1 25 402 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. My father was born in Delicias, Chihuahua on June 20, 1940. His parents were Jacinto Vasquez and Rosario Rojas. He was the oldest of 12 children. He helped his father work the fields and attended school. Although he only finished the third grade, he could read and write. He was an avid reader; his favorites were the Sunday’s newspaper, revista Proceso and Selecciones de Reader’s Digest. From Delicias the family moved to Ciudad Jimenez, Chihuahua, where the family continued their work as farmers. When my grandfather became ill and was unable to work, my father and siblings become the financial support of the family. By the 1960’s the Bracero program still in place, so my father decided to immigrate to the U.S. as a farm worker. My papa was 21 years old. The recruiting office was located in the Presidencia Municipal, where he had to apply to start the selection process. His letter extended by the presidencia is dated August 25, 1961. He would recall being transported in a truck from Jimenez to another city. From here, the men took the train to their next destination: Ciudad Juarez. My father was admitted in El Paso, TX. on September 20, 1961, as stated in his identification card. My father worked for Duke and Shaw, LTD of Pecos, TX. He would recall his life as a cotton picker and later as a machine operator preparing the fields. He would tell us the story of how the men were stripped of their clothes to be fumigated at the processing center. He told it with such a sense of humor that it made my brother and sisters laugh. My father had a great memory. He could remember his coworkers’ names and where they came from. He remembered all the men playing cards at night after a long day of work. They lived in a big metal building lined up with bunk beds for the men to sleep. The living quarters were equipped with one stove, where the men cooked their meals. My father recalled making flour tortillas to have for dinner, and for lunch for the next day. Once the cotton was picked from a field, the men would take their belongings and walked to the next ranch to continue their work picking cotton. On one occasion, when the cotton season was over, my father remembered how all the men left and he was the only one left in that metal building. At night he could hear the echoes of the men laughing and talking. He said he was not scared, he knew his Padre Dios was with him. One night, while operating the tractor, he fell asleep and the tractor kept going until it got to a ditch and got stuck. He had to wait until the next morning when help arrived to pull the tractor out of the creek. He said that he made good friends and everybody was very friendly. I don’t remember my dad telling us stories of discrimination or abuses. After only a month of working as a bracero, my dad received the opportunity to apply for residency. Duke and Shaw, LTD gave my dad the letters that he would need for his application. However, my dad never applied for residency. My mother says that as a requirement to submit his application, his Mexican documentation needed to be translated to English. This is what stopped my dad to continue his application. Back then, translators were not easy to find, and they cost money, something that my dad could not afford. In a way, I am blessed that he did not do it. At the time he worked as a bracero, he was not married, and he had not met my mother yet. His story would have been different. In the late 1990’s, my father and all the bracero workers learned that they were owned money from the U.S. and that the Mexican government had their money. Finally after a long process, my father received his money on November 17, 2009 in Delicias, Chihuahua. With no explanation, the braceros had to turn in their identification card. Luckily, my dad kept a copy of the card. He also kept the original letters and other documents from his time as a bracero worker. My papa passed away on July 19, 2015, he was 75 years old. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Silverio Vasquez Rojas Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rossy Vazquez de Bonilla Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rossy Vazquez de Bonilla Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. Hello, My name is Gloria Mendez Martinez Hobbs, born and raised in Fresno, Ca. My father was born in Colfax, California, my mother was born in Oxnard, California. My mother's siblings and parents worked in Oxnard, Santa Paula, Fillmore and Saticoy, Ventura County. I remember my mother telling me her stories of how they lived and worked in the fields and living in labor camps. The only time they lived in an actual tent was in Tulare County near a river where the family was working for a dairy farmer. After following the harvest for many years the family settled and bought their first home in Fowler, and Sanger Fresno county, California. My father Raul lived most of his young life in Juares, Mexico...at the age of 15 he came back to the U.S. and started to work in the fields in Fresno County. Whenever the "Migra" would come in the fields looking for Mexicans without proper papers to work, my father wouldn't run because he was an American...but because he spoke no English and couldn't explain where he was born he was deported twice back to Mexico. After the last deportation he sent for his birth certificate and used everyday after that. My mother's name is Ruth Tillie Mendez Married Raul Gonzales Martinez... Her parents names are Ysabel Aguilar Mendez and Nicolasa Castillo married in San Pedro, California in 1923. Their children's names are: Ruben, Elvira, Eva, John, Ruth, Marylou, Ysabel Jr, Belen, Nicolas, David and MaryHelen all Mendez. In 1980 my mother asked me to start writing some information on paper of her life growing up poor and working in the fields. If anyone has heard these names before in the camps of Ventura County please contact me by my email HOBBS2575@comcast.net Thank you.... Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hello, My name is Gloria Mendez Martinez Hobbs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gloria Hobbs Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Gloria Hobbs Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. It took some time to earn an M.A. in English. Forty-five years, maybe – if you’ll accept that my education started as a dream, of my dad, well before I was born. In my wallet I carry a black and white photograph of us. The snapshot, taken after a rain, captures a dreary day in Castanos, Coahuila, Mejico, 1952. As I stand on a table of rough wood, wearing a baggy diaper, our white adobe home behind us, the picture speaks to me of his vision. In 1945, encouraged by the Mexico-U.S. Bracero Program, dad left home to change our lives. It would not be easy. Trials awaited him. In his first test, needing a Mexican labor contractor to hire him, my dad failed. The enganchador judged his hands too soft for the needs of American farmers. This did not deter him. Despite the dangers, without knowing English, he pursued his vision anyway. Sixteen years later, on a snowy February 22, 1960, in a letter signed by former U.S. Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen, America officially greeted Ireneo Gomez Saldana. In our photo, as he stands behind me, his right hand cupping my waist, I see my dad in the maturity of his manhood. He is lean. He is strong. In his wry, diminutive smile I see the joy he would’ve expressed had he lived to know I graduated. He valued education. He built our lives on it. I recall one wintry night, in Chicago, how my mother nervously thread about him. Occasionally she wrung her hands. My three sisters, older and smarter than me, remained in their room – as my dad, quietly weeping at our dining room table, tried to still his fears. Propped on elbows, his head held in his hands, my dad stared at a book lying open before him. It was a trade manual. The first of many that he would need to study, the book was part of a correspondence course on radio and television repair. Injured, having lost his job as a punch press operator with the Burton-Dixie Corporation, my dad sought a new job. I asked my mother why he cried. She said he couldn’t read English. It’s the only time I ever saw him weep. On December 11, 1990, while sitting on the steps of Flowers Hall at Southwest Texas State University, on a rosy winter day I celebrated my graduation with him. I looked at our photo. In the way that he holds me – facing out, as if presenting me to the future – I couldn’t help wonder if he wasn’t showing me to myself, suspecting, perhaps, that I’d see this moment one day, and I would recognize just how much he had laid out for me. I do. I did. As I gazed across the campus, knowing that I’d benefited from his dream, the university’s tower clock happened to toll. It was three. And it was special. In the bells’ resonance – traveling across space and time, I imagined – I believed that he heard the same victorious chime. And it felt good. I understood what he'd given me. I’d inherited an American story. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource An American Story Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roy Gomez Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Roy Gomez Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes bracero dad honors writer Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. A particular bracero, age 17, was convinced by his cousin back in 1951 to join. This bracero's father passed away when he was 7; he took on the challenge of taking care of his mother and siblings. As a family provider, he figured the Bracero Program was his ticket to a better future. He felt at ease knowing he was going to the USA with his cousin. As they arrived in Arizona, he found himself in a small room overcrowded with others. His stomach growled with hunger; he was surviving on limited meal portions. After a couple of days of waiting, he started to smell. No showers or restooms were available to them. They were ordered to form 2 lines. They were told to take off all their clothes and walk into a room and stand there. Soon, he heard a spraying sound. He found himself covered with a white powder substance, he was told the powder was to kill lice, yet no shower was provided afterward. The men were ordered to put their clothes back on. As they waited for their next orders, his impatient cousin convinced him to sneak out that night. His cousin painted a better picture for him - Modesto, California. They made it to California, but the harvest was over. As they stopped at sidewalk to discuss Plan B, the Border Patrol arrived and asked them for documentation. His cousin, quick to speak, responded. His cousin would go back home to get the documentation. He left and never returned. It was then this bracero realized he should have never believed his cousin. He was taken by bus back to Arizona, then Texas. He was boarded onto a ship. He slept on the upper deck floor, which was full of a tar-like substance. For the next four days, his meals consisted of oatmeal for breakfast, fideo for lunch, and fideo for dinner. Along with a slice of bread for lunch and dinner. Thin, worn,fragile and near starving, his feet once again were on Mexican soil. He arrived in Vera Cruz. His only hope was getting back home. After many obstacles, he reached La Piedad, Michoacan, Mexico. As he walked down the street he came across a familar face. It was his cousin's brother. He was well dressed and clean cut. Feeling shamed, the bracero hid. He was dirty from the