117 25 3209 https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401381635.jpg 6270930502b815988e5041b49b0fdcd6 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.16.35; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.16.35; Roll #: 16 Title A name given to the resource Some braceros sit and some stand inside of a building and wait to be processed at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401382219.jpg 690484dfbc7a74ed1b71bef8eb3c7808 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 24. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.22.19; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.22.19; Roll #: 22 Title A name given to the resource Some braceros sit on a bed in a wooden living quarter in a Californian camp. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401381107.jpg 221584239357615fc900617573bb479f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.11.07; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.11.07; Roll #: 11 Title A name given to the resource Some braceros stand in line as others wait to be processed at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401381108.jpg c2179ec3adc78c12613dfb539bdfe84d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.11.08; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.11.08; Roll #: 11 Title A name given to the resource Some braceros stand in line as others wait to be processed at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. My father, Domingo Ruiz, Sr., was 12 when in 1915 he walked completely alone from San Luiz Potosi, Mexico, then a small village, and now the capital of a state in Mexico by the same name, to San Antonio, Texas. The trip was dangerous from many aspects: There was hardly any infrastructure to speak of at the time, the area was full of bandits robbing the various mines in the region, and the Mexican Revolution was in full force. My father inadvertently went northeast, instead of due north, and had to cross first the treacherous Panuco river that traverses a deep tropical valley at the edge of the plateau on which the state sits, and then the formidable Sierra Madre. He had no money on his journey, and he knew no one in San Antonio when he arrived. My father died in an automobile accident at a relatively young age, but not before leaving a family firmly established in this country. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Some Came Alone Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Del Ruiz Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Del Ruiz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes san antonio san luis potosi https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/belen-soto-moreno-family_9c8bb76805.jpg 767318757f7f7f03560484a1e7e3449a Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1004 Height 1588 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Belen Soto Moreno Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 13.944"x22.056" Resolution pixels per inch 72 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1004x1588 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soto Children Subject The topic of the resource Family Description An account of the resource Photograph of Belen, Carmen and Ramon Soto as children. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Belen Soto Moreno Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Arizona Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-08-05 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kristen Chasse Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Belen Soto Moreno https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384319.jpg 713bad692cb86ab1f9e16cc86a857933 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 16 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.43.19; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.43.19; Roll #: 43 Title A name given to the resource Standing on a truck braceros fill boxes with lettuce in a field in the Salinas Valley, California while others bring the lettuce. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Salinas Valley, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384320.jpg 428f2bd255e3c27239ddb54432fc5e0d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 16 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.43.20; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.43.20; Roll #: 43 Title A name given to the resource Standing on a truck braceros fill boxes with lettuce in a field in the Salinas Valley, California while others bring the lettuce. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Salinas Valley, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384318.jpg ef1816149947856ffc0e9df7969e430b Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 16 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.43.18; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.43.18; Roll #: 43 Title A name given to the resource Standing on a truck braceros fill boxes with lettuce in a field in the Salinas Valley, California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Salinas Valley, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384205.jpg d72638585b0e4ef2b7d46883bc4c18d4 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.42.05; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.42.05; Roll #: 42 Title A name given to the resource Substandard showering facilities at a bracero camp in California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384206.jpg 28347e095e6611affaa0fba6527443a4 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.42.06; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.42.06; Roll #: 42 Title A name given to the resource Substandard showering facilities at a bracero camp in California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401384207.jpg 2df8e7bbd40428cb394584899d7dc7b6 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes 24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.42.07; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.42.07; Roll #: 42 Title A name given to the resource Substandard showering facilities at a bracero camp in California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380712.jpg a6d5c05f93c43ec21ffc49728b624cf1 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnote, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.07.12; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.07.12; Roll #: 7 Title A name given to the resource Supervised by an armed guard braceros wait in line to be processed through the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico while others wait outside the barbed wire enclosure. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/gonzalez_bly011_b0801bbae3.mp3 69411cc2b980e29f4713f76437f4bd68 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Navarro, Kristine Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. González, Susan Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 50:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Gonzalez_BLY011 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Susan González creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Navarro, Kristine contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Navarro, Kristine González, Susan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Susan Gonzalez was born in Miami, Arizona; at age twelve she moved to Ripley, California to take care of her younger brother while her mother operated the restaurant she owned, “La Flor del Valle”; she worked as a waitress there, and also washed and ironed for local Braceros; at sixteen, she was raped by, became pregnant by, and married a Bracero named Frederico Velez; she helped him immigrate to the United States, was married to him for twenty years, and had six children; in 1957, she bought her mother’s restaurant; she also worked for the Riverside County Health Department as a nurse’s aide for thirty years; Mr. Velez was born in Hermosillo, Mexico, and worked as a Bracero for two years from 1955 to 1957. Summary of Interview: Ms. Gonzalez discusses the lives of the Braceros in Ripley, California; she recounts what items they bought at the clothing, grocery and hardware stores, the conditions of their barracks, the poor quality food they ate at the camps, and the low wages they received; furthermore, she expresses that the hardest aspect of Braceros’ lives was being unable to see their families; she also mentions that many single Braceros hired prostitutes, and married women from town; she discusses her life after moving to Ripley, California with her mother when she was twelve; she notes her impressions of Braceros from when she was a waitress at her mother’s restaurant, as their laundress, and as a nurses’ aide; moreover, she describes how she met her ex-husband and their marriage; she characterizes him, a Bracero for two years, as abusive but hardworking and a good provider; additionally, she describes the poverty she suffered, as well as the discrimination Mexicans faced, though she does not believe Braceros were mistreated by the Mexican Americans; finally, she states that the Bracero Program enabled the local economy to flourish. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Wife of a bracero Title A name given to the resource Susan González https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/hernandez-arreola,-raul---syphilis-test-card_feac26b3b1.jpg 6f6adb93d39bcc0671868d9660e887c9 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1116 Height 672 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Raul Hernandez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Hernandez, Raul Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1116x672 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raul Hernandez U.S. Department of Public Health Service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Description An account of the resource This syphilis test card attests that Raul Hernandez was diagnosed with syphilis and that he was given the appropriate medication. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heber, California Subject The topic of the resource Syphili test card for Raul Hernandez Title A name given to the resource Syphilis test card Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Raul Hernandez Temporal Coverage 1960-07-01 1960 disease Hernandez medicine syphilis https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/ortiz_perr006_92c245a27b.mp3 83722bc8629b8b0d9b2ff1a7cc33149a Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Ortiz, Tarsicio Location The location of the interview. Perris, CA Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. Nombre del entrevistado: Tarsicio Ortiz Fecha de la entrevista: 25 de mayo de 2006 Nombre del entrevistador: Grisel Murillo Mi nombre es Grisel Murillo y esta es una entrevista con Tarsicio Ortiz en mayo 25 del 2006 en Perris, California. Esta entrevista es parte del Bracero Oral History Project. GM: Bueno para empezar me puede decir, ¿dónde nació usted y qué año? TO: En Michoacán. GM: Y, ¿usted en qué año nació? TO: [El] 10/21/[19]51. GM: Y, ¿usted qué relación tiene con el Programa Bracero? TO: Pues mi papá ya falleció pero yo estoy reclamando los derechos que le corresponden a él por un reclamo de un dinero que les descontaban a ellos de su pago. GM: Y su papá, ¿qué relación tiene con el Programa Bracero? TO: De que él trabajó aquí en Estados Unidos cuando venía de bracero. GM: ¿Se acuerda qué años trabajó su papá? TO: Según él nos platicaba que desde… O sea que desde que él estaba joven. O sea antes de casarse él ya venía él. Y hasta decía que él a veces venía con recelo porque los mismos compa[ñeros], había algunos compañeros que no venían porque los intimidaban que les decían que los iban a mandar a la guerra, en la guerra del 1945. Y que los que no los querían pa trabajar, sino los querían para mandarlos a la guerra. Y hubo muchos compañeros que mejor se regresaban para su casa. Pero él dijo: “Bueno”, dice, “pos si nos mandan a pelear ni modo”. Dice: “Nosotros venimos por necesidad a trabajar”. GM: Entonces, ¿cuándo nació su papá de usted? TO: En 1915. GM: Y entonces dice que él entró al Programa Bracero en los cuarentas, ¿verdad? Cuando estaba pasando… TO: Se me hace que desde antes del… Pos yo pienso que como de los [19]40, [19]42 por ahí. No me acuerdo exactamente. No me acuerdo exactamente. Pero él desde cuando estaba soltero venía. GM: Y, ¿usted sabe por qué decidió venir con el Programa Bracero? TO: Pues ya sabe usted que en aquella época en México por ejemplo no había transporte, me platicaban ellos. Yo no lo alcancé a vivir eso porque decían que para ir del rancho a vender su leche que les daban las vaquitas que tenían, tenían que ir en, ir a la ciudad a Morelia, Michoacán a venderla y tenían que caminar bastantes horas por caminos de terracería para ir a vender o ir a la ciudad a comprar que el mandado o lo que necesitaban para la casa. Así de que caminaban muchas horas a caballo. Entonces en aquel tiempo pos no había carreteras, no había medio de transporte, de comunicación. Estaban muy aislados de la civilización de la ciudad. Entonces había la oportunidad de venir para acá y ganar… Por ejemplo, es que ellos eran campesinos, entonces sabe usted que un campesino pues cría sus animales, sembraban sus tierras que poseían en aquel tiempo. Entonces ellos no agarraban automáticamente dinero, un salario que dijera usted cada ocho días agarran pago. No, sino que vendían el becerrito, la cría de la vaca, vendían la cría de la chiva. Cuando cosechaban que levantaban su producto del maíz, sembraban maíz y frijol, era cuando apartaban lo que ocupaban para todo el año, para lo que ocupaban para el año y lo demás lo vendían para vestirse, para pagar deudas que debían y así. O sea era el modo de vida. O sea que el ranchero allá pos no tiene sueldo. No tenía sueldo. Entonces era el, era el tipo de vida que había en aquella época. Yo lo viví, yo lo vi de niño. Yo viví eso de que nos compraban zapatos a veces una vez al año. Dos veces al año cuando bien nos iba, ¿vedá? Me acuerdo yo que yo le acababa los pantalones a mi amá de las rodillas porque jugaba canicas. Y ella tenía una máquina de esas de pedal que la movía con los pies para arreglarnos los pantalones que yo le acababa. Me regañaba mi amá, me decía: “Ya no hallo qué ponerte”. Y pos me arreglaba los pantalones y a los dos días ya andaban los parches que nos ponía en las rodillas ya andaban agujerados también. Donde andábamos arrastrándonos de rodillas jugando canicas. ¿Sabe lo qué son canicas? GM: Sí. TO: Unos mosaicos de… ¿vedá? Era la diversión de aquella época. Canicas. GM: Entonces, ¿usted qué edad tenía cuando su papá llegó después de la bracería? TO: Después de que yo nací todavía él venía. Siguió viniendo y él era muy ahorrativo. Entonces, él compró unos unas tierritas, unos terrenillos compró, compró unas vaquitas y ya después ya se dedicó él allá, a trabajar allá, ¿vedá? GM: Sí. ¿Se acuerda qué edad tenía usted cuando él regresó a México? TO: Pues iba y venía. Ya después ya cuando él paró ya fue por ahí como a los diez, como a los diez años que yo tenía. Como ocho años, por ahí más o menos. Pienso yo que yo tenía cuando ya dejó él de venir o no me acuerdo exactamente, no, no, no es una… ¿vedá? GM: ¿Me puede platicar cómo estaba su familia durante el tiempo que él estaba de bracero? TO: Pues mi mamá era la que la hacía de hombre y de mujer en la casa porque era la que nos cuidaba y ella se preocupaba por nosotros porque mi papá pues no estaba. La comunicación que había con ellos pos no había teléfonos, o sea que era por cartas. GM: ¿Como qué tan seguido se mandaban cartas? TO: ¡Uh! Muy retirado. Muy, muy retirado, muy… pasaban meses porque pos los correos yo pienso que si ahorita son tardados, ¿se imagina en aquel tiempo cómo eran? GM: Entonces, ¿se comunicaba él con usted? ¿Se acuerda de alguna comunicación? TO: Con nosotros casi no, pos nomás puros saludos en las cartas. Era lo único. Nos mandaba saludos a nosotros: “Me saludas a Ticho”. A mí me dicen Ticho. “Me saludas a mijo Ticho, a Marisela”, mi hermana. Éramos los más grandes. GM: Y, ¿cuántos eran ustedes? TO: Pero, por carta y entonces, mi mamá le escribía las cartas, le contestaba y le decíamos: “Ponle saludos de mi, de nosotros”. “Salúdame a mi, mi papá y dile que estamos bien y que se cuide”. O sea que no, no, ¿vedá? Era todo. Cuando volvía pos nos daba gusto porque nos llevaba ropita de aquí, nos llevaba zapatos de aquí, nos llevaba juguetitos de aquí, ¿vedá? Era, pues era bonito, era bonito. La vida de antes yo la envidio porque todos esos campos ahora cuando yo voy para México están abandonados. Antes subía uno al monte, al cerro y todos esos cerros antes estaban poblados. O sea que encontraba uno mujeres con su lonche cargando para llevarle de comer al marido o al hermano o al papá. Encontraba gente cortando leña para llevar leña para la casa. ¿Sabe lo que es leña? GM: Sí. TO: Para cocinar porque no había estufas de gas. Ordeñadores de vacas con sus botes de leche cargando en la espalda. Vaqueros, chiveros cuidando animales. Otros sembrando en los cerros. O sea que era un gusto andar en el monte. Ahorita ya no, oiga. Ahorita está abandonado todo eso. GM: ¿Por qué cree? TO: Nadie siembra. Porque el Gobierno de México nunca se ha preocupado por el campesino. Cuando el campesino compra su semilla para sembrar está carísima. Todo está caro y cuando logra tener una buena cosecha, un buen producto que le fue bien la siembra, no vale. El precio del producto, del maíz, el frijol se viene por los suelos. Lo bajan. Los que hacen negocio son los bodegueros. Embodegan, compran bien barato y después cuando usted va a comprarles, cuando ya usted ya no tiene que va a comprarles entonces sí vale al triple, al cuatro, tres, cuatro veces más de lo que a usted le pagaron por él. Y eso el Gobierno ahí no hace nada para evitar esos abusos. Era que el Gobierno mantuviera precios. Obligar a los que compran, a los bodegueros que le paguen bien el producto o la semilla al campesino. Por eso es que muchas tierras están abandonadas porque, ¿de qué sirve? Si cuando van a vender su maíz para pagar deudas, para vestirse, para ir a pagarle una consulta a un doctor no vale. No vale. Se devalúa todo, ¿me entiende? Y allí de nuestros gobiernos, allí cierran los ojos porque pos no sé, no sé qué sistema sea ese pero para mí se me hace injusto. GM: ¿Como desde cuándo notó usted que ya no había tanta gente en su pueblo? ¿Como qué edad tenía? TO: Pues la venida para acá para Estados Unidos yo pienso que nunca se ha acabado. Nunca. Porque después de los braceros, el Gobierno de aquí de Estados Unidos les dio la oportunidad de que el que quisiera arreglar papeles podía arreglarlos. Y ya en vez de venir contratados ya venían ya darles su residencia. Muchos lo hicieron. Mi papá no lo hizo. Como le digo que él compró unos terrenitos allá y él vivía muy a gusto. Entonces a él no le interesó mucho pero después se arrepintió. Dice: “Mejor hubiera arreglado”, dice, “ya todos ustedes estuvieran arreglados y mejor estuvieran estudiando allá”, dice. Ya ves aquí hasta en México las escuelas… Pues sí, póngale que el Gobierno lo que es la primaria del uno al seis los libros son gratis, no paga uno maestros. Pero ya de la secundaria para arriba están por las nubes los libros, están por las nubes las colegiaturas. Se pone bien difícil para estudiar. Entonces pues no, estudia el que tiene el modo, el que tiene la ayuda económica de los padres o que viven bien, que viven económicamente bien son los que pueden pagar. Pero aún así fíjese, yo aquí en Estados Unidos yo fui mayordomo un tiempo en una compañía aquí en Irving. Estuve de mayordomo como por dieciocho años. Ahí tuve doctores dentistas, maestros de México, ¿eh? Porque (risas) una vez yo le pregunté al doctor le dije: “Oye pero”, dice, “mira”,dice, “monté mi consultorio”, dice, “tuve una muchacha, contraté una muchacha para que me ayudara con los pacientes, para que me contestara el teléfono, era como secretaria y a la vez mi ayudante”, dice, “porque yo no podía pagar a otra persona más”. Y dice: “Pues había veces que me tocaba de mi bolsa pagar el sueldo a la muchacha”, dice, “porque mira la gente”, dice, “que mejor anda con chiqueadores, que haciéndose remedios”, dice, “con las muelas todas podridas”, dice, “en vez de venir”, dice. “¿Por qué? Porque no tienen o no quieren gastarse en una extracción de muela o en un relleno”. Dice: “No lo quieren hacer porque”, dice, “ahí en los pueblos”, dice, “pues prefieren aguantar dolor que vender una vaquita, que vender un becerro, que vender un burro, que vender una gallina o dos para pagar la extracción o el relleno de la muela”, dice. “No”, dice, “cómo voy a vender la gallina si esa me pone un huevo cada dos, tres días y que pues me sirve pa comer”. Dice: “Pues”, dice, “había meses”, dice, “que nomás uno o dos clientes”, dice. Dice: “No”, dice, “me tocó cerrar”, dice, “y mejor andaba trabajando por el mínimo aquí”. Dice: “Y gano más aquí yo”, dice, “que estando de doctor en México”. GM: Y, ¿como qué año era este? TO: Pues ese muchacho, fíjese que todavía está aquí. Aquí trabaja en una fábrica. GM: Y, ¿como qué año era cuando usted era mayordomo y él trabajaba? TO: Hace póngale unos dieci[seis], unos quince años pa atrás. GM: Y entonces, ¿me puede contar un poco más de qué tan seguido iba su papá a México? TO: ¿Mande? GM: ¿Qué tan seguido iba su papá a México cuando él era un bracero? TO: Venían por temporadas. Había veces que se aventaban seis meses. Había veces que se aventaba el año dependiendo del tiempo que duraba el trabajo. Había veces que venían contratados por un tiempo pero si el trabajo no se terminaba, entonces les extensían, les extendían los contratos. Pero se acababa el trabajo y vámonos. GM: Y, ¿ustedes cómo vivían en su casa? ¿Cómo tenían así? Así me puede este, describir su hogar cuando su papá estaba fuera de la casa. TO: Pues vivíamos bien. Pos como le digo, en aquel tiempo no había educación pero había mucho respeto. Antes me acuerdo yo que soltaba usted en el monte el rebaño de chivas, los burros, caballos, vacas y no se le perdía nada. Toda la gente se cuidaba entre sí. Aparte de que en aquel tiempo no había educación, había más respeto por las personas. Entre ellos mismos se cuidaban. “No, pos que esa vaca es de fulano. Deja recogérsela y le voy a avisar que yo la recogí su vaquita para que venga por ella”. Ahora no. Ahora suelta usted, va arriba de su caballo y lo bajan pa robarle el caballo. GM: Y, ¿usted como cuántos animales tenía cuando su papá era un bracero? Cuando usted tenía este muchos animales como… TO: No, pos póngale que unas tres, cuatro vaquitas de esas corrientes, ¿me entiende? Había veces que vaquitas que estaban criando era cuando más leche daban. Había veces que ya una vaquita tenía uno que daba unos tres litros de leche por ordeña en la mañana ya era buena vaca. Y había unas que no daban nada. GM: Y como, ¿qué más? ¿Cómo era su situación económica en la casa? TO: Pues eso era todo nomás. Cuando vendían que la vaca criaba y dejaban al becerrito que creciera algo para sacarle más dinero, era todo. Y cuando era hembras, esas no las vendían. (tos) Perdón. Ésas siempre las iban dejando porque decían: “Al rato va a ser otra vaca”. GM: ¿Alguna vez se acuerda si su papá mandaba dinero? TO: Sí, sí mandaba. Sí, pos era… Mi mamá le ahorraba mucho. GM: Entonces su mamá, ¿en qué se ocupaba cuando su papá estaba en…? TO: En el hogar. A cuidarnos a nosotros, nos mandaban a la escuela. GM: ¿Cómo hasta que…? TO: Llegábamos de la escuela y: “Órale, pos vete a darles agua a las vacas”. Teníamos que ir a sacarlas de onde andaban comiendo en los potreros y si no había agua ahí teníamos que caminarlas lejos para que tomaran una vez al día agua ya en la tarde donde había unas represas de agua, a llevar a tomar agua. De allí a caminarlas de nuevo a volverlas a meter a donde andaban y eso era todos los días. Una vez al día tomaban agua los animales. GM: Y entonces, ¿usted hasta qué edad fue a la escuela? TO: Pues de muy chico pos cuando ya lo recibían a uno para primer año y allí en mi tierra nomás había escuela para del uno al dos, el tres; nomás tres números. No, o sea que no había ni toda la primaria. Nomás había tres maestros y el que pasaba la carretera federal lejos como a kilómetro y medio, dos kilómetros. De ahí caminaban por brecha para llegar al pueblito. Nomás eran tres maestros. Daban el primer año. Allá no había kínder nomás el uno, el dos y el tres. Ya para si uno quería seguir o pasaba uno al número cuatro ya tenía uno que buscarle pa otro lado porque allí no había. O nomás hasta ahí. O nomás ahí se quedaba porque le digo que ya no había ya no había maestros para otro número. GM: Y todos sus hermanos y hermanas, ¿iban a la escuela? TO: Hasta eso que ninguno salimos graduados pero sabemos leer y escribir. Nos tocaron unas maestras que yo creo que ni en el tiempo de las cavernas había. Se dormían ellas allí. Eran tres hermanas, solteras las tres, cotorronas ya. Nos levantaban al… nos hacían que nos quedáramos con ellas allí, claro que no en la misma cama. Ellas en un salón donde daban clases y nosotros en otro. Siempre nos turneaban a levantarnos a las dos de la mañana para ir a despertar a todo el vecindario para que se levantaran las muchachas, niños, niñas a la escuela. A esa hora que porque decían que a esa hora era cuando teníamos la mente más abierta, que era cuando podíamos aprender más. Una vez… GM: ¿A las dos de la mañana? TO: Una vez se nos pasó a nosotros, nos equivocamos de relo[j]. Eran las once y media y pensamos que ya iba a ser las dos de la mañana y ahí vamos. A las doce de la noche ya estábamos todo el grupo ahí. Nos alumbrábamos con unos aparatos de mechón de petróleo o velitas. Unas velitas así o veladoras. Estábamos en el pupitre ahí con la velita por un lado y escribiendo ahí. Salíamos todos humados. Había unos que con petróleo, mechones de garra que le poníamos y el bote de petróleo. Y lo prendíamos, así era la flama pero puro humo. Estábamos así y salíamos todos con las caras humadas. Y esa vez sí nos regañaron porque a las doce de la noche ya estábamos ahí todos, pos unos durmiendo y otros estudiando. Y tuvimos muchos problemas porque había unos vecinos que vivían a lado. Entonces ellos trabajaban en el cerro. Entonces ellos empezaron a tener mucho problema con las maestras porque se desvelaban los pobres. Se desvelaban ellos y siempre andaban de pleito con las maestras porque no los dejaban dormir y ellos tenían razón pero las maestras empezaron a voltearle toda la gente del lugar ahí, ponerlos en contra de ellos y sufrieron mucho ellos, sufrieron mucho. GM: ¿Todos sus hermanos y hermanas iban a la escuela? TO: Y luego las maestras eran muy rígidas con nosotros. Nuestros padres cometían el error de, les permitían que nos golpearan por cualquier errorcito que cometíamos nosotros, una desobediencia, un olvido. Les llevábamos y nosotros mismos teníamos la culpa, les llevamos unas varitas de palo dulce de esas que parecen látigo que hasta se doblan así y no se rompen. Nos subían arriba de una mesa y nos hacían subirnos el pantalón y nos reventaban los aquí mire, a sangrarnos, donde nos cuereaban con la varita aquí en los chamorros. Y mi papá, mi mamá, mi papá no… GM: Y su papá, ¿qué pensaba de eso? TO: “Eso lo merecen para que sean obedientes y aplicados en la escuela”. Es un error. Yo ahora tengo a mis niños y digo: “No, un maestro que me golpee a un niño se las ve conmigo”. GM: Y su papá en ese tiempo, ¿estaba de bracero? TO: Él venía. GM: ¿Usted le contaba de sus historias a su papá? TO: Pues es que en aquel tiempo según ellos los maestros eran para nuestra educación y que teníamos que obedecerlos. O sea que ellos automáticamente pues les daban autoridad a que nos llegaran, ¿vedá? Y ahora que yo tengo los míos digo: “No, cometían el error pos, ¿cómo voy a dejar que otra persona golpee a mi niño?”, ¿vedá? Y nosotros éramos niños o sea que… Una vez tuve un compañero, ya pasaba de las doce y le dieron ganas de ir al baño. Y la maestra no lo dejó levantar. Le pidió permiso: “Maestra quiero ir al baño, ¿me da permiso?”. “No vas”. “Es que mire, ya me anda del baño. Es que me hizo daño lo que comí y traigo el estómago revuelto y quiero ir al baño”. “No vas y no vas”. Se hizo del baño ahí sentado por capricho de la maestra no dejarlo ir al baño. O sea que eran muy duras, muy duras las maestras. GM: Entonces, ¿usted le platicaba así a su papá? ¿Qué tipo de relación tenía usted con su papá en ese entonces? TO: No, pues buena, buena. Ya hasta ahorita que uno de niño y pues, ¿qué relación puede haber? O sea que todo bueno, ¿vedá? Pos cariños. Mi padre era muy cariñoso, mi mamá también. GM: Y, ¿cómo era cariñoso su papá? TO: ¿Mande? GM: Y, ¿cómo? ¿De qué manera era cariñoso su papá? TO: Pues nos hablaba bonito, nos contaba sus historias, nos acariciaba, se nos arrimaba y nos alisaba acá el hombro y decía: “Yo los quiero mucho hijos y yo por ustedes doy la vida”. Me acuerdo yo que nos decía. GM: Y, ¿él les contaba de sus experiencias que él tenía como bracero? TO: Sí. Pues había veces que se reía de cosas que hacían entre los mismos compañeros. Le causaba risa cuando se acordaba. GM: ¿Como qué historias le decía? TO: Pues decía que una vez entre compañeros se pusieron a jugar baraja, póquer pero de a cigarro. Entre los mismos compañeros que sacaban su cigarro y apostaban un cigarro y dice: “Les gané todos los cigarros a todos”. Dice: “Había un compañero”, dice, “que no le gustó”, dice. “Se nos enojó, se me enojó”, dice, “a mí”, dice, “porque yo le había ganado los cigarros”. Dice: “Me tocó regresárselos”. Dije: “No, yo no quiero problema contigo por unos cigarros”, dice, “pos ahí están tus cigarros”. Y a él le daba risa. (risas) Dice, dice: “En vez de… Salíamos del trabajo bien cansados, nos bañábamos, lavamos nuestra ropa, nos poníamos a hacer el lonche”. Así que hacían tortillas. Era bien bueno pa hacer tortillas de harina. Dice: “Y pues ya en la tarde”, dice, “pos teníamos un radio de baterías”, dice, “y nos poníamos a escuchar música”, dice, “ahí para pasar el rato”, dice, “pos nos sacábamos la baraja y nos poníamos a apostar cigarros (risas) para divertirnos pa que se no se nos”. Pos no había televisión, no había nada de eso. Dice: “Lo único que era, un radio de esos de baterías”, dice, “era el que teníamos ahí pa escuchar música”, dice. “Y casi escuchábamos en español”, dice, “pero a veces estaciones de radio que sintonizaba el radio de la frontera”, dice, “de acá de este lado de México”, dice, “porque allá en Estados Unidos puro inglés”. Dice: “No había estaciones de radio en español”, ey. Pero ya le digo. GM: Sí, entonces este, su papá, ¿cuándo finalmente regresó a los Estados Unidos? ¿Regresó después de que acabó con la bracería? ¿Alguna otra vez? TO: No, pos después vino pero ya cuando nosotros le arreglamos. GM: Y, ¿usted cómo se arregló y cuándo? TO: ¿Yo? No, pos yo vine con coyote. Nosotros yo vine con coyote pos no había otro modo. GM: Y, ¿en qué año regresó su papá a los Estados Unidos? TO: No me acuerdo. Ahí tengo yo la mica de él del residente permanente. Pero no me acuerdo las fechas. GM: Y, ¿se acuerda si su papá decía que sus experiencias como bracero eran positivas, negativas o cómo él miraba el Programa Bracero? Si alguna vez le contó. TO: A él le gustaba mucho nomás que decía que había mucho problema en la frontera porque tenían que venirse… Me nombraba mucho el Empalme; Empalme, Sonora. Nombraba mucho muchos lugares que ahorita pos no me acuerdo pero decía que se juntaba muchísima gente. Y dice que había veces que era, que contrataban a la gente. Contrataban a la gente que le revisaban las manos eso sí me acuerdo. A la persona que le miraban callos así como de campesinos. Que les miraban callos en las manos, las manos ásperas de trabajo del campo, ¿vedá? Dice que eran a los que le prefe… Que les miraban las manos eran a los que contrataban. Que decían: “Este sí trabaja”. O: “Hace trabajos pesados”. Porque cuando venían viajando, viajaban en el tren dice que venían gente que nunca no sabían del campo nada pero por el interés de… que venían tallando palitos. Para cuando llegaran a la frontera ya traer callos en las manos. (risas) GM: Chistoso. Entonces, ¿su papá alguna vez le con[tó]? O bueno, en su experiencia, ¿usted piensa que el haber sido bracero su vida cambió en algunos siendo el hijo de un bracero? La vida de usted. TO: Que, ¿si había cambio en…? GM: Como si cambió su vida en alguno ¿de alguna manera cambió su vida? TO: Sabe de que económicamente se vivía mejor porque lo que mandaba él para allá como que rendía más. Entonces pues vivía uno mejor. Uno allá vivía uno mejor. Aunque era poco lo que él mandaba, no era porque les pagaban poco. ¿Se imagina el sueldo de aquel tiempo lo que era aquí? GM: Claro. TO: Pero al cambio de allá, pos rendía mucho. Entonces mi mamá, pues lo que hacía era, compraba lo que ocupaba más o menos para aguantar para cuando él volviera a mandar. Y lo que le sobraba no lo guardaba, sino entre los mismos vecindarios ahí: “No, pos que fulano vende una chivita y le sobraba a ella le miraba que podía comprar la chiva, la compraba. Entonces le mandaban cuando le contestaban cartas: “Pos mira compré esto, compré esto y lo que me sobró en vez de guardarlo que me lo voy a estar gastando”, dice, “me compré una chiva”. O: “Le compré una chiva o le compré un becerrito o una vaquita a fulano”. Entonces pos a mi papá pos le daba gusto. Dice: “Bueno la mujer pos”… ¿vedá? “Está comprando”. Entonces mi mamá de ese modo le hacía rendir su dinero a él, ¿vedá? GM: Sí. TO: Y daba gusto, daba gusto que cuando salía uno llegaba uno a la casa a encerrar los animales para dormir en la casa. Daba gusto ir por las calles allí del rancho con… Entre más cabecitas de ganado se miraban se miraba mejor. Hasta se lucía uno, ¿vedá? Arreando una vacas, ¿vedá? Chivas, ¿vedá? GM: Y, ¿había muchas otras personas que se fueron de su pueblo para ser braceros? TO: Sí, sí, pos mucha gente. De mi papá venían… venía mi papá, venían dos hermanos más de él y mucha familia, que primos, que tíos. Entre ellos pues se venían, se acompañaban. GM: Entonces, ¿usted miraba que en su pueblo había otras personas que también tenían más animales como usted? ¿Como ustedes? TO: Sí, sí, pos mucha gente se venía. GM: Entonces, ¿cómo cree que cambió el pueblo donde usted vivía por los braceros? TO: No, no hubo cambios sino que el único cambio que hubo fue económico porque la gente vivía mejor que la que no salía. GM: Y, ¿hay algo más que quisiera decir de braceros o su opinión? TO: No, pos nada, pos… GM: ¿Del Programa Bracero? TO: Pos agradecerles a ustedes que se estén acordando para algo, aunque mi papá y mi mamá pues ya no viven. Pero eso que sirva como algo que pasó y que para la gente nueva que viene, pos que tengan algo de historia de que nosotros, nuestros antepasados, nuestros padres vinieron. Y nosotros seguimos igual, aquí estamos. GM: Y, ¿qué tipo de trabajo hacía su papá entonces ya cuando vivía en los Estados Unidos? Se me olvidó preguntarle. TO: ¿En México? GM: No, ya cuando se regresó ya con documentado. TO: No, pues ya cuando arregló ya era mayor de edad. Ya no lo dejamos trabajar, pos ya estaba, ya taba muy viejito él. Él murió de setenta y nueve años. Y él cuando arregló papeles aquí ya por su edad ya tenía más de sesenta y cinco años, entonces, fuimos… GM: Entonces si ya quiere, ¿quiere terminar ya con la entrevista? TO: Sí, pues yo creo que ya, oiga. GM: Okay. Muchas gracias. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 34:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Ortiz_PERR006 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tarsicio Ortiz Subject The topic of the resource bracero Description An account of the resource Tarsicio Ortíz was born October 21, 1951, in Michoacán, México; his father was born in 1915, and he labored in the fields as a campesino; during the 1940s, before he married, he enlisted in the bracero program; he continued working as a bracero until Tarsicio was roughly ten years old; in addition, several of his family members were also braceros; Tarsicio was formally educated through the third grade; he later came to the United States without documents, but he was ultimately able to obtain legal status and help his father do the same; his father later died at the age of seventy-nine. Summary of Interview: Mr. Ortíz talks about his father’s time as a bracero; he initially enlisted in the bracero program during the 1940s, before he married; some of his friends were hesitant to join, because they were afraid of being sent off to war; even so, he had to take the chance; he went through the contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México; his hands were checked for calluses; some of the men that did not have any work experience rubbed sticks together in their hands to make calluses; he often talked to Tarsicio about how difficult life in México was and how working as a campesino was simply not enough, which is why he decided to leave; Tarsicio remembers that with the money his father sent, the family was able to buy land and livestock and make a better life for themselves; even so, it was difficult being without his father; he returned home once or twice a year, and he brought clothes, shoes and toys; he was an affectionate man and often told stories about his experiences as a bracero; during his free time, he played poker with other braceros and regularly won cigarettes; the men also listed to the radio; overall, Tarsicio admits that his life was better because of the money his father was able to send the family; his father later died at the age of seventy-nine; Tarsicio also mentions his on-going fight for bracero compensation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel Ortiz, Tarsicio Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Tarsicio Ortiz Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/castañedaaaron-07-copy_3f9089fd82.jpg 55c32441df05e585c265ccabe56e31a8 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2336 Height 1024 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Aaron Castañeda Gamez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Aaron Castañeda Gamez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2336 x 1024 Text Any textual data included in the document. INCOME TAX RETURN REQUIREMENTS Income tax return must be filed with the United States Collector of Internal Revenue, on or before Apr. 15, 1945, if total taxable income amounts to $500 or more. An income tax return form may be obtained from any Collector of Internal Revenue. FEDERAL INCOME TAX DATA GROSS WAGES PAID DURING THE CALENDAR YEAR 1944 $961.75 AMOUNT OF INCOME TAX WITHHELD $ RAILROAD RETIREMENT INFORMATION SERVICE MONTHS CREDIT JFMAMJJASOND 1111111 TOTAL SER. MOS. 7 COMPENSATION CREDITABLE UNDER RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT $961.75 STATE & CITY INCOME TAXES WITHHELD $ Form 1099 Information Return Calendar Year 1944 EMPLOYEE TO WHOM PAID A CASTANEDA GAMEZ CARRILLO PUERTO # 87 CANITAS ZAC MEXICO (Prit full name of employee, home address and social security number, if any. If employee is a married woman, name of husband should also be furnished.) DIVISION DEPARTMENT 7101 EMPLOYER BY WHOM PAID THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY Employer No. 1313 Room 915, 15 North 32ND Street, Philadelphia 4. Pa. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Steve Velasquez Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aaron Castañeda Gamez Pennsylvania Railroad Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-00-00 Description An account of the resource Tax form, 1099, for Aaron Castañeda Gamez from 1944 for work on the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Durango Subject The topic of the resource railroad Title A name given to the resource Tax form Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Aaron Castañeda Gamez Temporal Coverage 1944-00-00 Castañeda Pay Railroad https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/figueroaencinasluisbraceroletter1_79aa7a0300.jpg 07bc36b50424daefb192bc8b2689ad27 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 4512 Height 5424 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Luis Figueroa Encinas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Figueroa Encinas, Luis Resolution pixels per inch 600 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 4512x5424 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Luis Figueroa Encinas Arturo Lopez Corella Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Description An account of the resource This notarized letter acknowledges the fact that Luis Figueroa Encinas worked as a bracero in 1957. Juan Topete Hernandez and Luis Ramirez Montes sign as witnesses. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heber, California Subject The topic of the resource Testimony letter from Mexicali, Baja California, 2003 Title A name given to the resource Testimony letter Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Luis Figueroa Encinas Temporal Coverage 2003-09-11 2003 Baja California bracero Figueroa Encinas Mexicali notarized letter witness https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/figueroaencinasluis-testamentletter3_dcbc1e377d.jpg a7defca0790fd3def6dd031d34d0801e Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 4760 Height 6144 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Luis Figueroa Encinas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Figueroa Encinas, Luis Resolution pixels per inch 600 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 4760x6144 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Luis Figueroa Encinas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Description An account of the resource Two individuals acknowledges the fact that Luis Figueroa Encinas was a bracero from 1952-1961. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heber, California Subject The topic of the resource Testimony letter Title A name given to the resource Testimony letter Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Luis Figueroa Encinas Baja California bracero Figueroa Encinas testimony letter witness https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/martinezfaustinobracerotestamentlettercopy_efa3420244.jpg b88b80e7900fcde24e2bcda59249aae8 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2368 Height 3200 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. This notarized letter acknowledges the fact that Faustino Martinez worked as a bracero from 1957 to 1962. Two people signed as witnesses that he worked in both Imperial and San Joaquin Valley. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Faustino Martinez Monica M. Leon Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Description An account of the resource This notarized letter acknowledges the fact that Faustino Martinez worked as a bracero from 1957 to 1962. Two people signed as witnesses that he worked in both Imperial and San Joaquin Valley. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heber, California Subject The topic of the resource Testimony letter Title A name given to the resource Testimony letter Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Faustino Martinez 10% Baja California documents Imperial Valley Martinez Mexicali San Joaquin Valley testimony https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/navarrofedericobracerotestament_e519edb1ec.jpg 1052b9bc2856bedebb591b499ac52640 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2536 Height 3284 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. This letter acknowledges the fact that Federico Navarro Duran worked as a bracero from 1952 to 1961. Martin Cuevas Diaz and Jesus Nava Orozco signed as witnesses that he worked in various places throughout the United States of America. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Federico Navarro Duran Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Description An account of the resource This letter acknowledges the fact that Federico Navarro Duran worked as a bracero from 1952 to 1961. Martin Cuevas Diaz and Jesus Nava Orozco signed as witnesses that he worked in various places throughout the United States of America. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heber, California Subject The topic of the resource Testimony letter Title A name given to the resource Testimony letter Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Federico Navarro Duran 1952 1961 Duran Navarro testimony letter witnesses https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/lopez-leon,-asterio15a_18093eb784.jpg 678e7e243df5a0043ce4c660479fd20e Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2548 Height 3504 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. According to this letter, Roberto Morales Aganza and Rafael Garcia Molina testify to the fact that Asterio Lopez Leon was a bracero during the years of 1949 to 1963. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asterio Lopez Leon Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource According to this letter, Roberto Morales Aganza and Rafael Garcia Molina testify to the fact that Asterio Lopez Leon was a bracero during the years of 1949 to 1963. This happened in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico on September 10, 2003. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Blythe/Ripley, California Subject The topic of the resource Testimony letter Title A name given to the resource Testimony letter Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Asterio Lopez Leon Temporal Coverage 2003-09-10 1949 1963 Leon Lopez testimony letter witnesses https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/figueroaencinasluistestament-letter2copy_643a738f16.jpg d170373647bcf7551321fd441fcfbc30 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 4616 Height 5264 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Luis Figueroa Encinas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Figueroa Encinas, Luis Resolution pixels per inch 600 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 4616x5264 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Luis Figueroa Encinas Arturo Lopez Corella Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-24 Description An account of the resource Arturo Lopez Corella acknowledges the fact that both witnesses are being honest about their identities and what they have testified to be true. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heber, California Subject The topic of the resource Testimony letter from Mexicali, Baja California, 2003 Title A name given to the resource Testimony letter (back) Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Baja California Rights Holder Luis Figueroa Encinas Temporal Coverage 2003-09-00 2003 Baja California bracero Figueroa Encinas Mexicali notarized letter witness https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/lopez-leon,-asterio15b_1b76306d7a.jpg e56635b537235447137ff3488d2dffc0 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2548 Height 3504 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. According to this letter, Roberto Morales Aganza and Rafael Garcia Molina testify to the fact that Asterio Lopez Leon was a bracero during the years of 1949 to 1963. This letter was written in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico on September 10, 2003. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asterio Lopez Leon Arturo Lopez Corella Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource According to this letter, Roberto Morales Aganza and Rafael Garcia Molina testify to the fact that Asterio Lopez Leon was a bracero during the years of 1949 to 1963. This letter was written in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico on September 10, 2003. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Blythe/Ripley, California Subject The topic of the resource Testimony letter from Mexicali, Baja California, 2003 Title A name given to the resource Testimony letter (back) Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Asterio Lopez Leon Temporal Coverage 2003-09-10 1949 1963 Leon Lopez testimony letter witnesses https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/lopez-leon,-asterio15b_bf551fc975.jpg e56635b537235447137ff3488d2dffc0 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2548 Height 3504 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. According to this letter, Roberto Morales Aganza and Rafael Garcia Molina testify to the fact that Asterio Lopez Leon was a bracero during the years of 1949 to 1963. This letter was written in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico on September 10, 2003. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asterio Lopez Leon Arturo Lopez Corella Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource According to this letter, Roberto Morales Aganza and Rafael Garcia Molina testify to the fact that Asterio Lopez Leon was a bracero during the years of 1949 to 1963. This letter was written in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico on September 10, 2003. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Blythe/Ripley, California Subject The topic of the resource Testimony letter from Mexicali, Baja California, 2003 Title A name given to the resource Testimony letter (back) Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Asterio Lopez Leon 1949 1963 Leon letter Lopez testimony witnesses