Refugio López de Saldaña-Sandoval
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Refugio López Saldaña Sandoval was born in Tlaltenango [de Sánchez Román], Zacatecas, México, on December 21, 1939; she was the fourth born of her three brothers and two sisters; her father was a metal worker, and her mother was a housewife; she was formally educated through the sixth grade; in addition, she grew up surrounded by a very close-knit family, which included extended relatives; in December of 1958, when she was nineteen years old, she married a man named Nicolás, who served in the bracero program both before and after their marriage. Summary of Interview: Ms. López describes her childhood and adolescence; she recalls meeting Nicolás, her husband, when she was fifteen, and she details their four year courtship; in 1959, a few months after their marriage, he returned to the United States on a new contract; while he was away, she stayed with her parents; shortly after his first return home, she became pregnant; his mother and sister, who lived in Santa Ana, California, insisted that Refugio have the baby in the United States; Refugio was hesitant at first, but she eventually agreed; Nicolás obtained a visitor’s permit and worked at a bakery in San Bernardino, California, while she lived with her mother-in-law in Santa Ana; consequently, all six children were born in the U.S.; Refugio goes on to chronicle the different places she worked and how her husband studied to become a realtor; although she did not suffer very much, because she was surrounded by her family, her husband did; he often cries when reflecting upon his experiences as a bracero; even so, these memories served as motivation for him to work hard so his children would have a better life; traveling to the United States was especially difficult, because he was transported in trains used for animals, which smelled horribly; Refugio concludes by stating that what helped her the most, especially in dealing with the clash between two cultures, was her family and …
creator: Mota, Annabel
creator: López de Saldaña-Sandoval, Refugio
date: 2006-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Guadalupe García González
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Guadalupe García was born in La Concha, Sinaloa, México; he was the second eldest of his eleven brothers and three sisters; his parents worked in agriculture and with cattle; he was formally educated through the third grade, but he left school in order to help his family work the land; for a time he was an undocumented worker in California, but he was later able to obtain proper documentation under the bracero program; as a bracero, he continued working throughout California picking celery, lettuce, and tomato, and he also operated heavy machinery, including a Caterpillar; he was ultimately able to emigrate to the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. García briefly describes his family; as a child, he recalls hearing about braceros and seeing them pass him by in trains; for a time, he was an undocumented worker in California; in 1953, farmers were fined for hiring such employees, and as a result he was let go; upon returning to México, he began the contracting process for the bracero program in Mexicali, Baja California; he goes on to detail the required documentation, the different contracting centers he went through, the extraordinarily long waiting times, and the thousands of men vying for contracts; in addition, he explains how the medical exams grew more stringent over time and how during the delousing process many men would vomit from the smell; he goes on to describe his various worksites, duties, housing, provisions, payment, treatment, remittances, and recreational activities; moreover, he relates how he was able to buy a car and obtain a driver’s license; although he did have some good employers, the foremen were often mean and mistreated the braceros; he even organized a strike once due to insufficient payment; even so, his memories of having worked as a bracero are positive; he was ultimately able to emigrate to the United States.
