AR: Oh, okay. DA: No se parece. AR: No, no se compara. DA: ¿Vedá que no? AR: No, no, sí es cierto. DA: Un día, un día en toda la semana. AR: Entonces cómo podría usted explicar un poquito la diferencia entre ser contratado como la cultura como estamos viendo esas fotos, que le enseñaron donde los hombres duermen, que usted dice que duermen como de tres hileras, contratados. Pero cuando no estás contratado, ¿es lo mismo o es diferente? DA: No, porque el patrón cuando quiere, entonces lo deja dormir a uno en un garage como decir, como decir en un… AR: Así como un cuartito, se puede decir. DA: Así, un cuarto grande, tienen unos, unas galeras grandes que se llaman casas grandes donde encierran maquinaria y todo eso. Pero abajo, adentro, como este, era todo eso alto y grande, pero entonces aquí hacíanos una, hacíanos una forma de una casa para dormir con lona y ahí metíanos la estufa, yo, éramos tres y ahí metíanos la estufa y metíanos la comida ahí. AR: Oh, okay. DA: En otras ocasiones no tenía uno, no tenían uno, el rancho, patrón, entonces, entonces se duerme uno abajo de la yerba. Ésa sí es otra vida porque la, la uva crece así hace casa como dijera, tapa así. AR: Sí, sí, yo la he visto cuando… DA: Los racimos de la uva, las guías. Entonces aquí abajo escarba uno, no hay más. Escarba uno, como es pura arena, entonces hace un hoyo así y ahí se duerme. AR: Ay, tá duro. DA: Eso sí tá duro. AR: Sí. Entonces… DA: Pero eso ya, ya con el tiempo, si el patrón ve que uno no es faltista al trabajo y ven que usted es un buen trabajador: “Mira, te voy a rentar en el pueblo un cuarto, un lugar pero no te vayas a ir”. “No, nos vamos a quedar a trabajar”. Entonces, y si no, pos nos mandaba a hacer un cuarto, que es grande así, o sea de ahí así. Entonces, pero de cartón. AR: Nomás para que durmieran, pues. DA: Sí, nomás. Y decíanos: “Se van a ir ya”. “Pues ya no nos queremos ir”. “Pos se van, pero se vienen conmigo luego luego a trabajar”. AR: Entonces otra vez hacían eso del contrato, llegar aquí y ya después. Porque era más fácil pasar la línea yo creo, ¿verdad? Va contratado. DA: Pos sí. AR: ¿Verdad? DA: Pos ya, ya nos soltaban acá dentro. AR: Sí, sí, ya de acá y ustedes hacen lo que quisieran hacer. DA: Y nos… AR: No, sí, sí es cierto. DA: Sí, ansina era. Y ya, ya después me enseñé a cruzar, vine cuatro veces, cruzando la línea, robándomela. AR: ¿Sin contrato? DA: Sin, no, pos era sin contrato, era pasar a la brava, como uno dice. AR: Sí, sí. DA: Sí, sí sufrimos, sí ése es sufrir, no es fácil. AR: No, no, yo esa experiencia yo nunca digo que es gloriosa ni nada. Ustedes batallaron mucho. DA: No, y antes estaba soltero se podía. Ahora ya las mujeres ya no y sin embargo pos está pasando la gente, ya mujeres con niños y todo eso. Es muy pesado eso, si uno apenas sale. AR: Sí, sí, sí es cierto. DA: Y, ¿las mujeres cómo pasan en la noche y caminando? AR: ¿En esta época dice usted o ahorita? DA: No, ahorita. AR: Oh, okay, ahorita, sí, no, ahorita sí está bien difícil. DA: Sí, eso, en ese tiempo no se acostumbraba que las mujeres pasaran. AR: ¿No? ¿Las mujeres qué hacían? ¿No había mujeres como cuando los centros de contratación, no había vendiendo cosas ni nada? DA: No, no había tanto, ¿cómo dijera? No había ya cuando, cuando empezó a venir la gente de El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, todas aquí del América, todas esas naciones chiquitas, entonces todavía no se usaba que esos vinieran, todas esas naciones no venían, no venían. AR: No, los cincuentas no, no. DA: Porque ya de Guatemala, pos todas esas naciones tienen que cruzar por México. AR: Sí, sí es cierto. DA: Porque ellos sufren mucho, porque tienen que cruzar, los salvadoreños tienen que cruzar Guatemala pa poder llegar a México. Ya los de más lejos tienen que pasar todas esas fronteras. Entonces hay unas mujeres, entre ellas son pos puras jóvenes y casadas y solteras y tienen que cruzar ahí. Y en México no es fácil tampoco. AR: No. DA: Porque las costumbres no son iguales. Entonces, por ejemplo, llegan a la capital de México, tienen que cruzar Yucatán, Veracruz, Guerrero, Puebla, para llegar a la capital de México, Mérida este, Cancún, todos esos estados tienen que pasar para llegar. AR: Sí, para llegar acá. DA: Entonces llegan al centro de México y tienen que pasar por Guanajuato, Jalisco, Colima, Nayarit, Sonora y Sinaloa pa poder llegar aquí. Entonces es mucho dinero, lo que sufren. Por ejemplo, ahora en ese tiempo no se llega a mencionar esa gente, era puro México. AR: No, sí, era puro mexicano el que venía en ese tiempo. DA: Puro mexicano y ya se acostumbraron y corrieron las voces que, que los mexicanos que van a Estados Unidos y que los dejan pasar y todo eso platican la historia allá ellos y empezaron también a… AR: ¿En los cincuentas también o nomás ahorita? DA: ¿Mande, qué? AR: Como la gente de El Salvador y todo eso. DA: No, en ese tiempo no se usaba. AR: No. DA: No se oía mentar esa gente. Hasta ahora ya que ya, ya se escapó, más que hubo esos desastres entonces ya empezaron a venir ellos. AR: No, sí es cierto. DA: Pero en México a mí me platicaron que sufren mucho, porque las cosas que quieren comer, no, solamente que se pongan a hacer desastres, ¿vedá? Pero en México no hay como aquí. Los que digan a Migración, sí los agarran, pero se conocen, porque no saben pidir las cosas, no se llaman igual. AR: No, sí es cierto, sí es cierto. DA: Entonces dicen: “Ése no es mexicano, ésa no es mexicana”. Porque anda pidiendo de comer y en vez de pedir de comer, anda dando otra cosa que en México no se llama. AR: No, sí es cierto. DA: La comida es lo mesmo, pero no se llama igual. AR: No, sí es cierto. DA: Y ellos piden de comer, pero: “¿Qué te damos?”. “Pos que arroz”. “¿Qué cosa es arroz?, ¿qué es?”. Sí, así vimos a todos. AR: No, sí es cierto, sí son diferentes. DA: No se llaman igual. AR: Quisiera volver un poquito más la cultura de cuando llegaba, cuando iba a la contratación. Cuando llegaba aquí a los Estados Unidos, ¿cómo puede describir como el día diario, lo que hacían diario? Se levantaban, ¿a qué horas?, ¿qué hacían? DA: No, en cuanto llegábamos, en cuanto llegábamos por ejemplo al centro, al centro de contratación aquí, aquí ya, entonces ya el patrón ya nos agarraba. Si éramos cuarenta o cincuenta que si el patrón necesitaba o una compañía necesitaba cincuenta hombres o cien hombres, entonces ya llegaba uno, como le digo, a escoger: “Todos estos para acá”. Entonces ya nos echaban en los camiones, en los autobuses, íbanos a amanecer al lugar de… Por ejemplo a Salinas, caminábanos toda la noche a Watsonville pues es lo mesmo, también muy ahí, muy cerquitas. Entonces otro día decían: “Pos a entrarle”. “Luego luego”. A otro día, no querían ni un día de… AR: De descanso ni nada de acoplarse, se puede decir. DA: Y ya nos, nos sacaban, nos teníanos en la mañana, luego luego que amanecíanos ahí, decían: “Mañana nos vamos a descansar”. Pos no, era luego éntrale y era trabajar muy duro. AR: ¿A qué horas se levantaban y hasta qué horas trabajaban? DA: Nos levantaban aunque juera lloviendo, no le digo que yo estuve pasando una vida muy triste ahí en, ahí sí duré porque no conocía, ahí en Watsonville. Lloviendo nos sacaban a las dos de la mañana a trabajar y sin descansar porque andábamos piscando la lechuga y con ésa no puede uno enderezarse, tiene que andar todo el día doblado, agachado y con las manos hinchadas así, porque, porque con esto tiene que ir apretando uno la lechuga esta. Si ya está dura, hay que cortarla así y al levador se va. Entonces con la máquina, como, pos que alcanza una máquina. AR: No, pos no. DA: La máquina no se cansa y uno sí, los devolvían para atrás. “Ándale, vas dejando mucha lechuga, devuélvete”. Y se devolvía uno a cortarla y que quería enderezarse uno poquito. “No te endereces porque te vas a quebrar”. Y así, otros como lo maltrataban, los mayordomos. AR: Y, ¿los mayordomos siempre eran blancos, mexicanos?, ¿qué eran? DA: Pues muchas de las veces eran americanos algunos, pero ya después no quisieron, ya después no se acostumbró que jueran de aquí, como no había, entonces aquí de los menos braceros, el que sabía un poquito inglés o ya tenía experiencia en el trabajo, le preguntaban: “¿Tú qué sabes hacer?”