tar on the ship,unshaven, and smelled from a lack of showers. He purchased a razor and found a public restroom to clean himself up. He finally arrived back home. The following year he attempted to become a bracer again. This time, he was conned and robbed of $350, money he was going to use for the sign up fee. It was not until 1953, at age 19, he finally entered the Bracero Program. Assigned to work in Arizona, his hard labor paid off. He found favor with his employers. Out of 160 braceros, 3 were chosen as supervisors to apply for legal residency. Their aplication fees were fully paid by his employer. They were the lucky ones. The less fortunate braceros were subjected to racism, segregation, physical abuse, and sometimes death. This bracero is my father. He married in 1968 and migrated to the beautiful Salinas Valley, where he continued his work in farm labor and still takes pride in being a busy, hard working man. In 2002, 49 years later after entering this country, my father became a US Citizen! I was so proud of him. Today, he sits and watches how the country which once desperately needed him,at times still continues to despise and mistreat Mexican laborers. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Un Simple Bracero Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mary Vargas Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Mary Vargas Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. I a son of a California farmer--in Chula Vista, CA (Otay Valley) we had a Bracero "camp" of about 40-50 Mexican workers for several years . I was born in 1948--after my family was released from Poston internment camp since we were detained as Japanese Americans. Memories were that as a kid--I woud run down to the camp during lunch to get burritos from the workers--the workers seem to love to share their food. Years and Years late--1990's---I was working as a lobbyist in Sacramento....I had the opportunity to meet new members of the California State Assembly. I had a meeting to meet a new member from Chula Vista--Juan Vargas a young Harvard trained new elected Legislator. During our meet and greet--Juan told me that his dad came to California as a Bracero working with a farmer named Takashima. I told him that farmer was my dad. What wonderful turn of events---I am lobbyist seeking votes from person (Juan Vargas) that would not be in California but for his dad having the opportunity to come to California Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Farmer's son Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DAvid TAKASHIMA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DAvid TAKASHIMA Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. My father, Domingo Ruiz, Sr., was 12 when in 1915 he walked completely alone from San Luiz Potosi, Mexico, then a small village, and now the capital of a state in Mexico by the same name, to San Antonio, Texas. The trip was dangerous from many aspects: There was hardly any infrastructure to speak of at the time, the area was full of bandits robbing the various mines in the region, and the Mexican Revolution was in full force. My father inadvertently went northeast, instead of due north, and had to cross first the treacherous Panuco river that traverses a deep tropical valley at the edge of the plateau on which the state sits, and then the formidable Sierra Madre. He had no money on his journey, and he knew no one in San Antonio when he arrived. My father died in an automobile accident at a relatively young age, but not before leaving a family firmly established in this country. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Some Came Alone Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Del Ruiz Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Del Ruiz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource You are being asked to contribute your story to the Bracero History Archive, which is developing a permanent digital record of the Bracero program. Your participation in the project will allow future historians, and people such as yourself, to gain a greater understanding of this program and its effect on the people involved.<br />You must be 13 years of age or older to submit material to us. Your submission of material constitutes your permission for, and consent to, its dissemination and use in connection with the Bracero History Archive in all media in perpetuity. If you have so indicated on the form, your material will be published on the Bracero History Archive website (with or without your name, depending on what you have indicated). Otherwise, your response will only be available to approved researchers using the Bracero History Archive. The material you submit must have been created by you, wholly original, and shall not be copied from or based, in whole or part, upon any other photographic, literary, or other material, except to the extent that such material is in the public domain. Further, such material must not violate any confidentiality, privacy, security or other laws.<br />By submitting to the Bracero History Archive you release, discharge, and agree to hold harmless the Bracero History Archive and persons acting under its permission or authority, including a public library to which the collection might be donated for purposes of long-term preservation, from any claims or liability arising out of the Bracero History Archive's use of the material, including, without limitation, claims for violation of privacy, defamation, or misrepresentation.<br />The Bracero History Archive has no obligation to use your material. Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes san antonio san luis potosi Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. My father was born in 1919 in Rockdale Illinois, the son of a poor Mexican worker. Even though he was a U.S. citizen, he was deported and was only able to re-enter though the Bracero program. He did manual labor all his life and raised 4 college-educated sons to become exemplary U.S. Mexican-American citizens. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource come or go Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ricardo Villalobos Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ricardo Villalobos Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) No Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes deported brazero program Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. RE: the Bracero History Archive: I am Refugio I. Rochin, Professor Emeritus of UC Davis and Santa Cruz and native of San Diego County. I was born in May 1941 and worked with my father who was under contract to provide Bracero Labor camps with food and related provisions from 1941 through 1964, the year the program ended. I believe that little has been written about the relationships developed between Bracero hosting corporations and U.S. service providers, especially Hispanics (Mexican-Americans) in business. I am writing to make sure that the Bracero story is told in terms of its spin-offs, corporate ties and the impact of Bracero contracts in San Diego county. For example, Sunkist and avocado growers (also called associations) developed camps and facilities for Bracero workers in San Diego county to live in during the time they harvested and processed vegetables, avocados, oranges and lemons. The camps they developed would hold (by my recollection) 25 to 300 workers each. Relatively large camps were located in Fallbrook, Vista and Escondido California. Each camp was built of wood and appeared to be modeled like US military barracks. The workers (all men) slept in bunk-beds, closely lined with boxes for each for personal items. Workers used open showers and did their laundry - much like soldiers of their day. Workers ate together in "mess-halls." They used metal trays for food and regular glasses for drinks. The quality of food varied by camp, cooks and staples provided by the companies. Camps that specialized in "Mexican food" kept their workers content. Camps that did not serve Mexican food experienced some protests and worker flight. I know this from personal experience. My father was one of the first contractors in San Diego county who worked successfully for Sunkist growers, serving Mexican food with fresh tortillas, lots of beans and rice and meat. The camps served by my father often had workers from other camps seeking "sanctuary" at the Sunkist camps. My father developed a wholesale business called C&R Provisions in Oceanside. He learned from personal experience as an immigrant farmworker (beginning at 15 years of age) the importance of home cooking and service. The 'C' in C&R stood for Castorena (Manuel) and the 'R' for Rochin (Refugio). Manuel Castorena (Spanish origin) was my fathers friend and our neighbor. He became the first mayor of Carlsbad California - also the founder of Carlsbad's acclaimed school for gems. Refugio Rochin (my father - born in Sinaloa Mexico in 1908) was a wholesaler of Mexican produce and owner of Mexican grocery stores and restaurants. Through the restaurants he befriended (mostly through the Rotary Club) some of Sunkist's executives. One, in particular, Roy Workman, who was married to a Mexican, was responsible for contract workers. Roy liked my dad and handled my dad's special contracts with Sunkist. Together, C&R and Sunkist developed contracts to feed workers at Sunkist labor camps. C&R Provisions also picked up several other farm labor camps in San Diego county. The business relationship led to C&R becoming a successful operation, supplying Mexican food and related supplies (e.g corn husks for tamales, spices, tortilla presses) in the region. I can relate more since I started working with my father in C&R from the time I was 10 years old. I was born in May 1941. When I was 16 - 1957 - I had my own delivery route and went to camps in Fallbrook, Vista, San Marcos and Escondido. I also delivered to my father's close friend - actor Leo Carrillo. He purchased my fathers' specially aged prime rib and Mexican food for his parties and friends - some I met were old time movie stars, Conrad Hilton, and corporate executives. At the time, Leo was always in the Rose Parade and rode his beautiful gold stallions, all dressed with silver saddle, etc. For verification, contact: Gerry Streff. Visit: www.carrillo-ranch.org Leo Carrillo was referred to as Mr Republican. My father was a Republican and my mother a Democrat - mostly because of social ties, not because of political agendas. The Julian Samora Research Institute at Michigan State University published booklet that my mother wrote, covering aspects of the Rochin business and bracero program. It lends credence to my account above. It also shows the affect of my father's work and friends in her life. She provides another perspective of the Mexican business community, beginning with her birth in 1913 in Colton California. http://jsri.msu.edu/RandS/books/juanita/index.shtml Let me know if you have questions or interest in other Bracero related work. I can relate, for example, how la migra (US border patrol) raided our restaurant and harassed our Mexican workers - legal or not. This story continues today. Refugio Refugio I. Rochin, PhD Professor & Research Director, Emeritus, UC Davis and UC Santa Cruz Founding Director, Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives rrochin at ucdavis.edu http://works.bepress.com/refugio_rochin/ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hispanic Business and Bracero Workers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Refugio Rochin Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Refugio Rochin Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes braceros in san diego county contract food provisions Hispanic business https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/danielmartinezthesis_d24a05a438.pdf fadc4b642b5aec76a7ff3091936fab84 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Daniel Martinez Thesis, "The Impact of the Bracero Programs on a Southern California Mexican American Community: A Field Study of Cucamonga, California", pub. 1958 Description An account of the resource This pdf file is the thesis by Daniel Martinez published in 1958 at Claremont Graduate School. The author attended the September 30, 2009 program at the National Museum of American History, participated in the discussion, and was asked to submit this document to the online Bracero Archive. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Daniel Martinez Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Daniel Martinez Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes 1958 California community impact Cucamonga Daniel Martinez field study interviews Mexican-Americans Thesis Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. To whom it may concern, I am the daughter of a bracero, whose father volunteered part of his youth to defend the Americas from tyranny during WW II. My father was born in Arenal, Jalisco in 1922. When he was 21 years old, he volunteered from Mexico to aid America’s Homefront Activities. He decided to put his efforts in the better organized railroad industry (as opposed to the agricultural industry). Southern Pacific Railroad trained him, and his Mexican compatriots, as track maintenance workers. He was a member of a section gang that kept up to standard 10 to 25 miles of laid tracks. My father’s job as as a section gang member, was backbreaking and grueling. Under a blistering hot sun, he removed old crossties, replaced worn rails and surrounded the area with fresh gavel. Water breaks were called often to encourage them to drink and to take their water pills to help their bodies retain moisture. MY PAPA THE BRACERO, had aguante! He and his compatriots were paid $1 an hour for their efforts, with ten percent retained for their pensions. However, this pension money is now in litigation due to the fact that both the United States and Mexico point fingers at each other after its disappearance. My father is currently 87 years old, and not likely to ever see his pension. The reason I write to you has more to do to with recognition of my father’s American Homefront Activities. In a perfect world, I would like to have him interviewed on camera to give him a sense of our gratitude as a nation for his wartime efforts. All the t.v. documentaries I have seen over the years dealing with braceros, always describe them in their stereotypical roles—as field hands, or fruit/vegetable pickers. In my opinion, my father’s story deserves to be heard by mainstream America because he too indirectly aided a nation at war, but also helped (via the railroads) ferry its soldiers and their ammunition from Indio, California to the Pacific coast enroute to the European theater. My father tells a different story, one I have never heard said by a Latino WWII veteran or bracero on t.v. Within your website, I encountered Ms. Kristine Navarro’s name, as the collections director. How can I contact her about having my father interviewed to add to your collection of oral histories. Out of his seven children, I am the one who has attempted over the years to document his recollections by writing them down for posterity. His stories are positive, and told effortlessly, in Spanish, with a taste of dark Mexican humor. He is currently an American citizen with two eagles embedded in his heart, one Mexican, the other, American. In the event you may want to contact me, please do so at: silveria.ballaron@sbcglobal.net Sinceramente, Silveria Arizona-Ballaron Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource My Papa the Bracero Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Silveria Arizona Ballaron Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Silveria Arizona Ballaron Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Testing Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. Yes Posting Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to post this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Submission Consent Indicates whether or not the contributor of this Item has given permission to submit this to the archive. (Yes/No) Yes Contributor is Creator Indicates whether or not the contributor of the Item is responsible for its creation. Yes https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401383117.jpg de7b2fe005a6cc3961ab21abe613734c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Original Caption: "Ben Lopez (on the right) is the field representative for the growers association in the Salinas, Calif. area. Born in New Mexico of Mexican ancestry, he worked for the Dept of Agriculture and then for the growers assn. Here he is looking over a group of braceros with one of the growers of an onion field." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Nadel Captions B, #22. Print NAD-2004.0138.57.53. See Nadel Footnotes, 16. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.31.17; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.31.17; Roll #: 31 Title A name given to the resource A field representative for the growers association in the Salinas Valley, California and one of the growers of an onion field look over a group of braceros working in the field. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Salinas Valley, California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401383112.jpg 32a6af8c1af816d87b4eeb8ff5362218 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Original Caption: "Stoop labor" - monotonous, exhausting work - is an operation no machine can do. Men are switched back and forth from hourly to piece-rate jobs at the will of the overseer, and get paid at whichever rate is lower. (Jubilee: A Magazine for the Church and Her People, April 1957, p. 41.)�In the fields, Mexican braceros are needed by growers for the "stoop labor" jobs U.S. workers don't want, regardless of pay - 80 c an hour up to $1,75 for average workers. (Business Week, September 24, 1960, p. 51) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 24. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.31.12; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.31.12; Roll #: 31 Title A name given to the resource Braceros perform stoop labor and hoe rows in a field in California. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage California Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401381303.jpg 93ab6ae5ba0a5271f084b6537e88be90 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Original Caption: " In the village of San Mateo, about 20 miles south of Mexico City, approximately 150 braceros leave their homes per hear to work in the United States. The population of the village is about 2500. When work is available, a Mexican farmer may earn 10 pesos a day, on which he must support a family of 9 people." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Print NAD-2004.0138.57.05. See Nadel Footnotes, 4. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.13.03; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.13.03; Roll #: 13 Title A name given to the resource Women wash clothes and care for a child in the courtyard of a bracero family home in San Mateo, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage San Mateo, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401381034.jpg 5b1bc0e2c4da343829662e2c72985179 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource On their long dusty trek toward a recruiting center at Monterrey, braceros approach the cross-topped grave of one of their number who died along the way. Original Caption: The Control Station to which the prospective farm laborers report for processing is located at the Mexican Army Garrison 3 miles out of Monterrey, Mexico. The men generally walk the 3 miles very early in the morning along the railroad tracks that lead to the camp. In the foreground of the photograph is a rocky grave of someone who died along the way. The marble marker behind it commemorates the meeting of Pres. F. D. Roosevelt and Pres. Aleman of Mexico at this point. (B, #7)�On their long, dusty trek towards a recruiting center in Monterrey, braceros approach the cross-topped grave of one of their number who died along the way. The white monument marks the site of a meeting of President Roosevelt and Mexico's President Camacho. (Jubilee: A Magazine of the Church and Her People, April, 1957, "A National Scandal") Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Print NAD-2004.0138.57.08. See Nadel Captions A, #5. See Nadel Footnotes, 3. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.10.34; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.10.34; Roll #: 10 Title A name given to the resource Braceros, walking from the Mexican town of Monterrey to the processing center three miles away, pass the grave of a fallen compatriot. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Near the Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401381001.jpg 53474d77f41b03966473579f0858c734 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Braceros on the long trek to the Monterrey Processing Center, where they will be processed as potential farm workers. The journey to the Monterrey Processing Center was long and arduous, and many had to carry all of their belongings with them. Original Caption: Bracing themselves against the daily, biting sand storms a long line of braceros file in procession towards the lunchroom. after they have gone through the first stage of processing for employment on United States' farms. They must still go through another processing stage at the border. (A, #9)�At 3:15 pm every day the winds came up like clockwork to whip up the sands at the Mexican Control Station in Monterrey, Mexico. Here the braceros are in long processionb towards the lunchroom after they have been processed and are accepted for employment in the U.S. They must still be processed at the Control Station in Hidalgo, Texas. (B, #8) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Captions A, #9 / B, #8. See also Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.10.01; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.10.01; Roll #: 10 Title A name given to the resource Braceros walk in line in a sandstorm at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380812.jpg 87c9a93833dbad08d3f75c463f5a8862 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Women framed by an arch work and care for children in their San Mateo, Mexico, bracero family home.��When the cost of living outstripped wages in villages like San Mateo Atenco, many men enrolled as braceros. Families stayed behind. Original Caption: This is one of the two rooms for a family of nine people living in San Mateo - - about 20 miles south of Mexico City. Other room is a kitchen, work room, and storeroom. When work is available in the village, a Mexican laborer may earn about 10 pesos per day Because of this, the wageearner of the family here wants to go to the U.S. as a farm laborer where he may earn much more anywhere from 4 weeks up to 6 months. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Print NAD-2004.0138.57.02. See Nadel Captions B, #35. See also Nadel Footnotes, 4. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.08.12; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.08.12; Roll #: 8 Title A name given to the resource Women work and care for children in a braceros family home in San Mateo, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage San Mateo Atenco, Mexico, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380808.jpg f990657fe53e2bd9e77e45d465483536 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Many people learned about the Bracero Program over the radio. A woman works at home surrounded by a radio, icons, furniture, and a painting of the Virgen de Guadalupe in San Mateo, Mexico. Original Caption: Home of a bracero's familiy in the village of San Mateo, Mexico. Highly religious people, the Mexican household is filled with religious figures and ornaments and symbols. Note the modern radio in the foreground of the picture. (B, #36) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Prints NAD-2004.0138.57.03/04. See Nadel Captions B, #36. See also Nadel Footnotes, 4. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.08.08; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.08.08; Roll #: 8 Title A name given to the resource A young woman works in the small village of San Mateo Atenco, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage San Mateo Atenco, Mexico, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380438.jpg 18435e92bbf67a685bc6b21242fdc969 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource While taking pictures of braceros at the Monterrey Control Station, photographer Leonord Nadel decided to climb atop a nearby military barracks in order to take this picture of the assembled braceros. A group of Mexican soldiers, however, saw him and promptly arrested him for not having received permission to take pictures. The language barrier between them prevented communication, and Nadel said he was "surrounded by carbines" until a camp official managed to rescue him from his predicament. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.04.38; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.04.38; Roll #: 4 Title A name given to the resource Braceros, viewed from a military barrack, wait at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380437.jpg 145736a07e91abad9bcda593d3c95c6e Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource While taking pictures of braceros at the Monterrey Control Station, photographer Leonord Nadel decided to climb atop a nearby military barrack in order to take this picture of the assembled braceros. A group of Mexican soldiers, however, saw him and promptly arrested him for not having received permission to take pictures. The language barrier between them prevented communication, and Nadel said he was "surrounded by carbines" until a camp official managed to rescue him from his predicament. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.04.37; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.04.37; Roll #: 4 Title A name given to the resource Braceros, viewed from a military barrack, wait at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380436.jpg 5328df12f89d59d23a369de1d2fcdc98 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource While taking pictures of braceros at the Monterrey Control Station, photographer Leonord Nadel decided to climb atop a nearby military barrack in order to take this picture of the assembled braceros. A group of Mexican soldiers, however, saw him and promptly arrested him for not having received permission to take pictures. The language barrier between them prevented communication, and Nadel said he was "surrounded by carbines" until a camp official managed to rescue him from his predicament. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.04.36; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.04.36; Roll #: 4 Title A name given to the resource Braceros, viewed from a military barrack, wait at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380342.jpg 869b3257dda7bba7ed00fdf6464e0827 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Original Caption: "General view of the daily lineup of applicants for farm work in the United States, as they assemble each morning at the Migratory Station in Monterrey, Mexico--one of the several reception centers, Mexico for processing braceros. Until they are accepted for employment, these men must pay for their own food and transportation to the camp. Small hut in the background serves as the sole lavatory of the 5,000 men per day who pass through the camp."�Mexican laborers, mobilized in Monterrey for farm jobs, are more an issue; U.S. workers see them as a threat to job security. (Business Week, September 24, 1960, p.51) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Print NAD-2004.0138.57.09. See Nadel Captions A, #7. See Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.03.42; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.03.42; Roll #: 3 Title A name given to the resource Braceros wait in long lines grouped by state of origin at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Vendors, including women and children, sell refreshments in the sun. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380229.jpg 93238b9c116b9ac346933716cc13c9d2 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Coming from Monterrey, Mexico the braceros walked over the bridge between Reynosa, Mexico and Hidalgo, Texas and crossed the Mexico-U.S. border. Right behind the border they were searched for contraband, sprayed with DDT and had to pass a physical examination at the Hidalgo Processing Center. Original Caption: Both busses and trains are used to bring the men to the reception center at the border for further processing by the American immigration and labor inspectors. Each night, 1200 men were loaded aboard a freight train --- 70 to each box car --- for an overnight ride from Monterrey, Mexico to Reynoso, a border town across from Hidalgo, Texas. The 150 mile trips takes 8 hours. (A, #10) [sic]�Directly after the Mexicans are walked over the bridge from Mexico at Hidalgo, Texas, they are searched for contraband and are then sprayed with DDT. (B, #9) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Print NAD-2004.0138.57.24. See Nadel Caption A, #10/ B, #9. See also Nadel Footnotes, 6. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.02.29; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.02.29; Roll #: 2 Title A name given to the resource Braceros cross the Mexico-U.S. border while walking over the bridge from Reynosa, Mexico to Hidalgo, Texas. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Reynosa-Hidalgo Bridge Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380105.jpg 52579dc63519a9c512160a6f9fbb386c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource Original Caption: Line up of Mexicans waiting to be called up for processing at the Control Station in Monterrey, Mex. Each line represents a particular area of Mexico from which the braceros come and they are processed by groups. (B, #12) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource See Nadel Captions B, #12. See also Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.01.05; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.01.05; Roll #: 1 Title A name given to the resource Braceros, holding their belongings, wait in lines organized by state of origin at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/NAD-200401380104.jpg 591bb3c6c03eb66275c0dcc8a578a02f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard Nadel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-00-00 Description An account of the resource During peak seasons approximately 5,000 men passed through this camp daily. The first step for processing is for the men to have their name recorded on the main list. At the Processing Center in Monterrey, Mexico the men are kept in line by Mexican policemen. A policeman used a rubber truncheon as a symbol of authority and intimidation when directing the braceros. Officials claimed that they used the rubber truncheon only 'playfully' with braceros and many of them laughed at it. The group behind the barbed wire enclosure waits to be called up to present their credentials. Original Caption: The policeman used a rubber truncheon as an effective symbol of authority in directing the braceros to the processing line-up at the Migratory Station in Monterrey, Mexico. Approximately 5,000 men were put through this camp daily during peak periods. (A, #6)�As the men line up initially to be put on the list at the Control Station in Monterrey, Mex, they are kept in line by mexican policemen. The rubber truncheon he has in his hand is used only 'playfully' on the men, and many of them laugh at it. The groups behind the barbed wire enclosure are waiting to be called up to present their credentials. (B, #10) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Museum of American History Relation A related resource Print NAD-2004.0138.57.16. See Nadel Captions A, #6/ B, # 10. See also Nadel Footnotes, 1. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted: no; Contact: NMAH Rights & Reproductions by email before distribution - rightsreproductions@si.edu Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Leonard Nadel Collection, NMAH. Catalogue #: 2004.0138.01.04; Negative #: NAD-2004.0138.01.04; Roll #: 1 Title A name given to the resource Beyond barbed wire, an official armed with a rubber truncheon directs braceros while others wait in line at the Monterrey Processing Center, Mexico. Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Monterrey Processing Center, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico Rights Holder National Museum of American History https://braceroarchive.org/files/original/lopez-leon,-asterio16_6cd93ac9e0.jpg 9de58aeaa7ccf4671211df8773ad544a Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1950 Height 1751 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. FORMATO DE CONTROL ATENCION A EX BRACEROS FOLIO: No.- 01351 FECHA: 10 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2003 NOMBRE DEL EX BRACERO: ASTERIO LOPEZ LEON FIRMA Y SELLO: Estados Unidos Mexicanos Secretaria de Gobernacion Direccion General de Gobierno Representacion en Baja California Aviso importante. * Esta informacion de recopila de acuerdo con el informe que presente la Comision Especial de la H. Camara de Disputados de la LVIII Legislatura Federal; por lo mismo, su marco de gestion de circunscribira al mismo. * Este formulario es gratuito, ninguana persona esta autorizada para cobrar por su eentrega, distribucion o tramitacion. * La distribucion y manejo de este documento sera exclusivo de la Secretaria de Gobernacion o sus representaciones estatales. * Su funcion es identificar a los ex braceros que hayan laborado en Estados Unidos de Norteamerica en el periodo comprendido de 1942 a 1946. No representa garantia de beneficio automatico alguno. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monica Pelayo Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asterio Lopez Leon Mexican Government Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource This registration form verifies that the Mexican government received Asterio Lopez Leon's application on September 10, 2003 for his 10%. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Blythe/Ripley, California Subject The topic of the resource Registration form in Baja California, Mexico Title A name given to the resource Registration form Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Baja California, Mexico Rights Holder Asterio Lopez Leon Temporal Coverage 2003-09-10 10% 2003 application back wages Leon Lopez registration