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: García González, Guadalupe
date: 2006-05-11
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Rafael Cortez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Rafael Cortez was born in Techaluta [de Montenegro], Jalisco, México; some of his family members, including uncles and cousins, came to the United States under the bracero program; Rafael longed to come to the states in the hopes of finding a better life or more aptly stated, to live the American dream; when he was eighteen, he traveled to Empalme, Sonora, México, to enlist in the program; as a bracero, he worked on several contracts throughout California and once in Arizona, as well. Summary of Interview: Mr. Cortez describes how the Mexican government would often send notices about forty-five day contracts with the bracero program to various cities throughout the country; upon receiving these announcements, men would travel to designated work locations in order to obtain the necessary paperwork for contracting centers; Rafael went to the center in Empalme, Sonora, México, to enlist in the program; he states that there were over twenty-five thousand men waiting at the center, but there were only between three and five thousand men processed daily; Rafael goes on to describe the medical assessments he underwent while at the center; upon arriving in the United States, he was examined again and deloused; consequently, when blood samples were drawn, many men fainted; after being processed, ranchers would pick and choose which men they wanted to work, like they would animals; the men were singled out based on their size and what crop they would be harvesting; they were then transported by bus to their worksites; as a bracero, Rafael worked on several contracts throughout California and once in Arizona; he details the different cities he was sent to, as well as duties, daily routines, housing, provisions, payment, remittances, and recreational activities; in addition, he states that his initial salary was 75¢ an hour, but he ultimately earned up to $2.25 an hour; moreover, in spite of the fact that none of the men had cars, they woul…
creator: Esparza, Araceli
creator: Cortez, Rafael
date: 2006-05-13
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

David Alfaro Sandoval
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: David Alfaro Sandoval was born on April 18, 1930, in Romito, Guanajuato, México; his parents worked in agriculture, and he had two sisters; he was formally educated through the sixth grade; when his father died, he was forced to become the man of the family; in 1954, he enlisted in the bracero program, where he continued working on and off until 1962; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Arizona and California picking various crops; he later returned to the United States, and he was ultimately able to obtain citizenship. Summary of Interview: Mr. Alfaro briefly discusses his family and childhood; he initially learned about the bracero program through people in town; in 1954, he went to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, to enlist in the program; he explains that there were between thirty and fifty thousand people on the waiting list, which was organized according to states and municipalities; as part of the contracting process he was stripped, medically examined, and deloused; the men had to wait for an hour before they could dress; as a bracero, he labored on and off in the fields of Arizona and California until 1962; the work was very difficult, and he suffered greatly; he recalls that he was paid 60¢ an hour, which totaled $6.00 a day; after all the deductions he was only left with $2.00; oftentimes, he did not have enough money to buy clothes or send very much to his family; in spite of this, he had to stay and work, because he could not even afford the expense of the trip home; when he deserted his contract he was able to earn in a day what took him a week to earn as a bracero; he goes on to detail how he would leave the bracero camp and go to Fresno, California, for more lucrative work; moreover, he talks about the various worksites, labor populations, living conditions, provisions, treatment, payments, remittances, and recreational activities; he concludes that the life of a bracero was especially difficult, because they …
creator: Rosas, Abagail
creator: Alfaro Sandoval, David
date: 2006-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Ezequiel Acevedo Pérez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Ezequiel Acevedo was born on April 13, 1934, in Jerez, Zacatecas, México; he received very little formal education, because as the eldest of his siblings, he had to help support his family; his father often labored on the railroads in the United States under the bracero program; in the early fifties, José joined his father in the program; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, Texas, and Utah, picking asparagus, blackberries, carrots, cotton, and oranges; in addition, he also irrigated crops and helped care for livestock; he later returned to the United States, and he ultimately became a citizen. Summary of Interview: Mr. Acevedo talks about his family and childhood; as a child, his father often labored on the railroads in the United States under the bracero program; whenever he was gone, José was left to care for his younger siblings; when he was roughly seventeen, he traveled to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, with his father, to join the program; José describes the process he underwent while there, as well as how embarrassing the physical exams were, because he was stripped naked in front of everyone; moreover, upon arriving in the United States he endured similar assessments, and he was also deloused; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, Texas, and Utah, picking asparagus, blackberries, carrots, cotton, and oranges; in addition, he irrigated crops and helped care for livestock; he goes on to detail the various worksites, labor populations, living conditions, provisions, treatment, payments, remittances, and recreational activities; more specifically, he explains one instance in which he was injured while working and the resulting difficulties he faced; he also mentions that representatives from the Mexican consul were often seen at the campsites in support of the braceros; additionally, he states that while working in Arizona, it was unbearably hot, and the construction of the barracks only made it wor…
creator: Mota, Annabel
creator: Acevedo Pérez, José Ezequiel
date: 2006-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Filomeno Burciaga
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Filomeno Burciaga was born on October 1, 1930, in Namiquipa, Chihuahua, México; he was the youngest of his four siblings, and he was formally educated through the fourth grade; when he was eleven years old, he began working in the fields; in 1955, he enlisted in the bracero program; he worked in Nebraska and Texas, and continued with the program until 1962; although he was ultimately able to arrange for residency in the United States, he continued working on a farm in Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Burciaga briefly recalls his childhood and family; in 1955, he enlisted in the bracero program at a contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; at the time, he was married and had a son; from Chihuahua, he traveled to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, and he chronicles the various procedures he underwent while there; as a bracero, he labored in the beet fields of Nebraska and the cotton fields of Texas; he goes on to describe living and working conditions, wages, contract amendments and extensions, provisions, recreational activities, and community interactions; Filomeno continued working with the program until 1962, at which point he was able to arrange for his legal residency; in spite of this, he chose to remain gainfully employed at a farm in Canutillo, Texas; he was later able to help his family immigrate to the United States.