. “No, pues que yo sé trabajar esto y que yo sé regar, que yo, yo sé cómo se agarra el azadón”. Y como para desahijar el algodón era un azadoncito chiquito y la lechuga, se usaba uno así chiquito, entonces no podía uno ponerse uno la mano así porque no querían, no. No, tenía que andar uno desencuatando de a mata, de a mata de lechuga, es como aquí así, así de retirada de una a otra. Entonces todo esto tenía, le daba el azadonazo y se cortaba toda ésta, nomás se tenía que dejar una, ¿cómo se enderezaba uno? AR: Pos no, no. DA: No, era muy… Sí, y así y otro día luego luego a trabajar. Hasta que no, pos hasta lloviendo y no. Me acuerdo que para allá llueve mucho, amanece lloviendo y no se quita la lluvia, es como una brisa, como la brisa. Y ya anda todo uno escurriendo de agua. AR: No, sí. DA: Y todo de los zapatos, todo lleno de lodo, de, muy bien pesado. AR: Y, ¿hasta qué horas acababan? Ya un día terminado de trabajo, ¿a qué horas acababan? DA: No, el trabajo no, no se acababa. Acabábanos por decir así, un fil [field], un fil es como un terreno nomás. Sí, un fil. Entonces se acaba ése y ya tenían otro. Se acababa aquél otro y cámbiate al otro. Uno a desahijar, otros a piscar, a cortar allá. AR: Y, ¿a qué horas iban a dormir entonces, a qué horas dormían o no dormían? DA: No, sí, entra la noche y se, la noche sí nos daban de cenar, me daban de su cena a uno y tenía que irse, pero así como andaba trabajando de ropa, así se hacía, así se caía a dormir porque estaba todo adolorido del cuerpo de todo el día. Y caía uno, pos a veces le decían: “Vamos pa que cenes”. ¿Qué cenaba uno? Lo que le daban era una taza de café, dos, dos… de comida era, eran dos panes, pan Bimbo, dos rebanadas con un huevo. En los primeros braceros así, con uno o dos huevos asados en un comal, ni con sabor de nada, nomás aventarlos al comal y… AR: Y, ¿quién hacía la comida? DA: Pos había cocineros. Ponían cocineros de ellos mesmos. AR: De ellos mismos. ¿Como braceros así como ustedes, no se ponía a cocinar? DA: No. AR: ¿No? DA: Y eso era lo que le daban de comer a uno y un plato de frijoles, así frijol nomás así cocido y ésa era, ésa era la comida, pero tortillas no había, no daban. (risas) No nos daban. AR: No hacían falta, ¿verdad? DA: No, se enflacaba uno luego luego. Si no comía puras hierbas y pues con decir la lechuga. La lechuga se come, todo, mayormente el que anda en la fruta, pos come fruta. (risas) Y sí, ésa es la experiencia. Y el que cumple el contrato pos lo cumple los seis meses y ya a los seis meses y ya se está preparando para irse para México, ya lo llevaban. AR: Y otra vez a hacer la… DA: Y otra vez. Pues si tenía modo, pues ya no duraba allá, si no, duraba unos tres meses y: “Vámonos de vuelta”. Y así, así fue como acabó la gente. AR: Y cuando llegaban al centro de contratación en México, ¿había examen físico que tenían que pasar o nomás los contrataban basado en…? DA: No, tenías que pasar por exámenes, lo examinaban a uno. AR: ¿Qué tipo de examen le hacían? DA: Pos primero, primero este, pos lo metían a uno a un cuarto todo sin ropa y luego le echaban, con una bomba le echaban, era vaso así, un tiro de un polvo. AR: Y, ¿ustedes no sabían de qué era el polvo? DA: No, pos nos la aventaban adentro y nos encerraban y todos se polveaban y ese polvo: “Métete, dentro de una hora métete al baño”. Y ya se ponía uno la ropa, si traiba [traía] uno otro cambio, pos se cambiaba uno ahí y ya se bañaba y otro día… O sea de ahí se tenía que salir uno al lugar donde estaban agarrando allá a la gente ya pa salir para acá. De aquí ya del centro, pues ya venía contratado ya pa que el patrón lo agarrara y lo echaran en lo que lo iban a traer. AR: Sí. Y, ¿usted qué traía con usted?, ¿llevaba un cambio de ropa o qué se llevaba con usted? DA: No, siempre tenía que traer ahí un cambio o dos cambios. AR: Y, ¿ya? DA: Porque, pos sí, porque ya sabía uno que no ganaba uno dinero para comprar ropa luego luego. AR: So, tenía que llevarse unos cambios. DA: No, pues hasta después ya que, que duraba yo en el contrato, ya al mes ya empezaba a comprar un pantalón, camisas, todo lo que necesitara. AR: Y, ¿no se llevaba como una foto de su familia o cosas así que le recordaran su familia acá de México? DA: Sí, es que ya, ya que tenía, ya que se empezó a rendir el dinero y ya más acá, ya más tiempo. Entonces como duró veinte años, ya desde el [19]50 para acá empezaron a ganar más dinero, ya cada quien llevaba su radio para allá, ya bien gustosos. Compraban muchos, cada quien se compraba un radio, no había televisiones. La televisión vino como en los seten… no. AR: En los cincuentas empezó, se me hace. DA: ¿En qué año vendría la televisión? Como el [19]50 y… como el [19]58, por ahí así. AR: Entonces tenían… DA: Entonces no, pero no se lleva, no, no, no se animaba a llevarla uno porque, la, La Migración, la mexicana le quitaban a uno, si llevaba uno un radio así, una grabadora, le quitaban. Era, pero pos eran puros rateros porque en la aduana le decían, decían: “No, pos, ¿cuánto te costó esto?”. “Pues que me costó $40 dólares, que me costó $60”. “Pues vas a dar $20, vas a dar $30 pa dejártela pasar y si no, aquí déjala”. “¡Bah!, y, ¿por qué te la voy a dejar?”. “Pues si quieres, pero no hay permiso que pases”. Entonces muchos, muchos de coraje de que le cobraban, yo vi de eso, yo no lo hice, pero llevaban una grabadora regular que empezaron a salir, de una así más grandes empezaron a salir, cada año salen modelos. Y estos de: “¿Qué, quieres quitármela que te lo deje?”. Dice: “Sí, aquí lo vas a dejar”. Dijo: “Mira”, decían, “mejor le voy a dar en toda la madre”. (risas) No, pos la aventaban delante del emigrante en la pared, nuevecita. “De dejártela, mejor mira, al cabo a mí me costó”. Y la aventaban y se hacían pedazos y estos quedaban enteros pero quebrados. (risas) Y muchos pagaban y lo que no le convenía a uno, pos no pagaba. Pero se los quitaban, eso se vino usando. Sería como hasta el [19]64, [19]65 por ahí. Ya, ya, ya vinieron, ya vino, jueron poniendo una, La Migración ya cambiaron las leyes y ya que se quitó la sinvergüenzada ésa de los, de los inmigrantes, entonces ya dejan pasar, sí. Deja pasar los, bueno hasta que sean, eran el permiso era de hasta no sacar lo de $300 dólares, lo que llevara de mercancía. Por ejemplo una televisión, una lavadora, una grabadora, una secadora para las mujeres, una máquina, todo eso ya lo dejan pasar. AR: No, sí, antes no. DA: Pero antes no, tenía que… AR: So, la gente se llevaba su radio, sí. DA: Sí. AR: Para divertirse, pues. DA: Pos sí, pero tienes, porque en México no, no se usaban, no se usaban todavía los radios en esos años y ora, ora no, pos ora todos llevan televisión. AR: Sí, ahora ya todo hay, todo llevan. DA: Ya no nos quitan, ya el Gobierno hizo otra ley. AR: Entonces cuando ustedes estaban trabajando, ¿quién lavaba la ropa o cómo se ayudaban?, ¿usted lavaba su ropa propia o cómo hacían ese proceso de mantener donde dormían?, ¿quién lo mantenía? DA: No, sí, no, la ropa se acostumbraba, se acostumbraba uno a… Lo llevaban a uno al pueblo más cercano. O sea en el pueblo que estuviera lo llevaban a uno para lavar y si no, pos uno mesmo ahí, ahí mesmo lavaba la ropa interior y la echaba en una cubeta, sí y uno mismo se lavaba. Pero ya que había modo que estaban cercas del pueblo nos llevábanos, íbanos a las lavanderías. AR: Entonces, ¿cómo le limpiaban donde dormía usted? ¿Usted se tenía que cuidar eso, que estuviera limpio o alguien lo limpiaba? DA: No, pos había un campero que le decían el del campo porque todas las camas, como están ahí, pues… AR: Sí, en la foto. DA: Una aquí, otra allá y otras así, y el campero era el que andaba aseando, limpiando. Era el que le tocaba eso. Pero la ropa ya, ya cuando uno ya tenía ropa que ya tuviera unos, pues unos cuatro o cinco pantalones y ya le, muchos le llevaban a la familia ropa de aquí. Pero ya había unos velices que le llamaban así, un cuadro, como ora, que viene siendo la maleta, ora ya no, hasta rueditas tienen, tan fáciles. Y en ese tiempo no había de ésas, habían unas, le decían veliz. Tonces estaba grande, taba como así y como así de alto. Entonces ahí le cabía ropa mucha y ya los tenía embolsada, guardándola cuando se iba. AR: Entonces, ¿qué hacían ustedes cuando tenían tiempo de descanso, qué se ponían a hacer ustedes? Como los fines de semana o el domingo que no trabajaban, no sé, a lo mejor trabajaban todos los días, no estoy segura, pero si tenían tiempo libre, ¿qué hacían usted y sus compañeros de trabajo? DA: ¿En el tiempo libre? Pos como decir, pos sí había veces, sábado y domingo, pero casi los sábados todavía no lo dejaban a uno, pero el domingo sí, ¿no? Había veces que, que sí querían que uno trabajara los domingos, pero los mismos, a alguien le decía uno: “No te dejes, no se dejen y no se dejen, no deben de trabajar los domingos”. Pero no, no, ya sábados y domingos ya a mediodía el sábado y si no, los domingos, pos si no quería trabajar: “Yo no voy ora”. “Yo no voy”. “¿No vas a ir?”