111 25 3209 https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-marzo-junio-1956-ca(parte-superior-document_fd4053608f.jpg 460eeb41901f1e361daa128bb71c1596 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2552 Height 3508 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Miguel Zavala Lopez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Miguel Zavala Lopez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2552 x 3508 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Miguel Zavala Lopez California Packing Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Continuation of standard work contract for Miguel Zavala Lopez signed on March 22, 1956 with the California Packing Corporation. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract for Miguel Zavala Lopez Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Stockton, California Rights Holder Miguel Zavala Lopez Temporal Coverage 1956-03-22 1956-06-15 bracero Contract Lopez Work Zavala https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-mayo-junio-1957-california-(back)_a3d7353d83.jpg ae7642fecfc79ea796ac6f02581731c3 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2520 Height 3320 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Miguel Zavala Lopez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Miguel Zavala Lopez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2520 x 3320 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Miguel Zavala Lopez Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Continuation of standard work contract of Miguel Zavala Lopez showing backside with pay rates per crop. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract of Miguel Zavala Lopez Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract (back) Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Watsonville, California Rights Holder Miguel Zavala Lopez Temporal Coverage 1957-05-10 1957-06-21 bracero Contract Lopez Work Zavala https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/contrato-mayo-junio-1957-california-(front)_8a8409897a.jpg 29e19225843f68033770ac784c004798 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 2528 Height 3320 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Miguel Zavala Lopez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Miguel Zavala Lopez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 2528 x 3320 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Miguel Zavala Lopez Watsonville Growers Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Continuation of standard work contract of Miguel Zavala Lopez signed on May 10, 1957 with the Watsonville Growers Association. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Continuation of standard work contract of Miguel Zavala Lopez Title A name given to the resource Continuation of standard work contract Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Watsonville, California Rights Holder Miguel Zavala Lopez Temporal Coverage 1957-05-10 1957-06-21 bracero Contract Lopez Work Zavala https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/mica-eagle-pass,-tx,-1956-(back)_c7ece28131.jpg 33c321b2772a2d25fcdce8b4c4639b8f Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1068 Height 744 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Miguel Zavala Lopez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Miguel Zavala Lopez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1068 x 744 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Miguel Zavala Lopez U.S. Department of Justice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Alien laborer's identification card of Miguel Zavala Lopez dated 12 Sep 56. MICA. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Alien laborer's identification card of Miguel Zavala Lopez Title A name given to the resource Alien laborer's identification card (back) Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Eagle Pass, Texas Rights Holder Miguel Zavala Lopez Temporal Coverage 1956-09-12 bracero card ID Lopez Zavala https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/mica-eagle-pass,-tx,-1956-(front-w-picture)_c5fd378613.jpg 377ed2a7aff134e3f8ef7498c9e49e81 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1116 Height 728 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Miguel Zavala Lopez Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Miguel Zavala Lopez Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1116 x 728 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource David Villarreal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Miguel Zavala Lopez U.S. Department of Justice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-07-07 Description An account of the resource Alien laborer's identification card of Miguel Zavala Lopez with photogrpah. MICA. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Mexico City Subject The topic of the resource Alien laborer's identification card of Miguel Zavala Lopez Title A name given to the resource Alien laborer's identification card (front) Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Eagle Pass, Texas Rights Holder Miguel Zavala Lopez Temporal Coverage 1956-09-12 bracero card ID Lopez MICA Zavala https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/gray_ark11_556db394bd.mp3 41781fb07d118ce0c8b31105e5f14f8f Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mike Bowman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. John Gray Location The location of the interview. Hot Springs, Arkansas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:08:40 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 k/ 96 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Gray_ARK11 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Gray Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: John G. Gray was raised in Monette, Arkansas; his father owned a grocery store in town and eventually started farming as well; John later married in 1954 and left home; two years later, his father passed away, and he came back home to help take over the farm; in 1957, he hired braceros to help pick cotton; he also served as a secretary for the local association and helped coordinate which braceros went where. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gray briefly talks about his father who passed away in 1956 and how he went back home afterward to help take over the farm; although his father had mechanical pickers, it was too wet to use them in 1957, and John had to employ the help of braceros; he explains that at the time, farmers were financed through cotton gins, which is how they were able to hire braceros; they were transported to the gins in trailer trucks with open backs, where they all stood to accommodate greater numbers; John spoke a little bit of Spanish and served as a secretary for the local association to help coordinate which braceros went where; he kept groups of braceros together as often as he could; the farmers were responsible for providing housing, bedding, stoves, pots, pans and two burners for every three men; in addition, each bracero was given $5.00 and taken to the store to buy groceries; he also explains that the town of Caraway, Arkansas had a population of one thousand people, and the five thousand men that the bracero program brought provided a huge boost in the economy; most braceros were particularly drawn to buying pocket knives; John relates a humorous incident in which his men tried to cook soybeans to eat, but they became very ill due to the excessive oil; he even tried to take them into town for a drink once, but he lost too many of them in the whore house and decided not to do that again; even so, he remembers thinking of himself as pretty tough, but the braceros even outworked him; until then he had never seen anyone work as hard. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mike Bowman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource English Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Title A name given to the resource John Gray Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mike Bowman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource English Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. John Gray creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mike Bowman Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/mcneill_ark18_febc31acad.mp3 8860a3d2fae38953008cf3ef6c6401f6 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mike Bowman Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Sam McNeill Location The location of the interview. England, Arkansas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital , WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 53:38 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24k/ 96 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. McNeill_ARK18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sam McNeill Subject The topic of the resource Farmer Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mike Bowman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource EN Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Title A name given to the resource Sam McNeill Subject The topic of the resource Farmer Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mike Bowman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource EN Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Sam McNeill creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mike Bowman Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/men-at-lunch_6a176e7118.jpg 485b95bc1145786c42a15727ec6f82f5 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1992 Height 1941 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Minerva Christine Ann Cheatum Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photo File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Cheatum, Minerva Christine Ann Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1992 x 1941 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Steve Velasquez Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Minerva Christine Ann Cheatum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-00-00 Description An account of the resource Image of photo of men table eating a meal [El Rio ?] Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived El Paso - Las Cruces Subject The topic of the resource braceros Title A name given to the resource Photo of braceros at table Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Cheatum, Minerva Christine Ann camp Cheatum https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/minerva-cheatum_ca9e3386ad.jpg 5769f9098b9adeeb745f1a8c77822495 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1972 Height 1922 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Minerva Christine Ann Cheatum Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photo File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Cheatum, Minerva Christine Ann Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 1972 x 1922 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Steve Velasquez Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Minerva Christine Ann Cheatum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-00-00 Description An account of the resource Image of braceros in front of building (and water tower). Possibly El Rio Processing Center Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived El Paso - Las Cruces Subject The topic of the resource Camp Title A name given to the resource Photo of braceros in camp Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Rights Holder Cheatum, Minerva Christine Ann camp Cheatum https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/beasley_ark05_c12e5edc65.mp3 f319ad5d966a57e8a1182e6f008fd2d3 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mireya Loza Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Vance E. Beasley Location The location of the interview. Heth, Arkansas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 59:56 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 k/ 96 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Beasley_ARK05 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vance E. Beasley Subject The topic of the resource Farmer Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Vance E. Beasley was born on March 11, 1916, in Heber Springs, Arkansas; in 1927, his family moved to Heth, Arkansas; he was the third eldest of his six siblings, four brothers and two sisters; with the exception of one of his sisters, the rest of his siblings passed away; he was educated in public schools, but he often went in late and left early in order to help with the crops; in 1939, he graduated from the University of Arkansas with a degree in agriculture; soon after he married, and he and his wife had three children; he later went on to help his father and brother with their farming partnership, CJ Beasley and Sons. Summary of Interview: Mr. Beasley describes his family and what his life was like growing up; he also talks about his wife and children; during the midfifties, his father asked him to help with the family farm and the partnership of CJ Beasley and Sons; the dwindling labor supply led to their hiring of braceros, particularly for help with cotton, their primary crop; they took on thirty-five to forty braceros per season, and they stayed for contracts of roughly two and a half months; the farmers were required to provide basic necessities such as housing, bedding and cooking supplies; in addition, the braceros were given picking sacks, which were roughly seven feet long and could hold up to one hundred pounds; there was always at least one man in the group of braceros who spoke English and served as a leader; he would receive pay for all the workers and distribute it accordingly; he was also responsible for helping the men buy groceries; Vance repeatedly mentions the incredible work ethic of the braceros; they picked cotton better than any other workers; in fact, he mentions an instance in which he hired workers from Memphis, Tennessee, but they drank too much and did not pick the row of cotton as clean as the braceros did; he found it easier to pay them to leave; eventually, mechanization took over and eliminated the need for manual labor, which in his opinion, ultimately led to the end of the bracero program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource English Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Title A name given to the resource Vance E. Beasley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource English Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Vance E. Beasley creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mireya Loza Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/collins_ark09_b2095a0828.mp3 ffcfb4486b50e41e628a909aed09977c Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mireya Loza Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. James Collins Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 49:48 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24k/ 96 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Collins_ARK09 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James Collins Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-22 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource English Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Title A name given to the resource James Collins Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-22 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource English Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. James Collins creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mireya Loza Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/collier_ark08_844b49d623.mp3 df9ad19bb91a08fbf16abf60b3ca47c5 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mireya Loza Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. John Collier Location The location of the interview. Wynne, Arkansas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 56:37 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24k/ 96 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Collier_ARK08 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Collier Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource EN Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Title A name given to the resource John Collier Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource EN Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. John Collier creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mireya Loza Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/garcia_ark10_207c33bc8b.mp3 c5bbe738a3cd30caf7870763b417d18f Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mireya Loza Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Joe Garcia Location The location of the interview. Parkin, Arkansas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 44:13 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24k/ 96 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garcia_ARK10 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Joe Garcia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-23 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource SP Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Title A name given to the resource Joe Garcia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-23 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource SP Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Joe Garcia creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mireya Loza Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/guzman_ark12_64892ee7cd.mp3 e8ee9b78f3af3d078a93c7912236f6e0 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mireya Loza y Julie Weisner Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Trinidad