creator: Chivardi, Rosa Elia
creator: Burciaga, Filomeno
date: 2005-11-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Antonio Góntiz Aguilar
subject: Bracero
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Góntiz Aguilar, Antonio
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Rosendo Alarcón Carrera
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Rosendo Alarcón Carrera Fecha de la entrevista: 28 de mayo de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Rosendo Alarcón Carrera en la ciudad de Durango, Durango, el día 28 de mayo de 2003 conducido por Laureano Martínez para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Don Rosendo, buenos días. RA: Buenos días. LM: Don Rosendo me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació usted? RA: Yo nací en San José de la Boca, Municipio de Tepehuanes. LM: ¿Cuándo? RA: En 1938, el día primero de este, el 27 de enero. LM: Veintisiete de enero. RA: De 1938. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene usted, don Rosendo? RA: Sesenta y cinco. LM: Sesenta y cinco, muy bien. ¿Cómo se llamó su papá? RA: Juan Alarcón Quiñónez. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Catalina Carrera Cervantes. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaban sus padres? RA: Pos agricultores. LM: Era agricultor su papá. RA: Ey, trabajaba en el campo. LM: ¿Sembraban? RA: Sí. LM: ¿Qué sembraban? RA: Maíz, frijol, chile. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Pos ama de casa. LM: Qué bien, ¿tenía gallinitas ahí donde vivían? RA: Ey, gallinitas, marranos, vacas, chivas. LM: ¿Cuántos fueron ustedes de familia? RA: Diez. LM: Diez, ¿cuántos hombres y cuantas…? RA: Seis hombres y cuatro mujeres. LM: De esos diez, ¿usted que lugar ocupa? RA: El segundo. LM: Usted fue el segundo de los más grandes. RA: Sí. LM: ¿Tiene un hermano, un hermana? RA: Un hermano, mayor que yo. LM: ¿Sus padres eran originarios de ahí de la región? RA: Sí. LM: ¿De ahí mismo? RA: Sí, de ahí mismo. LM: Cuéntenos un poquito, ¿cómo es ese lugar donde usted nació?, ¿cómo es San José de la Boca? RA: Pos es un pueblito muy bonito, porque hay un río que es el Río Tepehuanes, es agua muy cristalina, muy bonita. Nosotros de ahí salimos como de nueve años a un rancho que se llama El Agua Caliente, acá en Melchor Ocampo a un lado de Santiago Papasquiaro. Y ahí vivimos bastante tiempo, hasta…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Alarcón Carrera, Rosendo
date: 2003-05-28
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Roberto Heynes García
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Roberto Heynes was born on May 1, 1917, in Tepehuanes, Durango, México; he was the youngest of four siblings; their parents died when he was only a year old, and they were raised by their maternal relatives; during his teenage years, he worked in the mines; in spite of the fear instilled by rumors that Mexican workers could also be sent to fight in World War II, he enrolled in the bracero program in 1944; as a bracero, he worked in California and Illinois as a railroad line worker until 1956. Summary of Interview: Mr. Heynes recalls his childhood and adolescence; sometime later, he had heard of the bracero program and the rumors that Mexican workers could also be sent to fight in World War II; in spite of this, he and a friend enrolled in the program in 1944; they signed their contracts in Querétaro, Querétaro, México; from there, they were transported by train to the border; as a bracero, he worked in California and Illinois as a railroad line worker, shoveling gravel on roadbeds and repairing the rails; he goes on to explain, what his first activities for the railroad company were, the training he underwent, his work hours, wages, methods of payment, contract amendments and extensions, the housing in hotel rooms, and the food; in addition, he comments that he was treated well by his American employers and the people in general; he concludes with fond memories of his experiences as a bracero and with the thought that the program should be reinstated.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Heynes García, Roberto
date: 2003-05-31
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ramón Ávila Hernández
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Ramón Ávila Hernández Fecha de la entrevista: 2 de junio de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Ramón Ávila Hernández, en la ciudad de Durango, Durango, el día 2 de junio de 2003, conducida por Laureano Martínez, para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral, de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Buenas tardes don Ramón, ¿cómo está? RA: Bien, bendito sea Dios. LM: Me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació? RA: Pos nací en Durango, Durango. LM: ¿Cuándo? RA: El 20 de octubre de 1939. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene? RA: Voy en sesenta y cuatro, treinta y nueve cumplidos, ya ando en los sesenta y cuatro. LM: ¿Cómo se llama su papá? RA: Ramón Ávila Lizardo. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Francisca Hernández Reyes. LM: ¿De dónde son originarios ellos? RA: Pos de aquí de Durango, ¿no? 2do: De Zacatecas. RA: ¿Mande? 2do: De Zacatecas. RA: De Zacatecas es mi papá. LM: De Zacatecas, ajá. Y, ¿su mamá? 2do: De aquí de Durango. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaba su papá o a qué se dedica su papá? RA: Bueno, cuando yo tuve uso de razón mi papá trabajaba en el Cerro Mercado. LM: En el Cerro Mercado. Es una mina, ¿verdad? RA: Sí. LM: ¿Qué hacía su papá ahí? RA: Pos era barretero, ¿verdad? LM: Barretero. Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Pos ama de casa. LM: Al hogar. RA: Exactamente. LM: ¿Cuántos fueron ustedes de familia? RA: Catorce. LM: Catorce, ¿cuántos hombres y cuántas mujeres? RA: Somos… 2do: Cuatro hombres. RA: Cuatro hombres y diez mujeres. LM: De esos, ¿tú eres el mayor? RA: El mayor de todos. LM: ¿Fue usted a la escuela, don Ramón? RA: Sí. LM: ¿Hasta qué año? RA: Hasta el cuarto año. LM: Hasta el cuarto año. ¿Por qué? RA: Porque ya no había más en el rancho onde estábamos nosotros ahí, hasta ahí había nada más. LM: ¿Dónde vivían?, ¿en qué rancho? RA: En Benjamín Aranda, Municipio de Canatlán. LM: O sea que nació usted aquí en Durango y se fue. RA: Sí, de la edad de once años nos fuimos para el ran…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Ávila Hernández, Ramón
date: 2003-06-02
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Miguel Jáquez López
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Miguel Jáquez was born on May 7, 1931, in Chalchihuites, Zacatecas, México; he grew up in Súchil, Durango, with his nine siblings; when he was eight years old, he began working cutting wood and planting beans and corn; one of his brothers was a bracero and encouraged him to enroll in the bracero program; in 1953, he enlisted, and he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, and Texas, picking cotton; he continued working with the program until 1959. Summary of Interview: Mr. Jaquez recalls his family, childhood, and adolescence; one of his brothers was a bracero and encouraged him to enroll in the bracero program; in 1953, he enlisted, and began the hiring process; he describes the contracting centers in Durango, Durango, Monterrey, Nuevo León, and Empalme, Sonora, México, and the entire hiring process, as well as the extensive medical exams; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, and Texas, picking cotton; he goes on to explain what daily life was like on the farm, including work, wages, payments, contract amendments and extensions, housing, food, weekend outings, and common complaints; in addition, he mentions specific instances of racism the braceros experienced in various towns; he concludes with fond memories of his overall experiences as a bracero.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Jaquez López, Miguel
date: 2003-05-27
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Maurilio Salcido Hernández
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Mauricio Salcido was born on September 13, 1936, in Durango, Durango, México; at the age of twenty-one, he became a bracero; he worked in Phoenix, Arizona, Michigan, Montana, and Texas from 1957 to 1964. Summary of Interview: Mr. Salcido worked in the bracero program from 1957 to 1964; he recalls the hiring process for braceros, the medical exams they endured and how they were treated at the reception centers in Empalme, Sonora, México and the United States; additionally, he describes picking cotton in Arizona, cucumbers in Michigan, sugar beets in Montana, and irrigating cotton in Texas; he explains his pride in having been a bracero, the benefits of being a contracted migrant worker, and how his earnings during the bracero program helped him purchase the properties he owns.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Salcido Hernández, Maurilio
date: 2003-02-01
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Loreto Martínez Villegas
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Loreto Martínez was born on July 7, 1932, in Cuencamé, Durango, México; he was the fifth of nine brothers; to help his father, he started working in agriculture at the age of thirteen; he worked in construction and picked cotton throughout his teenage years; in 1947, he traveled to the México-United States border in Tamaulipas, México, and was hired as an undocumented worker in Brownsville, Texas; in 1954, he joined the bracero program and worked in California, Indiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; he gathered cabbage, carrots, green peppers, lettuce, and sugar beets; additionally, he cut Christmas Trees, picked cantaloupes, watermelons, and cotton; he performed these activities until 1964. Summary of Interview: Mr. Martínez recalls his first job cleaning grass from a pond for 25 cents, and his undocumented work in Brownsville, Texas; he remembers hearing about the bracero program over the radio in 1947; in 1954, he joined the program and worked in California, Indiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; he describes the hiring process in the contracting centers of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México and Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; additionally, he discusses the medical exams he endured at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; he recounts daily activities on farms, the different wages they received, and how work was performed; furthermore, he states what the lengths of contracts were, the treatment they received from foremen, and the help they got from interpreters; he also presents what kind of housing they had, the food they made, and how they were paid; moreover, he relates the benefits of being a bracero and why he is proud of his experience.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Martínez Villegas, Loreto
date: 2003-03-19