. “No, no voy”. Y así contestaba uno: “No, no voy”. Porque no había ley, porque si uno se rajaba, de todos modos había una oficina que si le hacían a uno algún daño, que lo trataran, iba uno a la oficina, se quejaba a la oficina y les iba mal a ellos, a los patrones. No sabía, un tapa boca nada más. Pero siempre nos decían: “No, los que sean católicos, pues el domingo vamos a misa”, o así. Y a descansar, tirado ahí en la cama, oyendo radio y todo eso. AR: Sí se la pasaban ahí más bien junto ahí. Y, ¿cuántos años duró siendo bracero, viniendo, entre esa época? DA: Nombre, yo duré trece años. AR: Trece años pasando así seguido. DA: Sí. AR: Pasaba temporadas. Entonces después de andar pasando por bracero, ¿después qué hizo usted, después de eso?, ¿se quedó en los Estados Unidos, se fue otra vez a México? DA: ¿Cuando ya dejé de venir de bracero? Pos ya no vine. Yo, yo tenía en qué trabajar en México y tenía terreno y… AR: ¿En ese entonces tenía familia o no tenía?, ¿tenía esposa e hijos? DA: No, pos este, ya tenía yo ya hijos grandes. AR: ¿Ya? Para ese tiempo. DA: Pero ya cuando dejé de venir, después ellos se vinieron y crecieron y ya empezaron a trabajar aquí y ya estaban grandes aquí cuando se vinieron y cuando jue la Amnistía del [19]86… DA: Ellos se arreglaron y luego después me trajeron a mí. AR: Oh, okay. ¿Qué fue el último año en que emigró usted? El último año que emigró fue en el [19]60 y… DA: [Mil novecientos] sesenta y dos. AR: ¿[Mil novecientos] sesenta y dos fue el último año que emigró? Entonces ya después de eso ya no vino hasta después de que sus hijos arreglaron. DA: Hasta que ya arreglé. AR: En los ochentas. DA: Ya después ya no, ya me quedé en México y allá duré dieciocho años y luego ellos se vinieron y arreglaron y luego ellos me trajeron para acá. AR: (risas) Se volvió pa atrás. DA: Y me devolví y ya no me jui. AR: ¿Ya no se fue?, ¿le gustó? DA: Bueno, hoy sí porque voy a mi tierra y sí, pero ya voy una vez al año. Pero ya ellos ya están grandes, ya quedaron aquí. AR: ¿Usted alguna vez? Bueno sí, más bien renunció a ese trabajo de bracero cuando se iba a las otras fields a trabajar, ¿verdad? Cuando renunció a su trabajo se puede, su contrato, se puede decir. DA: ¿Qué tiene? AR: No, no, nada, le estoy contando. ¿Usted no tiene ningunas reflexiones finales sobre qué significa el término del bracero, la terminación de ese programa?, lo que significó para ustedes, pa usted o pa sus compañeros. Cuando pararon de hacer la inmigración, digo, las contrataciones en México, en el [19]64, ¿qué significó para usted al terminar el programa entre los Estados Unidos y México? DA: Pues, pues eso yo no sé qué me quere decir. AR: En el sentido de cómo… DA: Porque el programa de bracero de todos modos sí hizo beneficios. No hay que desconocer que sí, porque se acomodó bien. A unos, vinieron dos veces o tres veces, pero se ahorraron, les tocaron buenos trabajos y se acomodaron bien y están en México y ya no quieren venir porque lo lograron y no hay que decir que no estuvo bien. Eso fue, eso que toy hablando, los primeros años. Pero ya después ya mucha gente ya, ya dio en quedarse y se quedó y se quedó y ya no volvió para allá. Entonces yo digo que, que para eso los primeros no, la, por más que querían las personas. Pero cinco años sí se vivió, el que se pudo lograr, sí lo logró y sí está bien en México. Que ya no quiere venir porque tiene, tienen dinero allá y tienen en qué trabajar y ya no quieren venir. AR: So, al terminar ya ellos volvieron a México y se establecieron allá. Como usted, más bien usted también se estableció allá hasta que arregló aquí y se vino de vuelta. DA: Y ahora lo que lo acarrea a uno, pues es, es la familia, de todos modos pos ya están aquí. Ya solo uno allá ya no se ve bien. AR: No, no, no es lo que dice mi papá, no. DA: Entonces yo toy diciendo que, yo toy diciendo que sí está bien. Ora, muchos están, yo oigo hablar de muchos ahorita, yo tengo dos conocidos que son salvadoreños, pero dicen que aquí andan en esos vuelos hijas de quién sabe qué tantas cosas que, que ya estuvo bueno que ellos. Le digo: “Mira, te acuerdas que tanta gente, que para qué”. Le dije: “Oye, estamos con”, muy ésta le digo yo, “yo sí le llamo bien”, le digo, “yo sufrí mucho y todos los que andan sufriendo allá pueden ser de tu, de salvadoreños como tú”. Como otros mexicanos que andan, lo que yo sufrí en las fronteras, o sea aquí en Tijuana, yo quisiera que no, que no hubiera gente así y luego con niños, menos. ¿Entonces por qué no ayudarles a la gente? AR: No, sí es cierto. DA: ¿Por qué no ayudarles a que estén como nosotros estamos? Que tanto tiempo que yo anduve, bueno yo nunca pedí porque no me enseñé a pedir para comer, pero es una cosa vergonzosa que anda uno pidiendo a la gente para comer y a la vez el hambre lo hace. Pero yo, yo digo que yo le digo a éste: “¿Qué no te da gusto ver los salvadoreños, de tu tierra, verlos como tú estás aquí ahorita, no anduvistes tú así?”. Dijo: “Sí”, dijo, “yo sufrí mucho hasta en México”, dijo, “pos eso es lo que debes de hacer ahora para ayudar a estos”. AR: Sí, con las marchas y todo lo que estamos haciendo ahorita, sí es cierto. DA: Ya porque, ponle que no tiene uno dinero, no tiene manera de vivir, pero estás trabajando, que es a lo que viene la gente y más las criaturas que traen mucha gente, le dije: “Yo lo mismo sufrieron, pero no se vinieron ya grandes, pero así como se están mirando va uno a la frontera y cómo ve niños ahí pidiendo. Entonces andan rodando, ¿entonces por qué no apoyar?”, le dije, “cuando menos apoyarlos pa ver si se pueden, les dan sus papeles para que estén aquí”. Y él dice que no, que no, que ya tanta gente cómo se mantiene. Pos el Gobierno sabrá. (risas) Pos yo a mí, a mí nunca me dieron dinero. Yo el Gobierno nunca me dio, yo dejé mucho dinero aquí. Todos los años que duré trabajando, pero yo considero que desde los trece años que yo haiga durado que estuve viniendo. Al como me la he visto, yo considero que lo que hay para batallar aquí, para, ora para curaciones, para todo eso que se le viene a uno, yo creo que ya me ha durado más, más de lo que yo quise, de lo que yo di. AR: Oh, que le han dado más de lo que… DA: Sí. AR: No, sí, sí. DA: Si tan sólo ésta me costó $11,000. AR: Oh, le arreglaron, ¿le hicieron una operación en su rodilla? DA: Sí, que me pusieron uno de metal aquí, tengo un pedazo, tengo un pedazo tanto así mocho que me quitaron para ponerme eso que me pusieron. Y ando yo ya, bueno sí duro mucho sentado, pero que esté así, pero si hay espacio para estirar el pie… AR: Entonces no le… DA: Pero si duro así, sí me duele y para levantarme, pero no, a como yo andaba, yo ya no caminaba. Yo he tenido varias enfermedades y yo digo que, yo digo que no dejé todo ese dinero, ya voy. (risas) En ese tiempo, pos yo les digo, con mi dinero en ese tiempo se cobraron otro. AR: Sí, sí es cierto. DA: ¿Vedá que sí? AR: Sí, sí es cierto. DA: Y ahora otros me lo están volviendo. AR: Se lo están devolviendo a usted. DA: Pos ni modo de que el Gobierno entonces, menos si ustedes están de jovencitos así y van a durar años para que vayan a agarrar su dinero para atrás que vivan toda esta vida y entonces, pero ahorita le están quitando. AR: No, pos sí, los taxes y todo eso nos están quitando ahorita a nosotros. DA: ¿Vedá que sí? AR: Sí, pero pos toy ayudando a otra gente también, ¿verdad? A mi papá y a mi mamá también. Entonces a usted, en términos de que haber sido bracero, ¿cómo le cambió la vida a usted? ¿Si se la cambió de una forma o no el haber sido bracero en ese tiempo? DA: ¿De los que se hubiera? AR: No, no. Usted como fue bracero, ¿cómo le cambió su vida haber sido bracero, haber venido a los Estados Unidos? DA: Pos a mí me cambió por la razón de que vuelvo a lo mesmo, empezó a venirse la gente y la, empezó a venirse y una gente se trae a otra. Porque digo yo, no nomás aquí, no nomás nosotros los mexicanos, sino que todo mundo, pues yo tengo andar todo California y conozco mucho. Y en un rancho si un patrón agarra, agarra un trabajador o dos trabajadores que sean permanentes, tanto se queda el trabajador, se acomodó con el patrón, como el patrón con ellos. Entonces ahorita, ahorita ya uno que se acomoda en un rancho con un patrón, entonces el patrón dice: “Pues tráete a tu mujer, tráete a tus hijos y aquí les voy a dar casa”. Entonces de ese modo se está acarreando la gente. AR: Sí y ahora, antes así no era. DA: Entonces a mí me cambió, me cambió porque se vinieron los primeros con las tías, se las trajo sin papeles. AR: Cuando, ¿durante los braceros o después del bracero? DA: No, ya después de que… AR: Después se acabó. DA: Se acabó eso de los braceros. Entonces a mí me cambió en esa forma, porque ya después ya pos ya dije: “Ya, ya están cinco allá, ¿ya que estoy haciendo aquí?”. Y luego me empezaron a ver que, que: “Véngase”. Y que: “Véngase”. Y luego a mí me tocó pues suerte de que ya cuando arreglé me reconocieron todo mi trabajo y ya, ya cuando me dieron, ya me dieron el Medicare, que yo no sabía ni qué. (risas) Entonces ya me empezaron a decir, muy claritos, dice: “Agarra el doctor que tú quieras, los doctores que quieras y a ti no te va a costar nada cuando tú necesites”. Ya después jui agarrando la ley que llevan los doctores y ya tengo mis doctor. AR: No, qué bueno. DA: Y de esa manera me vino cambiando la forma de quedarme aquí. AR: Y, ¿usted tenía un ímpetu de decirles a sus hijos que se vinieran acá a los Estados Unidos? Porque digo, después usted volvió y ya estuvo con su familia en México, entonces usted les recomendó a sus hijos que se vinieran a los Estados Unidos. DA: No. AR: ¿No? Ellos se vinieron. DA: No, no, eso sí no, no puede uno decirles: “Váyanse”. No, sino que ellos crecen, como una muchacha mía, se vino de diecisiete años y yo no la quería dejar venir y me dijo una tía que ella tenía, ella era nacional de aquí, ya murió, pero era hermana de la mamá de ella, después de mi esposa. Entonces le dijo: “Déjamela ahí”, dijo, “yo me echo el compromiso que dentro de cinco, seis meses te la traigo”. Y yo, empezó la muchacha que: “Déjeme ir pa conocer Los Ángeles”. AR: Y así empezó. DA: Y ésta se las trajo. Y ésta se trajo a las otras. Y así: “Déjame ir, ¿cómo a aquélla sí la dejates ir?”