Guzmán García Location The location of the interview. Parkin, Arkansas Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 39:57 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24k/ 96 bit File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Guzman_ARK12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trinidad Guzmán García Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza y Julie Weisner Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-23 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource SP Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Dublin Core (Spanish) Spanish-language version of the Dublin Core element set. Title A name given to the resource Trinidad Guzmán García Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mireya Loza y Julie Weisner Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-23 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource SP Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Trinidad Guzmán García creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mireya Loza y Julie Weisner Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Mojica, Francisco Location The location of the interview. Chico, California Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 3 tapes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Francisco Mojica Subject The topic of the resource bracero Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mojica, Francisco Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Francisco Mojica contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/montaño_gonzalez_las022_ba8cff8f97.mp3 949eaae798748ae67a63362d4aa8c99e Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Gonzalez, Pablo Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Montaño González, María Esther Location The location of the interview. Los Angeles, California Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 23:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Montaño_Gonzalez_LAS022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource María Esther Montaño González Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gonzalez, Pablo Montaño González, María Esther Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-12 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. María Esther Montaño González creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Gonzalez, Pablo Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/garcia_chic001_de98dbc686.mp3 7aa460d33bddbad5926741b4741f0eae Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morales Haro, Claudia Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. García, Antonio Location The location of the interview. Chicago, Illinois Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 2:41:05 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garcia_CHIC001 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Antonio García creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Morales Haro, Claudia contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morales Haro, Claudia García, Antonio Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-03-12 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Antonio García was born on June 13, 1937, in Tepehuanes, Durango, México, but he grew up in Nuevo Ideal, Durango; he was the eldest of five siblings, two of which died when they were young; when he was five years old, his mother died, and he was raised by his father and step-mother; his father was a farmer who worked as a bracero for a short time; when Antonio was seventeen, he enlisted in the bracero program; he continued working with the program on and off until the early 1960s. Summary of Interview: Mr. García recalls his childhood and family; he went to school through the fourth grade, and he quit school at the age of thirteen in order to work; when he was seventeen, he decided to enlist in the bracero program; although he was not yet of age, he arranged for his military ID card to state that he was eighteen years old in order to begin the hiring process; he goes on to describe what the contracting center in Durango, Durango, México was like; his first contract took him to work in the cotton fields of Texas; he describes what the living and working conditions were like while he was there; about a week after being there, he became very ill, and he was unable to work for over two weeks; he believes it was the food that made him so sick; although he was taken to the doctor and given medication, it did not help, and he eventually returned to México; after spending several months in México, he decided he wanted to try working as a bracero again; he describes the contracting centers he went through in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, and Empalme, Sonora, México, as well as the various places he worked in throughout California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Antonio García https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/ponce_de_leon_chic002_3763c94aca.mp3 06aaf8191b9e209fc11d31bf1b23731f Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morales Haro, Claudia Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Ponce de León, Jesús Location The location of the interview. Chicago, Illinois Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:13:28 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Ponce_de_Leon_CHIC002 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jesús Ponce de León creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Morales Haro, Claudia contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morales Haro, Claudia Ponce de León, Jesús Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-02-17 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Ponce was born on July 11, 1919, in Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, but he was raised in México, Distrito Federal; he was the second eldest of eight siblings; during his first year in secondary school, he had to quit in order to work; when the factory where he worked closed, he decided to enlist in the bracero program; in 1944, he became a bracero, and he worked on the railroads in Chicago, Illinois; two years later, in 1946, he emigrated into the United States, and he continued working on the railroads in Chicago; he worked for a total of thirty years before retiring; in 1980, he became a United States citizen. Summary of Interview: Mr. Ponce recalls his family, childhood, and adolescence; when he was fifteen, he quit school and began working at a factory; in 1944, the factory closed, and he decided to enlist in the Bracero Program; he goes on to describe the medical exams, including the delousing procedures he went through at the contracting center in México, Distrito Federal; from there he was transported by passenger train to Bensenville, Illinois, just outside of Chicago; he describes the living situation there as horrible; there were several cargo trucks without wheels on the floor, and inside of each one of them, there were about forty bunk beds, which is where they were expected to sleep and live; the only bathrooms were outside, and they had to bathe out of buckets; he later became friends with a woman who allowed him and other workers to stay in her home, rather than in the trucks, while they worked; every six months he acquired new work contracts without having to leave the country, but in 1946 he was no longer allowed to do so; after returning to México; in May of that same year, he was able to emigrate into the United States; he went on to work on the railroads for a total of thirty years before retiring; in 1980, he became a U.S. citizen. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Jesús Ponce de León https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/felix_prieto_chic003_3ca3face1a.mp3 831ff16899802b4798b711045444e6f3 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morales Haro, Claudia Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Félix Prieto, José Location The location of the interview. Chicago, Illinois Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 2:48:34 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Felix_Prieto_CHIC003 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. José Félix Prieto creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Morales Haro, Claudia contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morales Haro, Claudia Félix Prieto, José Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-02-24 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Félix was born on September 21, 1939, in Tepetongo, Zacatecas, México; as a child he would eagerly wait for his father to come home from working as a bracero; he knew at a young age that he also wanted to become a bracero; in 1959, he began the hiring process for the bracero program; he worked in various cities throughout California, Illinois, and Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Félix recalls that as a child, he would eagerly wait for his father to come home form working as a bracero; he knew at a young age that he also wanted to come to the United States to work as a bracero; when he was eighteen, he began marching in the Mexican army in order to obtain his military ID card so he could enlist as a bracero; in 1959, he went to Empalme, Sonora, México, to begin the hiring process; he describes what the center was like and how he waited twenty-one days for a contract; in addition, he explains how he was medically examined and then transported to Mexicali, Baja California; he goes on to detail the medical exams he underwent in Calexico, California, including x-rays, blood samples, and the delousing process; his first work contract took him to Stockton, California, for three months; after his contract expired he returned to México, and he later went through the contracting center in Guasave, Sinaloa, México, which took him to work in Salinas, California, picking lettuce; he later went through another contracting center in Matamoros, Taumalipas, and he worked picking cotton in Texas; when his contract expired, he again returned to México; sometime later, he was able to arrange the necessary paperwork for him to emigrate into the United States. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource José Félix Prieto https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/almaraz_valdivia_chic004_1e5013d141.mp3 fd2cb76ecc51a8984df6b56f784c3926 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morales, Argelia Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Almaraz Valdivia, Roberto Location The location of the interview. Chicago, Illinois Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 29:23 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Almaraz_Valdivia_CHIC004 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Roberto Almaraz Valdivia creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Morales, Argelia contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morales, Argelia Almaraz Valdivia, Roberto Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-09-01 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Roberto Almaraz Valdivia was born in Tabasco, Zacatecas, México, but raised in Villanueva, Zacatecas; his parents worked in agriculture, and he had four sisters and three brothers; he was formally schooled through the fourth grade; when he was roughly twelve years old, he began working in agriculture as well; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas, picking beans, beets, cotton, cucumber, grapefruits, limes, oranges, and tomatoes; he continued working with the program until 1960. Summary of Interview: Mr. Almaraz briefly discusses his family and childhood; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program in Villanueva, Zacatecas, México; from there, he traveled to the contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México; he mentions the physical examinations and delousing process he underwent as part of the contracting process; from Empalme he was taken to El Centro, California, which is where the ranchers chose the workers they wanted; while there, the workers also signed their contracts, which were initially for forty days, but they could be extended for six month periods at a time, until they had completed eighteen months of work in total; as a bracero, he worked in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas, picking beans, beets, cotton, cucumber, grapefruits, limes, oranges, and tomatoes; he goes on to discuss the various worksites, duties, living conditions, provisions, payment methods, and recreational activities; in addition, he describes the letters he sent home to his mother and girlfriend, whom he later married in 1957; while in Oxnard, California, he became good friends with the foreman, and he eventually worked his way up to second in command; he was later able to get permission to rent a small house with other co-workers; he continued working with the program until 1960. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Roberto Almaraz Valdivia https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/porter_elp039_be390d542f.mp3 e470e7af9413c141258c4c671cabc708 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. description (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'description' Dublin Core field. Síntesis Biográfica del Entrevistado: Bob Porter nació en Roscoe, Texas en 1929; un año más tarde, su familia se trasladó a Las Cruces, área de Nuevo México, y más tarde se mudó nuevamente a Hatch, Nuevo México, que es donde creció. En 1954, luego de terminar una misión de servicio en el Ejército, comenzó a trabajar para el Departamento de Agricultura de Doña Ana, mientras estaba allí, administró el Programa Bracero por dos años. Más tarde aceptó un cargo en el Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería de Nuevo México, donde estuvo como director y gerente general. Resumen de la Entrevista: El Sr. Porter describe brevemente su infancia; en 1954 comenzó a trabajar en el Departamento de Agricultura del condado de Doña Ana como asistente del director y posteriormente ascendió a director. Mientras estaba allí administró el Programa Bracero durante dos años. El programa de Doña Ana era el más grande, con un volumen de seis mil braceros durante la temporada del algodón; en esa época, se transportaban diariamente unos quinientos braceros entre Río Vista, un centro de procesamiento en Socorro, Texas y Las Cruces, Nuevo México. Mientras se hallaban en el centro de recepción, los braceros eran sometidos a exámenes médicos y se les daba tiempo para asearse y descansar de los viajes, los centros funcionaban todo el año, con braceros trabajando en las haciendas y en la producción de vegetales; él recuerda un viaje que hizo a México para realizar un cruce especial de braceros, en oportunidad de una solicitud de cientos de trabajadores por parte de agricultores locales, para la cual se presentaron miles con la esperanza de ser contratados; hubo reuniones y negociaciones entre el Ministerio de Trabajo y las agricultores del área. También hace mención de huelgas laborales que se sucedieron en el área y recuerda una instancia en la cual César Chávez y Dolores Huerta pasaron por el pueblo; en su opinión, las severas demandas en aumento del Ministerio de Trabajo llevaron a los agricultores a buscar la mecanización, que con el tiempo condujo al fin del Programa Bracero. subject (Spanish) El Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería de Nuevo México Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morgan, Beth Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Porter, Bob Location The location of the interview. Las Cruces, New Mexico Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:27:57 File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Porter_ELP039 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bob Porter Subject The topic of the resource New Mexico Farm and Livestock Bureau Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Bob Porter was born in Roscoe, Texas, in 1929; a year later, his family moved to the Las Cruces, New Mexico area, and later they moved again to Hatch, New Mexico, which is where he grew up; in 1954, upon finishing a tour of duty in the military, he began working for the Doña Ana County Farm Bureau; while there, he administered the bracero program for two years; he later took a position with the New Mexico Farm and Livestock Bureau, spending his last fifteen years there as director and CEO. Summary of Interview: Mr. Porter briefly recalls his childhood; in 1954, he began working for the Doña Ana County Farm Bureau as an assistant director, and he then moved up to director; while there, he administered the bracero program for two years; the Doña Ana program was the largest one with 6,000 braceros during the cotton season; at that time, about 500 braceros were transported daily between Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, and Las Cruces, New Mexico; while at the reception center, the braceros were medically examined and given time to clean up and rest from their trips; the centers operated year round with some of the braceros working on ranches and in vegetable production; he recalls a trip he took to México, for a special crossing of braceros, in which a few hundred workers were requested by local farmers, but thousands showed up waiting to be hired; there were meetings and negotiations between the Department of Labor and area farmers; he also mentions labor strikes in the area, and he recalls one instance in which Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta came through town; in his opinion, the Department of Labor’s stringent and increasing demands led farmers to purchae mechanization, which ultimately ended the bracero program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morgan, Beth Porter, Bob Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-03-06 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Bob Porter creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Porter, Bob Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/lerma_elp029_a4ba45c536.mp3 d9f3d2f444a92baba9bd28aa0976ff32 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. description (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'description' Dublin Core field. Síntesis Biográfica del Entrevistado: Consuelo Lerma nació en Las Cruces, Nuevo México, el 1º de diciembre de 1917; en 1949 comenzó a trabajar para el Centro Singer de Costura en Las Cruces, una vez que recibió adiestramiento, comenzó a dar clases de costura a las esposas de los braceros y a otras mujeres del campo de bajos recursos. Resumen de la Entrevista: La Sra. Lerma recuerda que comenzó a trabajar para el Centro Singer de Costura en su pueblo natal de Las Cruces, Nuevo México, en el año 1949; viajó a El Paso, Texas y Alburquerque, Nuevo México, a fin de recibir adiestramiento sobre la utilización de las máquinas y sus distintos accesorios y sobre cómo enseñar a coser, poco después, comenzó a enseñarles a las esposas de los braceros, así como a otras mujeres de bajos recursos. Las clases se ofrecían a través del programa educativo Home Education Livelihood Program, con el respaldo conjunto del Gobierno y de las iglesias del área, el Gobierno proveía las telas y los materiales necesarios y la Compañía Singer suplía las máquinas de coser, las clases se daban en Vado, Nuevo México, de mañana, tarde y noche, una vez por semana. Las mujeres que tomaban estas clases hablaban sólo español, de modo que ella les enseñaba el poco inglés que podía; provenían de las áreas de San Miguel, La Mesa y Vado; las mujeres se concentraban principalmente en la confección de vestidos. [Nota del entrevistador: la Sra. Lerma no estaba segura exactamente de la fecha en que enseñó estas clases, pero no le cabían dudas de que las alumnas eran las esposas de los braceros.] subject (Spanish) coser Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morgan, Beth Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Lerma Consuelo Location The location of the interview. Las Cruces, New Mexico Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 54:19 File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Lerma_ELP029 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Consuelo Lerma Subject The topic of the resource Sewing Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Consuelo Lerma was born in Las Cruces, New Mexico, on December 1, 1917; in 1949, she began working for the Singer Sewing Center in Las Cruces; after receiving training, she began teaching sewing classes for the wives of braceros and other low-income farm women. Summary of Interview: Ms. Lerma recalls that in 1949, she began working for the Singer Sewing Center in her hometown of Las Cruces, New Mexico; she went to El Paso, Texas, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, to receive training on how to use the machines and their various attachments and how to teach others to sew; shortly thereafter, she then began teaching a sewing class for the wives of braceros and other low-income farm women; the classes were offered through the Home Education Livelihood Program and jointly sponsored by the government and area churches; the government provided the fabric and necessary materials, and the Singer Company supplied the machines; the classes were given in Vado, New Mexico, in the morning, afternoon, and evening once a week; the women taking her class spoke only Spanish, and she taught them what little English she could; they were from the San Miguel, La Mesa, and Vado area; the women focused primarily on making dresses. [Interviewer’s Note: Ms. Lerma was uncertain of the exact years she taught the classes, but she was adamant about these women being the wives of braceros.] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morgan, Beth Lerma, Consuelo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-03-07 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Consuelo Lerma creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Lerma, Consuelo Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/reyes_elp042_dbb983f89e.mp3 3c5baf928c8734631b09e5288fd6ab25 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. description (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'description' Dublin Core field. Síntesis Biográfica del Entrevistado: Cora C. Reyes nació en Mesilla, Nuevo México, el 1º de enero de 1926 en el seno de una familia de agricultores. Su familia se trasladó a La Mesa, Nuevo México, para hacerse cargo de los niños huérfanos de su tía, en 1944 se casó con Silvestre Reyes, quien también provenía de una familia de agricultores; la familia Reyes a menudo contrató braceros mientras duró el Programa Bracero; Resumen de la Entrevista: La Sra. Reyes recuerda brevemente su infancia y adolescencia temprana, fue a la escuela hasta octavo grado, dado que tuvo que ayudar a sus padres en la casa y en la finca. En 1944 se casó con Silvestre Reyes, quien también era agricultor, la familia Reyes a menudo contrató braceros y algunos de ellos continuaron trabajando para la familia por más de treinta años, abarcando el período que duró el Programa Bracero y hasta después de naturalizarse. Los Reyes construyeron una casa para tres braceros en particular que llevaban con ellos a sus familias y se quedaban todo el año en la finca; los braceros temporarios dormían en literas en el granero, pero compartían las instalaciones de la casa principal. Para las fiestas, muchos braceros regresaban a México para ver a sus familiares, la Sra. Reyes se acuerda de un accidente trágico en el que un trabajador murió estrangulado por una máquina de cosechar algodón. Su marido solía contratar mano de obra indocumentada necesitada de trabajo, a quienes escondía cuando se presentaban los oficiales de inmigraciones; concluye diciendo que tenía una buena opinión de los braceros y casi nunca tuvo problemas con ellos; además, comenta que muchos de los agricultores locales no hubieran sobrevivido sin la ayuda de los braceros. subject (Spanish) Contrató braceros mientras duró el Programa Bracero Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morgan, Beth Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Reyes, Cora C. Location The location of the interview. La Mesa, New Mexico Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital, WAV, MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 51:50 File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Reyes_ELP042 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cora C. Reyes Subject The topic of the resource Employment of braceros on family farm Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Cora C. Reyes was born in Mesilla, New Mexico, on January 1, 1926, to a family of farmers; her family moved to La Mesa, New Mexico, in order to take in her aunt’s orphaned children; in 1944, she married Silvestre Reyes, who was also from a family of farmers; the Reyes family often hired braceros throughout the duration of the bracero program; Summary of Interview: Mrs. Reyes briefly recalls her childhood and early adolescence; she went to school only through eighth grade, because she had to help her parents at home and on their farm; in 1944, she married her husband, Silvestre Reyes, who was also a farmer; the Reyes family often hired braceros, and there were some who continued to work for the family for over thirty years, which included the time during the bracero program and upon their naturalization; the Reyes’s built a house for three particular braceros who brought their families with them and stayed on the farm year-round; the seasonal braceros would sleep on bunk beds in the barn, but they would share the facilities in the main house; on holidays, many of the braceros would return to México to see their relatives; Mrs. Reyes recalls one tragic accident where a worker was strangled by a cotton picking machine; her husband would hire undocumented workers who were in need of work, and he would hide them whenever immigration officers would show up; she concludes that she thought very well of the braceros and had few if any problems with them; in addition, she comments that many of the local farmers would not have survived without the help of the braceros. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morgan, Beth Reyes, Cora C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-01-24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Cora C. Reyes creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Reyes, Cora C. Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/augustine_elp002_b915070194.mp3 1d877022a6945fc7c277479543a9cef1 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. description (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'description' Dublin Core field. Síntesis Biográfica del Entrevistado: John L. Agustine nació en El Paso, Texas el 29 de agosto de 1914; su padre trabajaba en las minas de Lordsburg, Nuevo México. Él realizó estudios de agricultura en la Universidad del Estado de Nuevo México y enseñó por un breve periodo; luego se convirtió en agente auxiliar del Condado de Doña Ana, donde prestó servicios como coordinador para el Programa Bracero. Resumen de la Entrevista: La primera experiencia laboral del Sr. Augustine fue la enseñanza de agricultura vocacional en el sistema de Escuelas Públicas de Farmington, luego se convirtió en agente asistente del Condado de Doña Ana bajo la dirección del Sr. Lee Gould; luego de que se jubiló el Sr. Gould, el Sr. Augustine prestó servicios como agente del condado; como agente en funciones del Programa Bracero su trabajo era asegurarse de que todo funcionara como debía, informaba a la agencia contratista la cantidad de trabajadores que necesitaban los agricultores. Además, mediaba en las disputas y las resolvía, entre agricultores y braceros, exigiéndoles a los agricultores que proporcionaran las condiciones de vivienda adecuadas conforme a los estándares del programa; hace un recuento asimismo de las temporadas de cosecha específicas para las que se contrataban braceros y las tareas que éstos realizaban; según él lo recuerda, nunca se presentó ningún problema serio con este programa. El uso de los braceros brindaba una relación simbiótica mediante la cual las necesidades tanto de braceros como de agricultores podían ser satisfechas. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morgan, Beth Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Augustine, John L. Location The location of the interview. Las Cruces, New Mexico Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. Name of Interviewee: John L. Augustine Date of Interview: April 28, 2003 Name of Interviewer: Beth Morgan This is Beth Morgan and it is April 28, 2003 and I visiting with Mr. John L. Augustine at home in Las Cruces, New Mexico. He is a former Dona Ana county agent for the Cooperative Extension Service. This interview is for the Bracero Oral History Project. BM: May I ask, when and where you were born, Mr. Augustine? JA: Where was I born? BM: Um-hm. JA: In El Paso, Texas. BM: When was that? JA: In El Paso, Texas, in 1914. BM: When is your birthday? JA: August 29, 1914. BM: Did you grow up in El Paso? JA: No. My mother and father lived in Lordsburg, New Mexico. He was a mining engineer there, and he had a little mine out, close to the 85 mine. My mother went to El Paso to have me, because there were no facilities in Lordsburg at that time. BM: You grew up in Lordsburg? JA: That’s right. BM: Is that where you graduated from high school? JA: No. I went to high school two years in Lordsburg and then attended the New Mexico Military Institute for four years. Two years of high school and two years of junior college. In 1935, I came down to New Mexico State University. I took agriculture and attended the university here until I graduated. BM: You got a bachelor’s degree— JA: In agriculture. BM: I believe you said your first position was with the Cooperative Extension Services. JA: My first position was teaching vocational agriculture in Farmington, New Mexico, for a year. BM: Was that with a public school then? JA: Yes, ma’am. Then I came from there, got employed by the New Mexico [Cooperative] Extension Service, and became assistant county agent here in Las Cruces, under County Agent Lee Gould. When he retired, I became county agent. BM: What year was that? JA: I’ve been trying to think, but I think it was sometime in the early forties. BM: That would have been during the time that the Bracero Project was in effect? JA: Yes, ma’am. BM: Can you tell me a little about your training for the position of county agent? JA: You just needed a degree in agriculture, and that is what started you out. The purpose of the [Cooperative] Extension Service is to bring information on what is going on at the university in the Agriculture Department out to the farmers and ranchers…experiment work, mostly. BM: How many years did you work for the [Cooperative] Extension Service? JA: I think it was about ten years. BM: Then you went on to something else? JA: I became the director of the New Mexico Farm and Livestock Bureau, Executive Vice President of the New Mexico Farm and Livestock Bureau. BM: Do you speak Spanish? JA: Just pick-up terms. I took Spanish in high school and then in college. I know the basics of it, but I can’t speak it. BM: Can you describe for me what your role was in the Bracero Program as a county agent? JA: Mostly, I would take orders from the farmers for the numbers of people that they needed to help them do farm work. By and large, as I remember this, it was mostly to pick cotton that the Bracero Program was in effect in Doña Ana County. BM: Then what did you do with those orders? JA: There was another organization that handled the braceros. [The organization] went down, recruited them, brought them into the country from Mexico, and made them available to go on the farms. BM: Would that have been the Doña Ana County Farm and Livestock Bureau? JA: I don’t remember. I don’t think it was the farm bureau, but it could have been. BM: I think it was at some time. It may not always have been. You took orders for how many workers the farmers needed? JA: Yes, ma’am. If a certain farmer needed fifteen or twenty or whatever number, why then we would get them. [We would] go to the organization that had brought them in and made them available and get them to take them to the farm. BM: Were there any other responsibilities that you had that related to the Bracero Program? JA: Only to try to make it as available and work as good as possible. The men had to be available to bring them over here and make them available to go to the farm. BM: What years did you work with the braceros or with that program? JA: I can’t give you the exact years. (laughs) Like I said, I’m getting pretty old, and I can’t remember exact dates anymore, during the time that I was county agent. BM: Maybe 1942 to 1952, something like that? JA: Yeah, something like that. BM: Your job assignment then was here in Doña Ana County? JA: That’s right. BM: Did you ever have to go out to the farms as a result of your— JA: If there became disagreements or some farmer was accused of not doing the right thing with the men, why, I would try to settle that and be sure that those things didn’t happen. BM: You would kind of work with the farmers and the braceros? JA: That’s right, to see that they were treated properly, paid, and that they did their job. Between an employer and workers, there sometimes develops disagreements and things like that. I would try to help straighten those things out. BM: Do you remember any of those in particular? JA: No, ma’am, I don’t. They happened as they would happen in any program. My job was to try to make this program successful and to work to get our agriculture products picked, like the cotton picked and out of the farm. BM: Did you ever have any reason to travel down to the recruiting station? I think it was in Eagle Pass, Texas. JA: No, ma’am, I never did. BM: Did you ever have to go anywhere else to do your job as administrator of that program? JA: No, ma’am. Mostly, I was right here in the county working to try to get the braceros to the farmers and to see that they did their job of doing the agriculture work. BM: Did you have any responsibilities for checking the qualifications of the braceros or anything like that? JA: No, ma’am. That was the people that brought them in. BM: Did you ever have any interaction with the Mexican government as a result of your position? JA: No. All I can say is that these braceros, most of them, were tremendous workers and real good people. They didn’t cause any trouble. [They] wanted to do the job and make the money that came with the job. Because it was good pay for them to come over here and get paid. BM: Maybe you could talk a little bit about why it was necessary to bring people in from Mexico to do that work. JA: In this country that was the time of labor shortages. I think the war brought it on. There had to be some agriculture work done, and there just weren’t any local people available. BM: Were there any farmers that stood out in terms of the number of braceros that they used or their treatment, whether good or bad, of their laborers? JA: As [with] any program, there were farmers who didn’t do exactly the right thing with these men. We would try to straighten that out and bring about a proper treatment of our braceros. There weren’t many cases of that, but there’s always something, somebody, that does something that isn’t just right. We had some braceros that were not good workers, and we had to straighten that out and send them back or get them to go to work. BM: On a day-to-day basis, what exactly were your responsibilities within the program? What would you do that had to do with that program? JA: Just take orders from farmers, get them to the people that had the braceros, and then help to get them out on the farm. That was about it. BM: Would that be kind of a seasonal thing? JA: A what? BM: Seasonal— JA: Yeah. It was in the cotton-picking season when we needed them the worst. BM: Toward the end of the summer, early fall, would you have a lot of orders? JA: Early fall, yeah. BM: During the wintertime, did you have any orders for braceros? JA: This picking season went on until finally all the cotton was picked. BM: When was that usually? When did that stop? JA: Usually around the first of the year. BM: During the springtime, was there any demand for braceros? JA: Yes, ma’am. Preparing the land or the crops needed some handwork or human work, to get things prepared. BM: Like weeding or something like that? JA: Yeah. BM: Was it nearly always hand labor that they were hired for? JA: That’s right. BM: Did any of them, to your knowledge, drive tractors and heavy equipment like that? JA: If the farmer needed somebody to, and they were available, they could do it. BM: I see. (clock chiming) Would you happen to remember how many braceros might be hired by farmers in the county over the course of the year? JA: You mean the total number or for each farm? BM: Either one or both. JA: I don’t remember, but there were several thousand braceros in [the county] at one time. BM: Would you say that would be at the peak of cotton harvest? JA: Yes, ma’am. There was other growing of vegetables that required a lot of hand labor, just harvesting it, keeping the land clean, getting the vegetables grown, and then harvested. BM: That was things like onions? JA: Onions, well, onions were our main crop here all right. BM: At that time for vegetables? JA: Yeah. BM: What about chile? JA: Chile? That required picking, like cotton, and it required a lot of hand labor. Chile and cotton were the big picking crops. BM: How about lettuce? JA: Lettuce had to be harvested by hand, too. So we had all of those things. BM: What about alfalfa? Did they have any— JA: Well, the only thing you can load the hay onto a truck or something like that. They could be used, but that didn’t require a great number. BM: They may have been employed within the county year-round, but for different purposes? JA: That’s right. BM: To your knowledge, did the braceros that worked at one farm return to that same place the next year? JA: If they were satisfied. In most cases, the farmers and the braceros got along good. BM: Did you have any responsibility for setting that up? JA: I would help them to get back to the same farm. If the farmer wanted the same ones, I would help him to get them. BM: How did you manage that? I mean did you have to correspond with them in Mexico or what? JA: No. They had the people that had—we had contact together. BM: That would have been with the organization that actually— JA: Yeah, that’s right. BM: Let’s see here. Did you require any proof of the bracero’s state of health? JA: As a whole, their health was very good. I mean they weren’t sickly or anything like that. There were always a few that have something or some kind of disease or something. As a whole, we didn’t have much of that. BM: Did you have any responsibility for assuring that they were fit to work or was that the other organization? JA: That was the other organization. BM: Did you have to keep track of what kind of housing the braceros were put in? JA: No, but we all wanted them to have adequate, clean housing. As a whole, that was developed over the time. There wasn’t high-class housing, but it was adequate, clean places to live. BM: By adequate, would that include running water and— JA: Running water, something to cook with, that sort of thing, and a place to sleep. BM: Did that necessarily include indoor toilets or not? JA: In most cases, there were no indoor toilets. BM: I see, okay. What was the Cooperative Extension Service’s responsibility for ensuring that that housing was adequate? JA: Well if it turned out not to be, we would work with the farmer to get him to fix it, to take care of the situation. BM: That was mostly just a matter of persuading them to do it? JA: That’s right, because in the final analysis, it could be brought out that they could lose these braceros if they didn’t do the right thing. BM: Did they have to do that at their own expense? JA: Yes. BM: Did you handle any of the work contracts for the braceros? JA: Only to furnish the forms and that sort of thing. BM: Did you do most of your work on the phone or did you go to the farms to find out how many braceros people needed? JA: Well, both ways. They would come to me, the farmers would, and request that we get them so many or I was out in the farming community, too. BM: Half of one and six dozen— JA: Yeah. BM: (laughs) I mean six of one and half a dozen of the other. Did you have any oversight of the braceros at the time their contracts were over? JA: You mean what they would do then? BM: Right. JA: They were supposed to be taken back to Mexico. BM: But that was by the other agency? JA: Yeah. BM: Did the Cooperative Extension Service have any requirements for closing out the books on a particular bracero or anything like that? JA: No, we didn’t do much of that. BM: You’re mostly kind of like a go-between? JA: That’s right. BM: In your opinion, what affect did the Bracero Program have on undocumented workers coming into the county? JA: What do you mean by undocumented? I thought they were undocumented. BM: The braceros were people who were legally sanctioned by both the U.S. government and the Mexican government. I’m talking about people— JA: The ones who came across the border on their own? BM: Right. JA: Well probably they had some places they had been working and came back. As a whole, I think the Bracero Program was what was relied on during that time. BM: Do you think that the fact that the Bracero Program was in effect reduced the number of illegals crossing? JA: Oh, yes. BM: What about relations between Doña Ana County and the Mexican government? Do you think that was pretty good during that time? JA: We didn’t have any argument that I remember, because the braceros were needed, and the braceros needed the jobs . Our job was to get them together and get them in here to work. BM: Did you have any complaints about discrimination against the braceros by any of the local farmers? JA: It wasn’t anything big. BM: If those kinds of complaints arose, then did you have some responsibility for working those out, too? JA: We would try to get together and get 'em straightened out. BM: To your knowledge, did any of the braceros end up working with crews that included people who had crossed illegally? JA: Oh, I don’t think we had a problem with that. BM: That was not a problem? JA: Unh-uh. BM: Did you ever have to arbitrate if the farmers had problems with braceros who were say, having a little bit too much fun on Saturday nights? (laughs) JA: Yeah. Once again, I would get into those things if asked or if I saw that I needed to do it to straighten out something. We did pretty good at it. Nothing, fighting or anything like that, just a matter of trying to get people to do the right thing. If the braceros wouldn’t do the right thing, they would have to go back. BM: Do you remember any specific incidents? JA: No, ma’am, but I know there were some. BM: I understand that some of the farmers may have received workers who did cross illegally. I wanted to know if there was any awareness, on your part, of such farmers, and if you had any responsibility for trying to make them legal by bringing them into the Bracero Program? JA: No, ma’am. I didn’t get mixed up in it. BM: To your knowledge, was there any labor unrest among the braceros in this county? JA: Well, there are always dissatisfied workers that want more or do less, but it wasn’t a big problem. We never had a big problem with that. BM: How about criminal behavior? JA: Well, once in a while, there were those, too. The sheriff’s department took care of most of those. BM: What affect did the Bracero Program have on the productivity of Doña Ana County farms? JA: If we hadn’t had them, there would be a lot of farms that wouldn’t have been able to harvest their crops. That would have been real bad financially for our farm people. BM: What about the ranchers? Were there any Doña Ana County ranchers that used braceros? JA: That was not a problem with us that I remember. BM: The ranchers were not requiring braceros? JA: No. The big requirement was with the cotton farmers and the vegetable farmers. BM: Could you describe for me your personal opinion of the Bracero Program as a whole? JA: I think it was a tremendous program at the time it was in effect. [It was] something that we really needed in this county and in this area. It did a great deal of good and kept many of our farmers in business by harvesting their crops. By and large, the big majority of the braceros were good workers and good people. BM: What would you say were the advantages of the program? JA: Well, they were here to work, to take care harvesting our crops, and the farmers needed them. If they hadn’t had them, I don’t know what we would have done. BM: What about disadvantages of the program? JA: I can’t think of any. It didn’t hurt anybody in this country or any of our workers that were here, the few that were here. There were no disadvantages that I know of. BM: Do you think it would be a good idea to revive the Bracero Program? JA: Only if it didn’t displace American workers. BM: It seems like there’s not a lot of Americans that want to do farm labor at this point in time anyway. JA: No. If it would help our farmers to carry on and feed the people in the United States, feed and clothe them, then it would be good to have bracero labor. BM: Do you think that there could be any benefits to the farmers in terms of enabling them to stay in business? JA: Well, you have to harvest these crops. Today, we have many mechanical ways of harvesting, but we still need hand labor in many cases. If there is a need, I think it would be a good thing to revive it in a way that wouldn’t hurt American workers. BM: Is there anything that stands out in your mind about the time that you were working with the Bracero Program that you would like to talk about? JA: No, ma’am. Well, it was just something to do. It was a program that was needed and necessary, and we did it. That was the thing that was done. BM: As I said, this questionnaire, since it was not written specifically for county agents, I think I may have done about what I can do with it. JA: Yeah. I don’t know what else we can talk about. I would still like to say that it was a good program, well carried out, and it was a real benefit to the farmers in this county. It was a benefit to the braceros, because they were able to work, make money, and go back to Mexico and have the resources to buy and do their thing. (clock chiming) BM: Do you think it had an affect on immigration? JA: It might have been some of them wanted to come over, but as a whole, they were Mexican citizens and were here to do a job. BM: The majority of them went home? JA: Yes, ma’am. BM: Do you know of any personally who decided to stay? JA: Uh-uh. BM: I guess that is all the questions I have for you, sir. JA: Well, I think it was nice that you are doing this. It was a good program and deserves to be part of the good things that happened in the past. BM: Well, thank you so much. I’m going to turn this off now. End of interview Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 28:14 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Augustine_ELP002 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John L. Augustine Subject The topic of the resource Doña Ana County Farm Bureau Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: John L. Agustine was born in El Paso, Texas, on August 29, 1914; his father worked in the mines of Lordsburg, New Mexico; he received a degree in agriculture from New Mexico State University and taught for a brief time; from there, he went on to become an assistant agent for Doña Ana County, where he served as a liaison for the bracero program. Summary of Interview: Mr. Augustine’s first working experience was teaching vocational agriculture in the Farmington Public School System; from there, he went on to become an assistant agent for Doña Ana County under Mr. Lee Gould; upon Mr. Gould’s retirement, Mr. Augustine served as county agent for about ten years; these ten years roughly coincide with the first decade of the bracero program; as an acting liaison for the bracero program, it was his job to ensure that things ran smoothly; he would report the number of necessary workers the farmers needed to the contracting agency; in addition, he intervened and settled disputes between farmers and braceros, and he also required farmers to provide adequate housing according to the program standards; he also recalls the specific harvest seasons braceros were hired and their corresponding duties; to the best of his recollection, there were never any major problems with the program; the use of the braceros provided a symbiotic relationship in which the needs of both the braceros and the farmers were met. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morgan, Beth Augustine, John L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-04-28 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource eng Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. John L. Augustine creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Morgan, Beth contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/tomlin_elp050_b72fb9da0e.mp3 8ba6c287e86d5c3507f67878a011b274 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Morgan, Beth Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Tomlin, John Location The location of the interview. Las Cruces, New Mexico Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 2:07:10 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Tomlin_ELP050 description (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'description' Dublin Core field. Síntesis Biográfica del Entrevistado: John Tomlin nació el 20 de abril de 1926 en Albuquerque, Nuevo México; su padre falleció de polio cuando él era pequeño, dejando a su madre sola a cargo de la finca de la familia. Más tarde, él sirvió en el Ejército, obtuvo una maestría y finalmente trabajó como agricultor. Entre 1948 y 1964 contrató braceros para que lo ayudaran a trabajar la tierra. Resumen de la Entrevista: El Sr. Tomlin recuerda cómo su madre se hizo cargo de la finca después de que su padre murió, contratando prisioneros de guerra alemanes para que la ayudaran. En 1946, una vez que él completó su misión en el Ejército, regresó al hogar y comenzó a estudiar en la Universidad del Estado de Nuevo México; al siguiente año, en 1947, empezó a dirigir la finca por sí mismo mientras estudiaba en la universidad. En 1948 empezó a contratar braceros, durante la cosecha del algodón empleaba a un equipo de treinta hombres desde mediados de septiembre hasta principios de diciembre. Tenía unos seis braceros que permanecían todo el año conduciendo tractores e irrigando; con frecuencia debía ir al Coliseo de El Paso para reclutar trabajadores, dado que los contratos de trabajo debían ser renovados periódicamente, el les ofrecía viviendas con duchas, utensilios y ropa de cama, además de equipos de trabajo, como azadones, palas y botas para irrigar. Los braceros se iban a México los días de fiesta o si tenían que cuidar familiares enfermos; no trabajaban los sábados a la tarde ni los domingos; continúa contando anécdotas de los braceros en general e historias de ciertos trabajadores en particular con quienes se había encariñado. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. John Tomlin creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Morgan, Beth contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morgan, Beth Tomlin, John Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-04-23 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: John Tomlin was born on April 20, 1926 in Albuquerque, New Mexico; his father died of polio when he was an infant, leaving his mother to run the family farm on her own; he later went on to serve in the military, receive his master’s degree, and ultimately work as a farmer; from 1948-1964, he hired braceros to help him tend the land. Summary of Interview: Mr. Tomlin recalls how his mother ran the farm after his father’s passing by using Italian and German POWs; in 1946, after finishing his tour of duty in the Army, he returned home and began attending New Mexico State University; the following year in 1947, he started running the farm on his own while he went to school; in 1948, he began hiring braceros; he used a crew of thirty men during the cotton harvest, which ran from mid September to the beginning of December; he had about six braceros who stayed on year-round driving tractors and irrigating; oftentimes, he had to go the El Paso Coliseum to hire workers because the working contracts needed to be renewed periodically; he provided housing with showers, utensils, and bedding in addition to equipment such as hoes, shovels, and boots for irrigating; the braceros often went home to México on holidays or to care for sick relatives; they did not work Saturday afternoons or on Sundays; he goes on to recount anecdotes of the braceros in general and stories of particular workers he was fond of. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Farmer Title A name given to the resource John Tomlin