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Isidro Vidaña Canales
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Vidaña was born on February 15, 1923, in Cuencamé, Durango, México; he was an only child; at the age of two, his father died; he worked in agriculture from age eight until he was twenty; in 1942, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in Arkansas, California, Michigan, Texas, and Washington; he picked apples, cotton, grapes, pears, peas, pickles, potatoes, prunes, strawberries, and sugar beets; he did these activities until 1960. Summary of Interview: Mr. Vidaña grew up with his mother after his father, a general in the Mexican Revolution, died; he remembers the Cristero Revolution, and explains why the conflict began; a bracero from 1942 to 1960, he worked in Arkansas, California, Michigan, Texas, and Washington; he describes the hiring process at the contracting center in Durango, Durango, México; additionally, he discusses the medical exams he endured, a train trip he took to the border, and his time at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; he recalls their arrival at a military camp in Washington state, their daily activities on a pea cannery, and their work on farms; furthermore, he states what kind of clothing they had, their housing, and the food they prepared; he also details the fears braceros had about World War II; moreover, he explains the good treatment they received from Americans during weekend outings, the relationship braceros had with Japanese workers, and visits from representatives of the Mexican consulate to their camps; he discusses feeling homesick, the benefits of being a bracero, his decision to stay in México, and his positive memories of the program.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Vidaña Canales, José Isidro
date: 2003-06-03
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Isabel Domínguez Hernández
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Domínguez was born on July 8, 1926, in Vicente Guerrero, Durango, México; he was the eldest of two brothers; when he was eight years old, he began helping his father by sowing beans, corn, and squash; the extreme economic hardships his family faced convinced him to join the bracero program in 1952; as a bracero, he worked in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas, picking apples, cucumbers, grapes, oranges, and sugar beets; he continued working with the program until 1957. Summary of Interview: Mr. Domínguez briefly relates what his family and childhood were like; the extreme economic hardships his family faced convinced him to join the bracero program in 1952; as a bracero, he worked in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas, picking apples, cucumbers, grapes, oranges, and sugar beets; he describes the hiring process he went through at the contracting centers in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, and Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, as well as the long waiting periods and the disinfecting procedures; some of the braceros at these centers preferred working only in certain states; he details what life was like on the farms including the various kinds of work performed, wages, contract amendments and extensions, housing, food, weekend activities and hobbies, and how some braceros were able to send money home to México; in addition, he also recalls that representatives from the Mexican consulate would often visit; he concludes by describing what the benefits of having worked as a bracero were, and how he has fond memories of the program.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Domínguez Hernández, José Isabel
date: 2003-06-03
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Guadalupe Jurado Pérez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Jurado was born on December 10, 1935, in Canatlán, Durango, México; he was the oldest of four siblings; to help his father, he worked in agricultural from an early age; at age eleven, his father left the family and he was forced to grow up with paternal relatives; in 1951, he enrolled in the bracero program, and worked in New Mexico and Texas picking cotton; he performed these duties until 1956. Summary of Interview: Mr. Jurado recalls crossing the United States-México border with his father; once there, they were hired as undocumented workers at a cotton field in El Paso, Texas; after one year, they both decided to enlist in the bracero program in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; he describes the bracero contracting center there, the questioning process they endured, the medical exams performed on them and the reception center in El Paso, Texas; a bracero from 1951 to 1956, he worked in New Mexico and Texas; he remembers daily activities on the farms, their housing, the furniture they were provided, and the food they prepared; additionally, he discusses the different contracts given to braceros, the lengths of those contracts, and their extensions; he also recounts what their wages were, how they were paid, and the treatment they received from foremen; furthermore, he relates how they received visits from representatives of the Mexican consulate; he continues to detail how he sent money to his family in México, the relationships braceros had with each other, the trips they took to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México and what they did on weekends; moreover, he explains his happiness and pride in having been a bracero.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Jurado Pérez, José Guadalupe