. (risas) Y se empezaron a abandonar. Empezaron a crecer, entonces ellos después me trajeron a mí. AR: (risas) Y ahora usted está aquí. DA: Pero de bracero, pos no. AR: No, no. DA: Y ellas ya son arregladas y yo ya hasta ciudadano me hice. AR: Oh, qué bueno, se hizo ciudadano. Qué bueno, felicidades con haberse… DA: Gracias, sí, sí y me tocó suerte, ¿ves?, pasé. AR: ¿Sí?, ¿entonces sabe el inglés o se lo hicieron en español? DA: Pos no, no, pos nomás unas preguntas. AR: Son que de el color de la bandera y… DA: Pos sí, sí sé, pero cuando, digo, puedo decir que no sé, ¿para qué voy a decir que sí lo sé? Pos allá la veo en el rancho lo que, lo que le conviene nada más, lo que se enseña. AR: Ey, sí es cierto. DA: (risas) Lo que se enseña y poquito pero así pa platicar cosas así, así ya más… AR: Como una conversación no la puede mantener. DA: Ándele, mayormente con un americano o un americano no. No, no son iguales las palabras. AR: No, no, no, claro que no. DA: Que, que yo me hacía entender bien con los americanos porque ellos, le decía yo: “A ver, tú dime esto”. Entonces él me hablaban y por ejemplo me hablaban la palabra y me la hablaban por mitad, como decimos muy mocha la palabra. Entonces yo le comprendía lo que me decía, entonces así platicando sí me comprendían la palabra y me decían: “No, háblala así”. Y ahí jue donde me jui enseñando, pero pláticas acá rancheras de campo y todo eso, pero una conversación yo no la hago. AR: ¿No? DA: De escuela no. AR: (risas) ¿No tiene algo final que quiera decir o algo que usted quiere de veras expresar de su experiencia de bracero antes de terminar la entrevista? DA: Pos no, yo nomás lo que yo digo de esta conversación, pos yo lo que digo es, pos más que nada sí me fue bien y lo que logré lo logré y ayudo yo también a… tengo eso de que yo, de los braceros, sí se sufre, es la vida más pesada que hay, pero, ¿cómo dijera? Por lo que lo trabajaban. Lo trabajaban al estilo animal, porque si por ejemplo, por decir así, para ganarse uno la vida para mantener su familia tiene que, tiene que hacerlo con un esfuerzo que mucha gente se echa a perder. Yo toy echado a perder de la cintura porque no me dejaban enderezar. Eso de la lechuga, eso de la fresa, todos esos trabajos son muy pesados. Después de la misma ley del Gobierno dio a que no, ya no dieran ese azadón, que le llaman para hacer el trabajo, sino ya dieron un grandote para andar uno parado desahijando, desquelitando. Y yo, todo eso ya cambió, pero, pero sí es pesado, mucho muy pesada. Y ahora, ahora no, pos ora ya no, ya no es pesado, hay mucha facilidad ahora. Y yo, pos yo sí, sí lo recuerdo que, por eso yo digo que estoy yo para, veo una gente así en la calle y alguien me dice: “¿No me ayuda?”. “Órale pues”. Y a mí no me interesa si la quieres pa tomártela, bueno, $1 dólar, unos $2 dólares. Pero dice uno: “Dame algo para ayudar para comer”. “Órale”, si traigo, y si no, pos le digo: “Mira, ahorita no”. AR: (risas) Otro día, ¿no? DA: Pero sí, sí, sí se sufre y a la mera mera, a la misma vez también le va a uno bien. Como digo, el que lo logró, lo logró y allá está en México. AR: ¿Entonces se quedaron muchos en México? Después de haber sido braceros, ¿se quedaron en México? DA: Sí. AR: Digo, usted que conoce gente de su pueblo, ¿la mayoría se quedaron allá o se vinieron pa atrás? DA: No, pos ahorita ya para estas épocas de ya de esos años, ya venían, le voy a decir una cosa que, que ya no hay, porque yo venía de muchacho y ellos y toda la demás de la gente ya venía casada ya con hijos grandes. Quere decir que ya nadien vive. AR: No, sí es cierto. ¿A cuántos años vino usted? DA: ¿Mande? AR: ¿A los cuántos años vino usted? DA: ¿Cuántos años? AR: Tenía usted cuando vino la primera vez. DA: No, tenía veinte años. AR: Estaba joven, sí. DA: Sí, por eso yo… AR: Y los otros señores ya estaban más… DA: Ya hasta en los últimos años no me quería ni, ya no me quería ir también. AR: (risas) Le gustó tanto, ¿verdad? DA: Sí. (risas) AR: (risas) Ah, okay. Entonces ya muchos de los señores que se habían quedado ya, más bien sus familias son las que quedan, se puede decir. DA: Ya nomás me quedan dos allá. AR: ¿Dos? DA: Una que está en el camino ya de arreglar, ya se le va a llegar. La otra no, no puede, porque la otra está casada y eso ya no. Y todas las demás ya se casaron aquí. AR: Tonces llama usted, más bien se va a quedar aquí. DA: Ése es el problema del bracero. AR: ¿Mande? DA: Esos son los problemas del bracero. AR: (risas) Ah, bueno. Bueno, muchas gracias por haber participado en la entrevista. DA: Pues gracias a ustedes que me invitaron. AR: No. DA: Mire yo, yo atiendo cuando me hacen una… (entrevista interrumpida) AR: ¿Usted está afiliado con una organización de braceros aquí en Los Ángeles o cómo se da cuenta de estas actividades usted? DA: No, pues ahorita de esto yo no me he dado cuenta, por eso hicimos la lucha ahí este otro que anda conmigo. Este, nosotros estamos yendo allá a eso de los braceros. AR: O que reclamen sus… DA: Sí, pues ahí. AR: Van al consulado, ¿verdad? DA: Sí, y ahí venimos a las juntas cada mes. Yo digo: “Bueno pues, vamos, nada nos cuesta, estamos deoquis”. Entonces de ahí escoger la muchacha ésa que anda vestida de negro, ésa que se llevó. AR: Sí, Vero. Sí, que se llevó a alguien pa atrás al… DA: Ey, fue ella y ahí nos explicaron, yo le dije a aquél: “Vamos, amos a saber qué, qué se trata”. AR: No, sí, sí. DA: ¿Qué nos puede, qué puede pasar? Ya se enseña uno y ya sabe qué es lo que hay y quién se está interesando por esto, que son ustedes, que se interesan por… AR: Por saber sus historias de ustedes. DA: Por saber cómo jueron las vidas atrás y eso es bonito también y uno también tá mirando qué es lo que se está interesando. Que averigüen que esto que no, si en caso así mira, a mí me llevaron a toda la oficina y ahí ya… AR: (risas) Y le tocó. DA: Les interesa saber qué, la vida de uno. AR: Bueno, muchas gracias. Fin de la entrevista Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 51:23 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Alfaro_Sandoval_LAS002 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource David Alfaro Sandoval Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: David Alfaro Sandoval was born on April 18, 1930, in Romito, Guanajuato, México; his parents worked in agriculture, and he had two sisters; he was formally educated through the sixth grade; when his father died, he was forced to become the man of the family; in 1954, he enlisted in the bracero program, where he continued working on and off until 1962; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Arizona and California picking various crops; he later returned to the United States, and he was ultimately able to obtain citizenship. Summary of Interview: Mr. Alfaro briefly discusses his family and childhood; he initially learned about the bracero program through people in town; in 1954, he went to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, to enlist in the program; he explains that there were between thirty and fifty thousand people on the waiting list, which was organized according to states and municipalities; as part of the contracting process he was stripped, medically examined, and deloused; the men had to wait for an hour before they could dress; as a bracero, he labored on and off in the fields of Arizona and California until 1962; the work was very difficult, and he suffered greatly; he recalls that he was paid 60¢ an hour, which totaled $6.00 a day; after all the deductions he was only left with $2.00; oftentimes, he did not have enough money to buy clothes or send very much to his family; in spite of this, he had to stay and work, because he could not even afford the expense of the trip home; when he deserted his contract he was able to earn in a day what took him a week to earn as a bracero; he goes on to detail how he would leave the bracero camp and go to Fresno, California, for more lucrative work; moreover, he talks about the various worksites, labor populations, living conditions, provisions, treatment, payments, remittances, and recreational activities; he concludes that the life of a bracero was especially difficult, because they had to endure working like animals in order to support their families. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rosas, Abagail Alfaro Sandoval, David Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-12 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. David Alfaro Sandoval creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Rosas, Abagail Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/padilla_rubio_nmah010_9f2849f1e3.mp3 f6ab28f54f4f0323e230ecb9565cfb4e Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Rosas, Ana Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Padilla Rubio, Patricio Location The location of the interview. El Paso, Texas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 52:25 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview [Mins 0:00-4:53; Introduction and Early Life] Patricio Padilla Rubio was born March 17, 1926 in Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua, México. He is the youngest of six brothers. His father had a ranch with cows in which his older brothers would work from 8a.m. to about 4 or 5p.m. Patricio would bring them their lunch at midday. Patricio remembers that his mother used to defend him against his brothers. His father was the mayordomo [field boss] for an American ranch named the Alamo in Presidio, Texas. Patricio’s father would transport Mexican workers to the ranch. His father had a passport to enter the United States. He would enter the United States to pay the workers, check up on them, and then return to México. Patricio was about eight years old at the time. [Mins 4:54-7:14; First Contract – Marfa, Texas] Patricio’s first Bracero contract was a three month position working for a livestock ranch named La Cuerva in Marfa, Texas. Patricio’s friends urged him to apply to become a Bracero when he was eighteen years old. He decided to apply because he wanted to establish a home in México and make more money for his girlfriend. [Mins 7:15-10:36; Working and Living Conditions] Patricio missed his family while he was in the United States, but kept working to help them monetarily. He wrote to his family monthly. Patricio describes his American boss, Bill Allens, as a good boss who treated the Braceros well. Patricio drove the truck on the ranch and cured animals. After Patricio’s first contract, he returned to México, married, and had children. He got his second Bracero contract in 1953. [Mins 10:37-12:43; Mexican Military Service] Patricio served in the Mexican Army in 1945 and 1946 in Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. He describes a mutual relationship between Mexican and American troops aiding each other in the use of weaponry and war tactics. He mentions Escuadrón 201 [a Mexican fighter squadron stationed in the Philippines that aided the ally effort in 1945]. Patricio was given housing, food, and clothes through the Army. [Mins 12:44-15:56; Second Contract – Dexter, New Mexico] Patricio’s second contract in 1953 was in Roswell, New Mexico. He worked in a nearby town named Dexter, New Mexico for three months as the official weight-taker, reporting to the grower how much each Bracero had picked during the day. Patricio states that he liked his experience. The American grower, Thomas, had hand-picked thirty-five Braceros from the Roswell Association. Patricio picked cotton and weighed everyone’s pickings at the end of the day. Patricio’s wage was higher than the other Braceros’. He describes the Braceros from Torreón, Coahuila, México as good cotton pickers. [Mins 15:57-18:38; Third Contract – Pecos, Texas and Processing] After his second contract, Patricio returned to México and was re-contracted to work in Pecos, Texas. Patricio enjoyed his experience working for a ranch named The Alamo in Pecos that grew yellow melons and lettuce among other things. The grower also had a ranch in Fort Stockton, Texas named The Watermelon that grew watermelons. Patricio learned how to operate a tractor to assist him in his work. Patricio was processed in the Río Vista Processing Center in El Paso, Texas. He describes being examined and states that he and other Braceros were nervous during the process. [Mins 18:39-21:32; Recreation] Patricio completed three contracts of eighteen months each in Pecos. Most Braceros at the worksite were from Ojinaga, Chihuahua, México. Patricio describes a boxing match in 1953 in which a Mexican fighter, [Raúl] Ratón Macias, beat an American fighter in Las Vegas, Nevada. About sixty Braceros were crowded in the barracks watching the fight on the television. Patricio describes feeling very proud that [Raúl] Ratón Macias won the fight. Patricio would send the greater part of his earnings home every fifteen days. Every Sunday, a bus would arrive to take him and other Braceros to church. The services were in Spanish. Patricio is an Evangelical Christian. [Mins 21:33-24:27; Family] Patricio’s sons currently live in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, in Texas [difficult to hear which city], and in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. He speaks briefly about his family’s Christianity. Patricio describes buying gifts from the United States for his children. Patricio lived with his family in Ojinaga before moving to Ciudad Juárez in 1965 so that his children could attend better schools. He speaks briefly about his children’s current occupations. [Mins 24:28-27:21; Contracting and Legalizing Residency] Patricio relates that two or three days before the end of the Braceros’ contracts, a bus would take them to renew their contracts. After Patricio’s third contract, in 1959, he received another contract of three months to work on a different farm in Pecos for an American grower. Patricio legalized his residency [unclear as to what year this occurred] stating that the requirements of the era were a birth certificate and a voting card. He believes that the INS gives preference to those who are from the Mexican state of Chihuahua. He states that when he legalized his papers they took him from Chihuahua to the Río Vista Processing Center in El Paso and that he had recommendations from growers in the United States. From there, they would send him and many others to Pecos. [Mins 27:22-29:29; Field Work] Patricio describes how at the beginning of the contract the grower would show him how to do the required work in the fields. The fields were about a mile and a half long. He describes the process of caring for the fields. Braceros were sometimes lent out to other farms for about a week at a time. [Mins 29:30-36:11; Post-Bracero Work] After his Bracero work in 1960, Patricio began to sell clothes in Ciudad Juárez. He would pick up articles of clothing from Moroleon, Guanajuato, México and take a train back to Ciudad Juárez to sell them. Patricio, as supervisor, had five sellers that worked for him selling the clothing in the neighborhoods of Ciudad Juárez. Many female maquiladora workers would purchase clothing from him. Patricio’s business sold clothing in Ciudad Juárez’ neighborhoods of Anapra, Colonia Insurgentes, and Altavista. Patricio also worked as a butler in large homes. Today, he receives a pension from the Mexican government and does not work. Patricio speaks briefly about his son who resides in Midland, Texas. Patricio speaks about missing his family while he was in the United States as a Bracero. After he completed his last Bracero contract, Patricio bought some property in Ciudad Juárez. [Mins 36:12-41:12; Religion Continued] Patricio talks about his own and his children’s Christianity. [Mins 41:13-43:33; Work Ethic] Patricio speaks about his desire to please the growers by working hard as a Bracero. He states that he would like this interview to reflect his labor as a Bracero for his nieces/nephews, grandchildren, and sons/daughters. [Mins 43:34-46:50; Daily Life and Recreation] Patricio speaks about fulfilling the roles of both a man and a woman while he was a Bracero in that he would have to cook for himself and darn clothing. He remembers cooking corn tortillas, quesadillas, ham and eggs, ham and beans, and salsas. The Braceros would be transported to stores. He remembers going to the movie theater to watch Pedro Infante, Jorge Negrete, “El Chicote” [Armando Soto la Marina], María Félix, Lola Beltrán, Elsa Aguirre, and other actors. [Mins 46:51-49:17; Daily Life Continued] Patricio states that there was no racism among the townspeople and expresses that relations were friendly. Patricio states that in the barracks there were up to five beds stacked on top of each other. He speaks briefly about the similarities between army life and Bracero life. [Mins 49:18-End; Family Continued] Patricio states that during the time he was a Bracero, his wife used to tell him that each month he was away seemed very long. Patricio would visit Ojinaga, his home at the time, every month or sometimes every fifteen days. Patricio states that although he legalized his residency in the United States, he always chose to live in México. He speaks briefly about his children. Patricio currently has a passport to enter the United States to visit his two children who reside there. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Padilla_Rubio_NMAH010 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Patricio Padilla Rubio creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Rosas, Ana contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rosas, Ana Padilla Rubio, Patricio Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-11-12 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Patricio Padilla Rubio was born March 17, 1926, in Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua, México; he is the youngest of six brothers; when he was a child, his father was the foreman for a ranch in Presidio, Texas, and he would often travel between Texas and México; Patricio enrolled in the bracero program when he was eighteen years old; as a bracero, he worked in New Mexico and Texas, where his duties ranged from weighing cotton to caring for animals and crops; he completed his last contract in 1960; although he did legalize his residency, he chose to permanently reside in México. Summary of Interview: Mr. Padilla briefly describes his family and childhood; he speaks about his father’s job as a foreman for a ranch in Presidio, Texas, and how he would often travel between Texas and México; when Patricio was eighteen, he enrolled in the bracero program; his first contract took him to a ranch in Marfa, Texas, where he cared for livestock; upon his return to México, he married and subsequently had children; his second contract took him to Dexter, New Mexico, where he weighed cotton; the following contracts took him to work at different ranches in Pecos, Texas, where he learned to drive a tractor; he goes on to discuss his various duties as a bracero, working and living conditions, contract renewals and extensions, treatment, provisions, recreational activities, and remittances; after his last contract in 1960, he bought land in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, which is where he later lived and worked; although he did legalize his residency, he chose to permanently reside in México. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Patricio Padilla Rubio https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/saucedo_nmah013_df3a784588.mp3 f8646f11a81ae56c0865f0479acc3041 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Rosas, Ana Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Saucedo, Sebastián Location The location of the interview. El Paso, Texas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:03:15 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview [Mins 0:00-5:12; Introduction and Early Life] Sebastián was born in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, México on May 25, 1922 and grew up on a ranch named San Silvestre in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. He is the third of six children. His father was an agricultural worker who planted corn and regularly used a yoke of oxen in the fields. Sebastián remarks that his father’s boss treated people very badly. He explains how his father’s boss used to cheat his father out of wages. Sebastián and his three older brothers eventually helped their father in the fields. Sebastián remarks that the people in the agricultural sector were very poor. Sebastián’s mother used a metate [stone tool to ground maize] to make tamales and tortillas with the help of other women. Sebastián started helping his father in the fields when he was six years old. Sebastián worked his whole life and did not attend school. [Mins 5:13-10:08; Thoughts of Becoming a Bracero] Sebastián moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México by way of train when he was twenty years old in search of a different way of life. He had a cousin who lived in Ciudad Juárez. He heard rumors that the United States was recruiting Braceros in order to get them to fight in World War II, but decided to ignore the rumors and become a Bracero anyway. His mother cried and worried for him but both his parents gave him their blessings. Sebastián was the only one in the family to become a Bracero. Sebastián explains that he has faith in a saint named el señor de los guerreros [literally translates to father of the warriors] who appeared in a church in San José de Tizonazo, Durango, México. He speaks at length about the saint’s apparition and how he prays for the safety of his current family members. Sebastián explains that the train he took to Ciudad Juárez was a daily train from Santa Barbara to Ciudad Juárez. The train generally carried minerals and metals, but also had a passenger car. He paid six pesos [Mexican currency] for the trip. [Mins 10:09-14:15; Processing] Sebastián’s cousin, who had recently signed up to become a Bracero, took him to the contracting center in Ciudad Juárez. Sebastián was charged two pesos to sign up. He and about eighty others were sent to Querétaro, Querétaro, México to complete paperwork. Afterwards, they were transported back to Ciudad Juárez and into the United States by way of train through El Paso, Texas. The train dropped Braceros off at New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Sebastián was dropped off with about thirty or forty Braceros in Nevada. At the processing center in Querétaro the men’s hands were examined for calluses. Sebastián states that he was nervous during this process. He explains that men who did not pass the examination hid on the train back to Ciudad Juárez because there was no work in Querétaro. Sebastián states that there were men from all over México at the processing center. It took Sebastián’s group fifteen days to be called. Meanwhile, they slept on knapsacks that they rented for twenty cents. [Mins 14:16-18:03; Transport to Workplace] Sebastián speaks briefly about the war. He expresses the uncertainty he and many other Braceros felt about what kind of work they were going to have to perform. Sebastián was in Nevada for six months. Sebastián repeats information about the initial train trip through the United States. After they were dropped off in Nevada, there were bilingual men in trucks ready to transport the Braceros to their workplaces. When they arrived, they were given a tour of the facilities. [Mins 18:04-22:00; Living Conditions and Food] Sebastián was assigned to a house with four other men. The house included two or three bedrooms, a stove, and an icebox. Sebastián expresses happiness that he was able to cook his own food on his own stove. Sebastián bought food on ration stamps. Sebastián remembers that the Braceros ate beans and sopa (pasta dish). Milk, eggs, and meat were rationed. Sebastián states that there was no discrimination in the marketplaces and describes the sellers as Mexican, “American” [white], and Native American. Sebastián describes feeling wary about the house at first because he had never cooked for himself before. The Braceros brought their own lunch to the workplace. Sebastián describes the process of making tortillas. [Mins 22:01-26:01; Working Conditions] Sebastián was paid seventy-five cents an hour in Nevada as compared to twenty-five cents an hour in Fabens, Texas, where he had previously worked for fifteen days. In Nevada, the Braceros at Sebastián’s worksite were transported to and from the workplace and had to remain in their houses when they were not working. Braceros at this worksite awoke at 4a.m. and were taken to work at 6a.m. Sebastián describes the winters as very cold and the summers as very hot. During the winter, Sebastián’s Italian boss gave each Bracero a thick coat free of charge. Sebastián states that his duties and contracts were fully explained to him. Sebastián describes the process of assembling railroads. The Braceros at this worksite worked eight hours a day. [Mins 26:02-27:44; Relations With Other Braceros] Sebastián remembers that in his housing facility all of the men were Mexican Braceros. Sebastián describes getting together with the other Braceros after dinner to talk and pass the time. He remembers talking about dances and girlfriends. [Mins 27:45-29:57; Relations With Family] Sebastián expresses that he was very happy with his job because he could save money. He would write to his parents and send them money every fifteen days. After working in Nevada, Sebastián brought his parents and brothers and sisters to Ciudad Juárez to live. His father, his brothers, and he made houses of adobe in Ciudad Juárez and he bought a plot of land with his own money. Sebastián explains that his brothers and sisters were very grateful to him for bringing them to Ciudad Juárez. [Mins 29:58-32:03; Second Contract] Sebastián worked in Nevada for six months. Afterwards, he was re-contracted in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and sent to Nebraska to work with beets. There were about forty men at Sebastián’s worksite. Sebastián describes how he held the same bent-over position for the whole day while he worked on rows that were about a mile long. Sebastián remarks that the weather was neither too hot nor too cold. He expresses that his living arrangements were not as nice as his prior arrangements in Nevada, explaining that they lacked some basic functions, like an icebox. [Mins 32:04-34:37; New Mexico and Kansas] Sebastián explains that he never thought twice about re-contracting himself as a Bracero because he was able to make money. He states that he had had previous jobs in Mexico where the only pay was food. Sebastián was a Bracero for nine years. His last job was with Stahmann Farms near La Mesa, New Mexico working with walnuts. He worked as a Bracero at Stahmann Farms for four years, arranged his paperwork [legalized his residency], and continued working at Stahmann Farms for twenty-eight years. Sebastián worked in Nevada in 1945, in Nebraska in 1946, and in Kansas in 1947. In Kansas Sebastián worked with potatoes, beets, and fruits such as pears and apples. Sebastián worked with eighty Braceros at the Kansas worksite. There were two American cooks who cooked three meals a day for all of the Braceros at the Kansas worksite. Sebastián states that he was treated very well at the Kansas worksite. [Mins 34:38-37:17; Hardships and Discrimination] Sebastián describes missing his family while he was in the United States. He also states that the “American” [white] doctors treated the Braceros badly at the border between the United States and México. Sebastián expresses distaste at having to remove all of his clothing during the examinations at the border and professes discrimination when they covered him and other Braceros with DDT. [Mins 37:18-40:51; Good Experiences] Sebastián states that he never feared the INS because the Bracero Identification Cards acted as a sort of passport. Sebastián’s initial aim was to live in México, but he loved working in the United States so much that whenever he returned to México he felt drawn to work in the United States again. Sebastián remembers attending the cinema and does not recall facing any discrimination there. He does remember hearing from other Braceros that in Texas Braceros were discriminated against. Sebastián praises the “Americans” [white people] where he worked as a Bracero for treating Mexicans well, calling them muy buena gente [very good people]. Braceros who wanted to attend church could get a ride with the boss on Sunday. [Mins 40:52-43:52; Marriage] Sebastián met his wife in Ciudad Juárez and married her in 1947. She lived in Ciudad Juárez with Sebastián’s mother and when he secured work in New Mexico, he would visit her every fifteen days with his boss’ permission. His first child was born in 1948. While he was a Bracero, he had three children in México with his wife. Sebastián sent his wife money and she was in charge of the finances. [Mins 43:53-48:42; Stahmann Farms and Legalizing Residency] Sebastián now resides with his family in El Paso, TX. He arranged his paperwork [legalized his residency] in 1955. At Stahmann Farms, Sebastián picked cotton and worked with walnuts. His boss was named Willie Stahmann and he was German. Sebastián describes him as a good person. He received very good bonuses—up to $1,000 at Christmas. Sebastián’s boss, Mr. Stahmann, offered to help the Braceros, their spouses, and children arrange their paperwork [legalize their residency]. Sebastián talks at length about his house in Ciudad Juárez. It took Sebastián one day to arrange his paperwork [legalize his residency] and one more day to bring his family to New Mexico. Mr. Stahmann sent a moving truck to Ciudad Juárez to help Sebastián and his family move. [Mins 48:43-50:35; New Mexico] Sebastián reports that his wife was happy about the move so that the family could be together. Sebastián laughs fondly about his wife bringing her metate to the United States where he says she would not need it. Sebastián lived near La Mesa with his family for fourteen years. He describes his house as a beautiful ranch-type area with very nice houses close to Las Cruces, New Mexico. A school bus would pick up Sebastián’s children near his home to take them to school in Old Mesilla, New Mexico. Sebastián speaks at length about his children. [Mins 50:36-52:03; Moving to El Paso] Sebastián moved to El Paso shortly after Willie Stahmann died. After Willie Stahmann died, Sebastián worked for another year or two at Stahmann Farms under the direction of Willie Stahmann’s three sons, but describes how it was different than working under Willie Stahmann. Sebastián moved to El Paso and worked at a meat-packing plant named Peyton. [Mins 52:03-53:09; New Mexico Continued] Sebastián remembers that there were a lot of Mexicans in New Mexico and that all of the bosses were “American” [white]. He remarks that they treated the Mexicans very well. While working at Stahmann Farms, Sebastián lived in a house owned by his boss. [Mins 53:10-55:57; Peyton and Next Job] Sebastián talks briefly about Peyton and the Chamizal National Memorial Park in El Paso. Sebastián was paid $12 an hour at Peyton and belonged to a union. Sebastián quit Peyton in 1981 when the unions closed and the company was planning to move to Amarillo, TX where they would pay workers $7 an hour. Afterwards, Sebastián worked in fields near Anthony, New Mexico picking chili, cotton, and weeds. [Mins 55:58-57:26; Reflection on Jobs] Sebastián has worked in Nevada, New Mexico, Arkansas, Texas, Arizona, and Nebraska. Sebastián remarks that the work came easy to him. He states that it was a bit strange to pay rent in El Paso after he had gotten used to not paying rent at Stahmann Farms. He talks briefly about his house in El Paso. [Mins 57:27-58:08; Documents] Sebastián explains the objects he brought with him to the interview. He has a document from Nevada stating that he did not fight in World War II but worked to help the war effort. He also has recommendation letters from his bosses from the time when he worked as a Bracero. After each six month term was over, the boss would give each Bracero a letter of recommendation. Sebastián always kept these documents with him, and they are therefore folded. [Mins 58:09-60:08; Crossing the Rio Grande] Sebastián describes an incident of how one year he did not get contracted in Chihuahua and tried to cross the Rio Grande into the United States. He did not make it across. Sebastián’s documents are stained because they got wet when he attempted to cross the river. His documents were scanned into the computer and his photograph was taken at the interview site. [Mins 60:09-End; Concluding Remarks] Sebastián states that he was happy to be a Bracero and that it was worth it. He is thankful to be in the United States to raise his family here. He speaks briefly about his children’s occupations. Sebastián describes the importance of having a good relationship with his wife. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Saucedo_NMAH013 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Sebastián Saucedo creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Rosas, Ana contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rosas, Ana Saucedo, Sebastián Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-11-12 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Sebastián Saucedo was born in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, México, on May 25, 1922; he is the third of six children; as a child, he helped his father work in the fields; consequently, he was never formally educated; in 1945, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in the fields and on the railroads in various places throughout the United States, including Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas; he worked with the program for roughly ten years; eventually, he was able to legalize his family’s residency, and they all moved to the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. Saucedo talks about his family and childhood; he initially enlisted in the bracero program in 1945, in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, but he was then transferred to Querétaro, Querétaro, México, in order to complete the paperwork; from there, he was transported by train back to Juárez and into the United States before finally being taken to Nevada, where he worked on the railroads; in addition, he describes the various procedures he underwent while being processed; as a bracero, he went to work picking different crops in several places throughout the United States, including Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Texas; he goes on to discuss his duties, wages, working and living conditions, provisions, hardships, recreational activities, religion, and relationships with fellow employees and employers; in 1955, he legalized his residency, and continued working on a walnut farm in La Mesa, New Mexico; eventually, he was able to legalize residency for his family, and they all moved to the United States; he concludes by describing his fondness for the United States, and he reflects happily on his bracero experiences. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Sebastián Saucedo https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/corral_nmah014_e0b91de8c6.mp3 8519f55f613525d7a144ec766867b4a6 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Rosas, Ana Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Corral, José G. Location The location of the interview. El Paso, Texas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 53:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview [Mins 0:00-3:23; Introduction] José Guadalupe Corral was born on September 25, 1943 in Delicias, Chihuahua, México. He was the youngest of five children. His mother died when he was one and half years old. When he was three years old, his family moved to Meoqui, Chihuahua, México. In 1950, his family moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. José’s father, Luis Corral Ortega, became a Bracero in 1946. Before becoming a Bracero, Luis owned carpentry factories. One of José’s sisters died in 1972. The rest of his siblings currently reside in México, and José resides in the United States. [Mins 3:24-5:03; Luis’ Bracero Work] As a Bracero, Luis worked for a factory in El Paso, Texas called El Paso Junior Stockyards, which transported livestock from México to the United States. Luis’ boss’ surname was Ziegler. Before he worked for the stockyard, Luis worked on the railroads in El Paso. [Mins 5:04-7:28; Conditions in Meoqui] While José was in school in Ciudad Juárez, he would sell fruit in the afternoons. He remembers that it was hard work. He recalls that while he was living in Meoqui, his mother’s brother was in charge of him and his siblings. Luis would send them money from the United States, but José remembers that it was a hard life with a scarcity of food. During the first six months of Luis’ Bracero work, José’s family was lent a house on the condition that they care for the wheat mills on the land. José recalls that they would eat pigeons and food from the flour that the mills produced. José would also ask his neighbors for food. After six months, Luis sent home money monthly by telegram until the family moved to Ciudad Juárez. [Mins 7:29-11:47; Conditions in Ciudad Juárez] José recalls that his family was financially more stable when they moved to Ciudad Juárez, although he cautions that life was still hard. His family rented a house in La Chaveña neighborhood in Ciudad Juárez. José remembers the atmosphere of Ciudad Juárez as more tranquil and trustworthy than the atmosphere today. José would attend school for four hours in the morning, work for two hours in the afternoon, and then return home to clean and maintain the house while his siblings were working. José remembers that Luis was not allowed to cross the border until 1958. So, José would cross the Río Grande to bring Luis lunch. José’s uncle was a plumber. José speaks about how his family worked together to survive, paying bills, clothing themselves, and working. He names the schools which he attended. [Mins 11:48-14:58; Legalizing Residency] In 1958, Luis attempted to legalize his family’s residency. However, his request was denied because his wage was not considered sufficient to support his family. Luis was making minimum wage at the time. So, Luis only arranged for José’s local passport. José attended college in El Paso. While he attended college, he also worked. José gave his entire wage to Luis, who then would give José back a small share. José repeats information about experiences in Ciudad Juárez. While José was in El Paso, two of his sisters worked at the Commercial Bank of Chihuahua. His oldest sister legalized her residency and was able to get a job at a factory that manufactured pants. José expresses that his family modeled their hard work ethic after Luis. [Mins 14:59-20:00; Education, Legalizing Residency Continued] José remembers that Luis was very strict about schoolwork. José repeats information about his father becoming a Bracero. Luis was only in Meoqui one month before he left to Ciudad Juárez as a Bracero. José did not see his father at all from 1946 to 1953. He repeats information about experiences in Meoqui. Luis’ last Bracero contract was in 1954. El Paso Junior Stockyard gave Luis documentation to become a legal resident. José repeats information about Luis’ attempt to legalize his family’s residency. He repeats information about how strict his father was about schoolwork. [Mins 20:01-22:28; Post-Bracero Living Arrangements] In 1956, Luis married. Since one of José’s sisters did not get along with Luis’ wife, Luis and his wife set up a separate house in a separate neighborhood in Ciudad Juárez. Meanwhile, a live-in caretaker lived with José and his siblings. Luis’ wife died in 1958. Afterwards, Luis married the live-in caretaker and moved in with his children in Bella Vista neighborhood. The whole family resided there until José graduated from high school. [Mins 22:29-27:56; Father-Son Meetings in El Paso] José remembers how happy it made him to see Luis every fifteen days during the time that he crossed the river to bring Luis lunch. Luis would send José back with money for the family. José describes the short thirty-minute process of crossing the border. José and Luis would speak about school, new happenings, and Luis’ job among other things when they met every fifteen days. They would speak for no longer than one hour. Luis was the carpenter at the stockyard, making furniture. Later, Luis made/served coffee at the stockyard. José explains that INS officials would come to the stockyard compelling workers to hide, but Luis would serve them coffee without fear because he had a Bracero contract. [Mins 27:57-31:49; José’s Work Experiences] José states that he always obeyed Luis. Thus, he attended college in the United States because it was Luis’ wish. While José was in college, he worked in an El Paso store sweeping the floors for two hours a day before he returned to Ciudad Juárez each night. Minimum wage at that time was seventy-five cents an hour but José got paid thirty-five cents an hour since he was not a United States citizen. After six months, José began stocking shelves at the store. After two years, he had moved up to the cashier position. José graduated from college when he was seventeen, and by that time Luis was able to legalize José’s residency. José had studied to become an accountant, but he worked for a bank for a very short period of time because his love was operating heavy duty machinery at warehouses. Luis would scold José, asking him why he liked to perform manual labor, but José would reply that his aspirations lied in rising to manager or owner someday. [Mins 31:50-37:02; José’s Marriage] While he was in college, José would travel to and from home in Ciudad Juárez via El Paso City Lines busses. On the bus, he met his future wife. José attended International Business College. José discusses how his relationship with his wife developed. He speaks about his interest in sports and stresses that he has always been studious and well-behaved. José discusses Luis’ feelings toward José’s desire to marry. [Mins 37:03-40:59; Luis’ Death] Luis died in 1987 due to an accident in a hospital in El Paso. José speaks about his father’s death. José explains that his siblings’ reactions to Luis’ death were a result of their Christian religion. At the time of Luis’ death, José was a district manager at El Paso Water Utilities. José states that his father, Luis, was his lifelong friend and companion. He speaks about his connection to Luis. [Mins 41:00-46:14; Bracero Legacy] José speaks about the money owed to Braceros from the government. He thanks the Bracero History Project members for their interest in the Bracero Program. He expresses the importance of the sacrifices Braceros made for the United States and the significance of dissemination of knowledge about Braceros. [Mins 46:15-50:08; Final Reflections] José states that Braceros never strived to become wealthy. Rather, they worked for the opportunity to garner a better salary and progress. José states that his father would tell him about the “humiliations” he went through, such as the “disinfection” and being rallied like cattle. However, José expresses that the Braceros’ intentions were to craft a better life for their children. José is extremely grateful to Luis for his strength, struggle, and dedication. He is grateful that Luis kept the family united. He states that he always followed and continues to follow Luis’ example. José has ten children and fifteen grandchildren. He speaks about his children. He speaks about politics. File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Corral_NMAH014 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. José G. Corral creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Rosas, Ana contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rosas, Ana Corral, José G. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-11-12 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Guadalupe Corral was born on September 25, 1943, in Delicias, Chihuahua, México; he was the youngest of five children, and his mother died when he was a baby; when he was three years old, his family moved to Meoqui, Chihuahua, México; his father, Luis Corral Ortega, became a bracero in 1946; Luis worked in El Paso, Texas, on the railroads and at a factory that transported livestock from México into the United States; later, the family moved again, to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, which was where José primarily grew up; his father continued working with the program until 1954; Luis was ultimately able to arrange for José’s residency, which allowed him to attend school in the United States and have greater opportunities. Summary of Interview: Mr. José Corral describes his family and childhood; his father, Luis Corral Ortega, became a bracero in 1946, at which time his family lived in Meoqui, Chihuahua, México; José discusses remittances arriving in the mail and his family’s living conditions in México while his father was away; in 1950, the family had enough money to move to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, where life was slightly better for them; José describes an incident in which his father attempted to legalize his family’s residency, but was only able to arrange for José’s local passport; in addition, José goes on to describe his own educational and work experiences while in the United States, which include attending International Business College in El Paso, Texas, and serving as a district manager for El Paso Water Utilities; his father’s work ethic and commitment to education were things that always stayed with him; moreover, he reflects on the overall significance of braceros to the United States. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Son of a bracero Title A name given to the resource José G. Corral