date: 2003-05-29
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Guadalupe Blanco Ortega
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Blanco was born on December 12, 1923, in Canelas, Durango, México; he was formally schooled through the second grade; when he was eight years old, he left his family to work with his father; they farmed together well into his teenage years; later he married and began a family; in 1949, he decided to enroll in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked picking cotton in New Mexico and Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Blanco recalls his family, childhood, and adolescence; in 1948, he married his wife, and the following year, before the birth of their second child, he decided to enroll in the bracero program; he describes how he and a group of men walked through the mountains for three days to get to a town where they could take the train to Durango, Durango, México; from there they traveled to Chihuahua to officially begin the hiring process; he describes the entire hiring and contracting process including the medical exams and disinfecting procedures; as a bracero, he worked picking cotton in New Mexico and Texas; he explains how he picked the cotton, the wages he earned, the methods of payment, and how he was able to obtain amendments and extensions to his contracts; in addition, he tells what daily life was like on the farms including the housing and food; in general, he was treated well by his American employers; he also recalls his return trip to México; overall, he benefited greatly from the program, and he concludes that he is proud to have been a part of it.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Blanco Ortega, José Guadalupe
date: 2003-01-31
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jesús Sierra Espinoza
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Sierra was born on June 21, 1935; he grew up in a stonemason family in Durango, Durango, México; he was the oldest of five brothers; at an early age, he worked cutting stone to help his father; in 1956, he joined the bracero program and worked in Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas; he picked cotton, strawberries, and tomatoes; he also harvested lettuce and sugar beets. Summary of Interview: Mr. Sierra grew up in Durango, Durango, México; he learned stonemasonry from his father; in 1956, he joined the bracero program due to economic hardship; he worked in Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas; additionally, he describes the hiring process he went through, the legal requirements of the program, how the bracero reception centers in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México and Empalme, Sonora, México worked, and the different ports of entry to the United States; he recounts his experience at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas; furthermore, he recalls his first activities farming, how work was distributed, their wages, and their contracts; he also details the housing they had, the treatment they received from foremen, the relationships among braceros and what they did during weekends.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Sierra Espinoza, Jesús
date: 2003-05-30
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jesús Andrade Rodríguez
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Jesús Andrade Rodríguez Fecha de la entrevista: 1º de febrero de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Jesús Andrade Rodríguez en la ciudad de Durango, Durango el día primero de febrero de 2003. Dirigiendo la entrevista para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso, Laureano Martínez. LM: Don Jesús, buenas tardes. JA: Buenas tardes. LM: Primero que nada don Jesús, quiero que me cuente, dónde y cuándo nació usted. JA: Nací en Escamilla, Municipio de Canatlán, Durango. En el estado de Durango. LM: ¿Cuándo fue eso? JA: En 1930 nací yo, el 15 de septiembre de 1930. LM: Muy bien. JA: Así es. LM: Cuénteme un poquito de ese lugar, ¿cómo es Escamilla? JA: Es una hacienda que tiene ya ahorita va en los doscientos años. Una hacienda de agricultura de los hacendados de antes, nomás que cuando vino la, la lía esa del agrarismo, mi padre y mis tíos hicieron solicitud para ejido. Y se hizo ejido pero muy raquíticamente según me platicaban mis tíos, mi papá pos no lo conocí. Sembraban con bueyes que les prestaban otras personas que tenían ganado. Entonces muy pobre, entonces nosotros le hicimos también a la agricultura económicamente. Pero no alcanzábamos para mantener nostra familia y empezó a haber ese programa de que contrataciones, empezó aquí en Durango y, y ya veníamos a contratarnos. LM: Cuénteme, ¿cómo se llamaba su papá? JA: Juan de Dios Andrade. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? JA: García, Catalina Rodríguez Valdez. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene usted, don Jesús? JA: Yo tengo setenta y un año[s] cumplidos. LM: Setenta y un años. ¿Cuántos hermanos tuvo? JA: Tengo ahorita bueno, bueno todos, aunque hayan muertos, por nomás los que haya, aunque se hayan muerto. LM: No, no importa. JA: Sí, sí, pos tuve, era, Maclovio, David, Leonardo, ya murió pero, ¿usted me pregunta de todos los hermanos, verdad? LM: Sí. JA: ¿Con todo y hermanas?, o, puros hermanos. LM: Hermanas y hermanos. JA…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Andrade Rodríguez, Jesús
date: 2003-02-01
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Javier García Robles
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Javier García was born on May 23, 1937, in Estación Progreso, Durango, México; when he was eight years old, he began farming and working in the fields; the financial hardships he experienced during the 1950s led him to enroll in the bracero program in 1957; as a bracero, he worked in California picking and packaging tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. García briefly recalls his family, childhood, and adolescence; in 1957, during his first year of marriage, he found himself out of work, and he decided to enroll in the bracero program; in order to begin the hiring process, he had to take a bus from Durango, Durango, to Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, and from there to the border; he details the various procedures of the hiring process at the contracting center in Guadalajara and the reception center in El Centro, California, as well as the medical examinations he underwent; as a bracero, he worked in California picking and packaging tomatoes; in addition, he describes what daily life was like for braceros on the farms, including work, wages, payments, contract extensions and amendments, housing, food, their weekend outings, and how they were treated by their American employers; he comments that the quality of the food was extremely poor, and they were also served very small portions; following his description of what his life was like after having worked as a bracero, he concludes that he is proud to have been part of the program because it benefited him greatly.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: García Robles, Javier
date: 2003-05-28
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Isidro Abrego Alvarado
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Isidro Ábrego Alvarado Fecha de la entrevista: 2 de junio de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Isidro Ábrego Alvarado en la cuidad de Durango, Durango, el día 2 de junio de 2003 conducida por Laureano Martínez para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Buenas tardes don Isidro. IA: Buenas tardes. LM: Don Isidro, me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació usted? IA: Yo nací el día 4 de abril de 1931, en un pueblito que está aquí cercas que se llama el Sauz Bendito. LM: El Sauz Bendito, ¿municipio de dónde? IA: Municipio de Canatlán. LM: Canatlán, Durango, ¿verdad? IA: Sí. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene? IA: Tengo setenta y tres años. LM: ¿Cómo se llamó su papá? IA: Se llamaba Luis Ábrego. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? IA: Juana de la Cruz. LM: ¿De dónde eran originarios ellos? IA: Ellos eran originarios de un pueblito que se llama Miguel Allende. LM: Miguel Allende, ¿dónde está ese pueblito? IA: Allá está por el Municipio de Nuevo Villado. LM: Nuevo Villado, Durango. ¿Cuántos fueron ustedes de familia? IA: Nosotros fuimos cuatro de familia nada más. LM: Cuatro, ¿cuántos hombres y cuántas mujeres? IA: Tres hombres y una mujer. LM: De esos cuatro, ¿qué lugar ocupaba usted, don Isidro? IA: Yo era campesino allá en aquellos tiempos, era campesino. Yo sembraba maíz y frijol. LM: Y, ¿era usted el más chico o el más grande? IA: El más chico de la familia. LM: Era el menor. IA: Sí, el menor. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaba su papá? IA: Era también campesino él también. Sí, también era campesino. LM: Tenían tierras propias. IA: Sí. Bueno, era ejido. LM: Era ejido. IA: Es ejido todavía. LM: ¿Qué sembraba su papá? IA: Maíz, frijol. LM: Su mamá, ¿se dedicaba al hogar? IA: Sí, al hogar. Ella ahí en la casa nomás, trabajaba ahí en la casa. LM: ¿Tenían gallinitas? IA: Sí, pos sí, cómo no. Pos ni modo, ahí gallinitas, marranos, una vaca y mulas pa sem…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Abrego Alvarado, Isidro
date: 2003-06-02
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ignacio Pérez García
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ignacio Pérez was born in 1924, in Rodeo, Durango, México; he was the oldest of four brothers; an orphan at the age of seven, he grew up with his maternal grandmother; he worked as a shepherd when he was a boy; in 1949, he crossed the México-United States border to work as an undocumented laborer; after a week, he was hired as a bracero; he worked in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas picking cotton and harvesting sugar beets. Summary of Interview: Mr. Pérez recalls crossing the México-United States border in 1949; later, he was hired as a bracero in Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; he worked in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas; additionally, he describes the farming activities of braceros, their work hours, the housing provided for them, and the food they prepared; he recalls the wages he was paid, the different contracts he had, and how he sent money to his family in México; furthermore, he relates what braceros did during the weekends, and how U.S. citizens in town treated them; he expresses his feelings about the program and the benefits of having worked in the United States.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Pérez García, Ignacio
date: 2003-05-27
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Heriberto Martínez Díaz
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Heriberto Martínez was born on August 22, 1929, in Venustiano Carranza, Durango, México; he was the second of three brothers; at age seven, he worked sowing beans, chili, corn, and cutting wood; at the age of fifteen, he worked loading trains; in 1953, he became a bracero and worked in California, Missouri, Montana, and Texas; he picked carrots, cotton, lemons, and sugar until 1964. Summary of Interview: Mr. Martínez recalls growing up in Francisco I. Madero, Durango, México; he remembers finding out about the bracero program in 1953; as a bracero, he worked in California, Missouri, Montana, and Texas; he recounts how he enlisted in the program and the requirements he needed to fulfill; additionally, he describes several trips he made to contracting centers in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and Jalisco, México; he also details his time at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, and the medical test he had to endure; furthermore, he describes the daily activities he performed in the field, how the work was conducted, the different wages braceros were paid, and the methods of payment; he also discusses what their housing was like, how he saved money, what they did during weekends, and how braceros played dominoes, cards and dice; moreover, he talks about his life after being a bracero, why he is proud to have been one, and how it changed his and his family’s life.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Martínez Díaz, Heriberto
date: 2003-05-17
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Gonzalo Soto Núñez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Gonzalo Soto was born in San Pedro de Azafranes, Durango, México; he was the fourth of eleven siblings; at age eight, he started working in agriculture to help his father; at age seventeen, he decided to cross the México/United States border to acquire work as an undocumented laborer; in 1954, he joined the bracero program and worked in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Texas; there, he picked and irrigated carrots, cotton, lettuce, limes, potatoes, and tomatoes; he performed these duties until 1963. Summary of Interview: Mr. Soto grew up in Otáez, Durango, México; in 1954, he joined the bracero program; he worked in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Texas; recalling the hiring process, he discusses the contracting center in Mexicali, Baja California, México; he describes the medical exams performed by Mexican and American doctors, and the bracero reception center in El Centro, California; additionally, he remembers their daily activities, their housing, the food they ate and their curfew; he also details the kinds of contracts they had, the wages they got, and the treatment they received from foremen; furthermore, he relates what the relationship between braceros was like, how they used interpreters on the farms, and the complaints brought up by braceros; he recounts the activities they engaged in during weekends, their hobbies, and how he sent money to his family in México; moreover, he explains his life after the program, why he decided to return to the U.S. as an undocumented worker, and the difficulty he had finding a job; he continues to discuss the time when he decided to move back to México and why he has positive memories of his experience as a bracero.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Soto Núñez, Gonzalo
date: 2003-06-03
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Enrique Torres Sánchez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Enrique Torres was born on July 15, 1929, in Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango, México; he was the second of six brothers; his father died when he was six years old; at an early age, he started working in agriculture; in 1952, he joined the bracero program, and worked in Arizona, Arkansas, and Texas; he picked carrots, green peppers, lemons, oranges, and tomatoes; he did these activities until 1959. Summary of Interview: Mr. Torres grew up with his paternal relatives; he worked sowing beans and corn during his childhood; due to economic hardship and debts held by his family, he joined the bracero program in 1952; he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, and Texas; additionally, he describes how he found out about the program, and the hiring process he encountered at the processing center in Durango, Durango, México; at this center, he details the humiliation he experienced during the medical exams conducted by American doctors, and then he continues to outline his bus trip to Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; while at a bracero reception center in Texas, he signed a contract and went through the disinfection process; he narrates the daily activities of the braceros, their work distribution, their housing, and the food they prepared; furthermore, he relates how they were paid, their different contracts, and the treatment received from foremen; he remembers what the braceros did on weekends, and how prostitution was allowed in the camps; beyond these recollections, he explains how his life changed after being a bracero, why he decided to cross into the United States to become an undocumented worker in the 1970s, and why he believes the program should be reinstated.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Torres Sánchez, Enrique
date: 2003-05-29
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa