Isidro Abrego Alvarado
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Isidro Ábrego Alvarado Fecha de la entrevista: 2 de junio de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Isidro Ábrego Alvarado en la cuidad de Durango, Durango, el día 2 de junio de 2003 conducida por Laureano Martínez para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Buenas tardes don Isidro. IA: Buenas tardes. LM: Don Isidro, me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació usted? IA: Yo nací el día 4 de abril de 1931, en un pueblito que está aquí cercas que se llama el Sauz Bendito. LM: El Sauz Bendito, ¿municipio de dónde? IA: Municipio de Canatlán. LM: Canatlán, Durango, ¿verdad? IA: Sí. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene? IA: Tengo setenta y tres años. LM: ¿Cómo se llamó su papá? IA: Se llamaba Luis Ábrego. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? IA: Juana de la Cruz. LM: ¿De dónde eran originarios ellos? IA: Ellos eran originarios de un pueblito que se llama Miguel Allende. LM: Miguel Allende, ¿dónde está ese pueblito? IA: Allá está por el Municipio de Nuevo Villado. LM: Nuevo Villado, Durango. ¿Cuántos fueron ustedes de familia? IA: Nosotros fuimos cuatro de familia nada más. LM: Cuatro, ¿cuántos hombres y cuántas mujeres? IA: Tres hombres y una mujer. LM: De esos cuatro, ¿qué lugar ocupaba usted, don Isidro? IA: Yo era campesino allá en aquellos tiempos, era campesino. Yo sembraba maíz y frijol. LM: Y, ¿era usted el más chico o el más grande? IA: El más chico de la familia. LM: Era el menor. IA: Sí, el menor. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaba su papá? IA: Era también campesino él también. Sí, también era campesino. LM: Tenían tierras propias. IA: Sí. Bueno, era ejido. LM: Era ejido. IA: Es ejido todavía. LM: ¿Qué sembraba su papá? IA: Maíz, frijol. LM: Su mamá, ¿se dedicaba al hogar? IA: Sí, al hogar. Ella ahí en la casa nomás, trabajaba ahí en la casa. LM: ¿Tenían gallinitas? IA: Sí, pos sí, cómo no. Pos ni modo, ahí gallinitas, marranos, una vaca y mulas pa sem…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Abrego Alvarado, Isidro
date: 2003-06-02
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Heriberto Galvéz Saldivar
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Heriberto Galvéz was born on March 16, 1939, in Chalchihuites, Zacatecas, México; he was the third of four siblings; when he was two years old, his father died, and he was in turn raised by an abusive step-father; his family’s economic difficulties coupled with the continual abuse by his step-father led him to enroll in the bracero program in 1963; as a bracero, he worked in Arkansas, California, and Michigan, picking cucumbers, cotton, and sorghum. Summary of Interview: Mr. Galvéz recalls his childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood; he vividly relives his experiences with his abusive step-father; in spite of his step-father’s disapproval, he decided to enroll in the bracero program, in 1963; he describes what the hiring process was like in the rural areas of México, including how the hands of potential braceros were often examined for calluses as signs of hard work; upon arriving at the contracting center in Durango, Durango, he underwent similar questioning and had to present official documents; from there, he was taken to a reception center in Eagle Pass, Texas, where he was medically examined; as a bracero, he worked in Arkansas, California, and Michigan, picking cucumbers, cotton, and sorghum; he goes on to explain what daily life on the farm was like for braceros, as well as work, wages, payments, contract amendments and extensions, housing, food, how they were treated by the foremen, and their weekend outings.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Galvéz Saldivar, Heriberto
date: 2003-05-26
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Enrique Torres Sánchez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Enrique Torres was born on July 15, 1929, in Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango, México; he was the second of six brothers; his father died when he was six years old; at an early age, he started working in agriculture; in 1952, he joined the bracero program, and worked in Arizona, Arkansas, and Texas; he picked carrots, green peppers, lemons, oranges, and tomatoes; he did these activities until 1959. Summary of Interview: Mr. Torres grew up with his paternal relatives; he worked sowing beans and corn during his childhood; due to economic hardship and debts held by his family, he joined the bracero program in 1952; he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, and Texas; additionally, he describes how he found out about the program, and the hiring process he encountered at the processing center in Durango, Durango, México; at this center, he details the humiliation he experienced during the medical exams conducted by American doctors, and then he continues to outline his bus trip to Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; while at a bracero reception center in Texas, he signed a contract and went through the disinfection process; he narrates the daily activities of the braceros, their work distribution, their housing, and the food they prepared; furthermore, he relates how they were paid, their different contracts, and the treatment received from foremen; he remembers what the braceros did on weekends, and how prostitution was allowed in the camps; beyond these recollections, he explains how his life changed after being a bracero, why he decided to cross into the United States to become an undocumented worker in the 1970s, and why he believes the program should be reinstated.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Torres Sánchez, Enrique
date: 2003-05-29
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Antonio Chávez Betancourt
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Antonio Chávez was born on January 17, 1928, in Canatlán, Durango, México; he was the youngest of nine siblings; his father died when he was only a year old; when he was eight years old, he began helping his family by sowing beans and corn; in 1950, he enrolled in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in Nebraska and New Mexico, harvesting and picking cotton, cucumbers, and sugar beets; he continued working with the program until 1960. Summary of Interview: Mr. Chávez briefly recalls his family and childhood; his yearning for a better life led him to enlist in the bracero program in 1950; he began the hiring process at a contracting center in Chihuahua, México; while there he presented legal documents, and he was interviewed and medically examined; from there, he was taken to a processing center in Ysleta, Texas; as a bracero, he worked in Nebraska and New Mexico, harvesting and picking cotton, cucumbers, and sugar beets; he describes his various jobs and how he carried them out, the hours he worked, the different types of contracts and their amendments and extensions, the methods of payment, and the corresponding tax deductions; in addition, he explains what daily life was like on the farms, including housing, trips into the towns to buy provisions, weekend outings, how he managed to send money home, and what the relationships among the braceros were like; overall, he was treated well by the farmers; he also describes his return trip to México; for him, being a bracero is something he continues to be very proud of.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Chávez Betancourt, Antonio
date: 2003-05-28
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

David Salcido Martínez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: David Salcido was born in Durango, Durango, México; he is the youngest of nine siblings; at an early age, he started working in agriculture; he enlisted in the bracero program in 1964; during this time, he worked in Colorado cleaning sugar beet fields. Summary of Interview: Mr. Salcido remembers a hard childhood that forced him to work at an early age so he could help his family economically; these hardships led him to enlist in the bracero program in 1964; he worked in Colorado cleaning sugar beet fields; additionally, he describes the hiring process, the contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, the difficulties he endured there, and the train trip to the México-United States border in cattle cars; furthermore, he explains how the reception center in El Paso, Texas worked, the disinfection procedures they endured and the signing of his contract; he continues to recount the bad treatment they received, and how he felt that they were treated as animals; moreover, he narrates the daily activities on the farm, how the work was performed, their housing, and the food they ate; he discusses the good relationship he had with other braceros and the activities they did during weekends; in addition, he recalls the types of contracts he had, their lengths, and the way ranchers treated him; he states the benefits of having been a bracero, what the term bracero means to him and why he has fond memories of the experience.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: David Salcido Martínez
date: 2003-06-03
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Belisario Luna Pulido
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Belisrio Luna was born on June 26, 1936, in Guadalupe Victoria, Durango, México; he was the sixth of eleven children; his father died when he was six years old; he was forced to work in agriculture at the age of thirteen; due to economic hardship, his mother also rented him out as a laborer; in 1951, he enlisted in the bracero program and worked in Arizona, California, and Texas; he picked and harvested cotton, lemons, lettuce, and oranges; he did these jobs until 1963. Summary of Interview: Mr. Luna worked in Arizona, California and Texas from 1951 to 1963; he recalls how he found out about the bracero program, the hiring process in rural areas, and the hardship braceros experienced outside contracting centers; additionally, he describes the medical examinations performed on him and the bracero facilities in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and Empalme, Sonora, México; he also details his trip to the border and the disinfecting stations he went through; furthermore, he recounts his first farming activities, the different jobs he performed, the different kinds of cotton he picked, and the details of his workdays; he remembers the food they ate, the housing they had, their weekend outings, and the relationships among braceros; moreover, he discusses the contracts they signed, their wages, the methods of payment, and the treatment they received from foremen; beyond daily activities, he recollects a time when he was sick, and the severe weather he experienced in Arizona; he explains his definition of the word bracero, the pride he feels in having taken part in the program, and his sadness when the program was terminated.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Luna Pulido, Belisario
date: 2003-05-31
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Alonso Venegas Batres
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alonso Venegas was born on October 20, 1940, in Mezquital, Durango, México; he was the only male in a family of four; at the age of eight, he worked planting beans and corn in an effort to help his father with their ranching duties; he labored as a bracero from 1959 to 1964 in California; he picked lemons, oranges, sugar beets, and tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Venegas worked as a bracero in California from 1959 to 1964; he recalls the hiring process in rural areas and the bracero contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México; additionally, he states how Sonora ranchers had agreements with workers to allow them to enlist in the bracero program; he describes daily activities, the extreme weather conditions they were exposed to, their housing, and the food they prepared; furthermore, he discusses the different contracts offered to them, the way they were paid, and how they sent money to México; he also relates an occasion when he suffered from dehydration; moreover, he explains the benefits of having been a bracero; beyond this work, he recounts why he crossed to the United States in 1972 and 1973 to be an undocumented worker, and why he would like to be a legal U.S. resident; he also expresses his pride in having been a bracero and how that experience helped him and his family to better their lives.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Venegas Batres, Alonso
date: 2003-05-26
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Alejandro Ruteaga Rivas
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alejandro Ruteaga was born on April 12, 1932, in Rodeo, Durango, México; he was the third of ten siblings; at the age of eight, he began helping his father with agricultural tasks; when he was eighteen, he crossed the border into the United States to become an undocumented worker in California; he entered the bracero program in 1953, and he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming; his jobs included picking almonds, apricots, asparagus, cauliflower, cotton, grapes, lettuce, olives, and strawberries; he performed these duties until 1964. Summary of Interview: Mr. Ruteaga recalls his childhood and the stories his father told about the Mexican Revolution; in 1953, he entered the bracero program; he describes the hiring process in Durango, Durango, México, the requirements, and the medical exams performed by American doctors at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming; additionally, he recounts daily activities, what braceros did on weekends, their contracts, and their wages; he states that ranchers hired undocumented workers along with braceros; furthermore, he relates how representatives from the Mexican consulate visited their camps to settle their complaints; he also discusses the discrimination the braceros suffered; addressing his time after the program, he explains why he became an undocumented worker, his thoughts on why ranchers hire undocumented workers, and his pride in having been a bracero; he concludes by stating his reasons for living in México and not migrating to the United States.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Ruteaga Rivas, Alejandro
date: 2003-06-04
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Agustín Martínez Olivares
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Agustín Martínez was born on May 15, 1918, in Torreón, Coahuila, México; he was the oldest of three siblings; his father died when he was three years old; at the age of fifteen, he began sowing beans and corn to help his family financially; hard economic conditions and positive stories from first time braceros led him to enlist in the bracero program in 1942; he worked in California, New Mexico, and Texas until 1959; his jobs included picking cotton and tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Martínez worked in California, New Mexico, and Texas from 1942 to 1959; he recalls the hiring process at the bracero contracting centers in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México and Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, México; additionally, he describes his train trip to the border, the disinfecting process at the reception center in Eagle Pass, Texas, and the signing of his contract; he relates details about the types of contracts they had, their lengths, and contract extensions; furthermore, he discusses their daily activities, the work they performed, their wages, their housing, and the food they ate; he also recounts how he saved money to send back to México; moreover, he remembers the relationships that existed between braceros, the problems he had with one bracero, in particular, their weekend trips, and the good treatment they received from ranchers; he also explains what the term bracero means to him, why he is proud of having been a bracero, and his positive memories of the experience.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Martínez Olivares, Agustín
date: 2003-06-02
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Juan Loza
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Juan Loza was born on October 11, 1939, in Manuel Doblado, Guanajuato, México; he was the eldest of his twelve siblings; in 1960, he joined the bracero program, and he worked in Arkansas, California, Michigan, and Texas; he picked beets, celery, corn, cucumbers, onions, peanuts, peppers, rice, soybeans, and tomatoes; he returned to México after the program, but he later decided to migrate to Chicago, Illinois, as an undocumented worker in 1968. Summary of Interview: Mr. Loza recalls his childhood in Manuel Doblado, Guanajuato, México; he explains that he had little formal schooling, and he began working at age eight; additionally, he states that he heard of the bracero program from his godfather, and he approached the mayor of his town to be placed on the bracero list; he recounts his experiences while waiting to be contracted in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, and how he had to work in order to have a place to stay while waiting for his name to be called; moreover, he relates what the process was like, the rough treatment he received from doctors, the way exams were conducted, and how he was dusted during the disinfection process; he worked as a bracero from 1960 to 1964, picking beets, celery, corn, cucumbers, onions, peanuts, peppers, rice, soybeans, and tomatoes in Arkansas, California, Michigan, and Texas; he talks about what his life was like as a bracero, the living quarters he had, the food he ate, and the way he was treated; furthermore, he narrates how he was denied service at a restaurant in Texas, and he was consequently beaten by a guard; he also recalls another incident in Texas when a group of morenos he worked with attempted to break into his living quarters; in addition, he states that he was treated badly by Mexican-American foremen; in 1968, he returned to the United States as an undocumented worker due to poverty; he concludes by expressing that he is proud to have been a bracero, which ultimately helped him c…
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Loza, Juan
date: 2005-08-31
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Roberto Almaraz Valdivia
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Roberto Almaraz Valdivia was born in Tabasco, Zacatecas, México, but raised in Villanueva, Zacatecas; his parents worked in agriculture, and he had four sisters and three brothers; he was formally schooled through the fourth grade; when he was roughly twelve years old, he began working in agriculture as well; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas, picking beans, beets, cotton, cucumber, grapefruits, limes, oranges, and tomatoes; he continued working with the program until 1960. Summary of Interview: Mr. Almaraz briefly discusses his family and childhood; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program in Villanueva, Zacatecas, México; from there, he traveled to the contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México; he mentions the physical examinations and delousing process he underwent as part of the contracting process; from Empalme he was taken to El Centro, California, which is where the ranchers chose the workers they wanted; while there, the workers also signed their contracts, which were initially for forty days, but they could be extended for six month periods at a time, until they had completed eighteen months of work in total; as a bracero, he worked in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Texas, picking beans, beets, cotton, cucumber, grapefruits, limes, oranges, and tomatoes; he goes on to discuss the various worksites, duties, living conditions, provisions, payment methods, and recreational activities; in addition, he describes the letters he sent home to his mother and girlfriend, whom he later married in 1957; while in Oxnard, California, he became good friends with the foreman, and he eventually worked his way up to second in command; he was later able to get permission to rent a small house with other co-workers; he continued working with the program until 1960.
creator: Morales, Argelia
creator: Almaraz Valdivia, Roberto
date: 2005-09-01
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Audómaro G. Zepeda
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Audómaro Zepeda was born on May 10, 1933, in Jalisco, México; as the second of thirteen siblings he only went to school through the third grade; when he was nine years old, he began working in the fields; his uncles were braceros, and so he decided to follow in their footsteps; he worked with the bracero program on and off from 1957 to 1961; as a bracero, he worked throughout California, picking beets, broccoli, cauliflower, celery, chile, and cotton. Summary of Interview: Mr. Zepeda recalls his childhood and adolescence; because his uncles had worked as braceros, he knew that would be his one chance for a better future; in 1957, he began the hiring process by paying $300.00 to go on the county’s list of eligible workers; he then went to the contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México, and he was sent by train to Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, where he was medically examined and deloused; as a bracero, he worked throughout California, picking beets, broccoli, cauliflower, celery, chile, and cotton; when he worked in Salinas, California, there were between 400 and 600 workers; they had to wake up at 3:00 am just to eat breakfast; he usually worked seven days a week, and rarely had Sundays off; while working in the fields he often spent the entire day hunched over, and was yelled at and got in trouble for standing up; he goes on to describe the overall working and living conditions, methods of payment, his daily routine, the food, and what he did when he was not working; although there were often strikes in the camps due to complaints about salary and working hours, he avoided them at all costs; each time his contract ended, he returned to México, and he had to pay for his name to go on a new list for another contract; he concludes that he was proud to have been a bracero and considers the United States his second home.
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Zepeda, Audómaro G.
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José L. Orozco
subject: Son of a bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Orozco was born on April 8, 1950, in Jalisco, México; he was the sixth of ten siblings to be born; his father and two older brothers worked as braceros; as a bracero, his father worked in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, from 1946 to 1960; he recalls what life was like for his family without his father. Summary of Interview: Mr. Orozco recalls that his father worked with seasonal crops in México, but it was not enough to support the family with ten children; in light of this, his father enrolled in the bracero program in 1946; José remembers how difficult it was for him growing up without his father; when his father was gone, the entire family had more work to do around the house, particularly his mother; he remembers the various things his mother had to learn to do and how well-adapted she became; over time, she became an herbalist and midwife to help make money; although his father would visit as often as he could, José felt it was like having a stranger around; his father would often write love letters to his mother, and she would read parts of the letters to the children; the letters were not often accompanied by money, as his father struggled as well; his father would write about what life was like for him, the kinds of work he did, and how much he suffered; eventually his two eldest brothers went with their father to work as braceros; his eldest brother worked from 1957 to 1961 and his second eldest brother worked from 1958 to 1961; whenever his father would visit, he would bring small gifts and things like fruit, because he couldn’t afford more with so many children; he also recalls how his father was often in debt because he had to pay to get on the county’s list of eligible workers; in 1962, his father was able to emigrate to the United States, and he slowly brought the rest of his family too; they lived in California, and José eventually became involved with Cesár Chávez and the strikes.
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Orozco, José L.
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Hernández Romero
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Hernández was born on November 10, 1929, in Jalisco, México; he was the youngest of five children; his father died when he was nine years old, and he began working on a farm shortly thereafter; ironically, when he was twenty years old, he enrolled in the bracero program as a kind of dare; as a bracero he worked throughout California, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; eventually, he became a supervisor and later a barber for the braceros; he ultimately emigrated to the United States and continued to work in the farming industry. Summary of Interview: Mr. Hernández briefly recalls his childhood and adolescence; he began working on a farm when he was nine years old, and by the time he was sixteen, half of what the farm yielded was his to keep; later when he was twenty years old, a friend of his dared him to enlist in the bracero program, and he did; he went through the contracting center in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; from there was transported by bus to Mexicali, Baja California, where he was medically examined and deloused; he was then taken to El Centro, California, and finally to Salinas, California, to work in the beet fields; when his contracts ended, he returned to México, and he went through the contracting process all over again; he went through contracting centers in Irapuato, Guanajuato, and Empalme, Sonora, México; as a bracero he worked throughout California, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; eventually, he became a supervisor and later a barber for the braceros; in 1960, he returned to México to work the land he had purchased with the money he gained working as a bracero; later, with the help of his previous employer, he was able to emigrate to the United States where he continued working in the farming industry; he worked for eight years as a head foreman before returning to the fields.
creator: Velásquez, Steve
creator: Hernández Romero, José
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ignacio Gómez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Igancio Gómez was born on January 14, 1936, in Michoacán, México; his father died when he was an infant, and his mother later died when he was twelve years old; as the eldest of three children, he began working in the fields when he was only ten; in 1959, the local government officials sent him to the processing center in El Centro, California; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, and Wisconsin, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; he continued working as a bracero until 1964. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gomez briefly relays his experiences during childhood and adolescence; he initially learned of the bracero program through his grandfather because the local government officials had contacted him about possible workers; later when Ignacio was eighteen, he was put on the county’s list of eligible workers, and he was sent to El Centro, California; in order to be hired, he had to be healthy, have a working knowledge of the various equipment needed for farming, and specific details about how to carry out particular jobs; in addition, he describes the hiring process, including the interview, medical exams, and delousing procedures; he comments that he never had a choice of where to go or how long to stay, he was only there to work; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, and Wisconsin, picking beets, cotton, lettuce, and tomatoes; while working in Wisconsin, he recalls a particular incident when the workers were given laxatives so that they would not have any problems with the food they were given, but instead they all became very sick; he was then hired as the camp cook, and he goes on to describe the various kinds of food he made and the number of people he had to cook for; in addition he details what daily life was like in general for the workers, methods of payment, living accommodations, and what they did in their spare time; he concludes by discussing the overall advantages and disadvantages he experie…
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Gómez, Ignacio
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Gabino Solís Aguilera
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Gabino Solís was born in 1928, in Pueblo Nuevo, Guanajuato, México; he went to school through the fourth grade, and while doing so, he would often help his father work the land; when he was eighteen, he enlisted in the military for a year; in 1948, he was able to begin the hiring process for the bracero program; he worked in Arkansas, California, and Texas; as a bracero he picked corn, cotton, grapes, melons, peaches, and tomatoes; he continued working with the program until 1959, and two years later, he emigrated to the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. Solís briefly speaks of his childhood and adolescence; later, when he was eighteen, he enlisted in the military for a year in order to be put on the county’s list of eligible workers for the bracero program; in 1948, he went to Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, to begin the hiring process; after waiting there for a week, he was sent to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México and then to Arkansas to work in a cotton field; his second and third contracts took him to work in the cotton fields of Texas; the next time around, he decided to go through the contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México, which took him to work in California; he worked in Calexico, Coachella, and Indio, where it was too hot, and he earned very little money; a group of braceros requested a change of location from the Mexican Consulate, and they were transferred to Yuba City, California, where they picked melons; from then on, he went through the contracting center in Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, so he could work in the areas of California that offered more money; 1959 was the last year he worked as a bracero; later, in 1961, he emigrated to the United States.
creator: Velásquez, Steve
creator: Solís Aguilera, Gabino
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Alberto Magallón Jiménez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alberto Magallón was born on April 23, 1927, in Jalisco, México; when he was five years old, he began working by helping his father on the farm; he went to school through the third grade; sometime later, while working illegally in California, he was taken to Calexico, California, to obtain legal documentation; he continued working on and off as a bracero throughout California; as a bracero, he picked lemons, lettuce, onions, and oranges. Summary of Interview: Mr. Magallón briefly describes his childhood growing up on a farm; he recalls having heard of positive experiences from people who had come to work in the United States; sometime later, he crossed illegally into the United States through Mexicali, Baja California, México, in order to work; while there, he and other workers were taken to Calexico, California, in order to obtain proper documentation; he remembers literally stepping across the border and back again before being taken to the processing center in El Centro, California; after his first six month contract ended, he returned to México, and he again went through the processing center in Calexico; he also describes the contracting centers he went through in Hermosillo and Empalme, Sonora, México, including the interviews, medical exams, delousing procedures, and transportation services; in addition, he also details what the living conditions were like in the camps and how he had to pay for the equipment he needed to work; furthermore, he goes on to explain the various types of work he performed and the corresponding wages he earned; he concludes by detailing what life in México was like for him after having worked as a bracero, and why he ultimately decided to live in the United States.
creator: Acosta, Anais
creator: Magallón Jiménez, Alberto
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Pedro del Real Pérez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Pedro de Real Pérez was born on October 30, 1927, in Zacatecas, México, to a family of farmers; in 1952, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in California, Montana, and Texas; his primary duties included picking cotton, peaches, strawberries, and tomatoes; he continued working with the program until 1961; a year later, in 1962, he was able to emigrate to the United States, and he slowly brought the rest of his family with him. Summary of Interview: Mr. Pérez describes how he initially heard of the bracero program through word of mouth; in 1952, when he began the enrollment process, he was already married and had children; he went through contracting centers in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and Empalme, Sonora; there were huge crowds of people at these centers, which proved to be problematic due to the long waiting periods; he explains the procedures he underwent, including the medical exams and the delousing process; furthermore, he describes the delousing procedures as discriminatory; as a bracero, he was able to obtain eight working contracts, which took him to California three times, Montana once, and Texas four times; he details the various types of work he performed in each location, the wages he earned, and contract amendments and extensions; in addition, he describes his daily routine, the housing and living conditions, the food, trips into town for supplies, and what he did in his spare time; he continued working as a bracero until 1961; the following year, he obtained a visa and came to the United States; over time, he was able to make arrangements for the rest of his family to emigrate as well.
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: del Real Pérez, Pedro
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ismael Z. Nicolás Osorio
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ismael Osorio was born in June of 1923, in Chalcatongo de Hidalgo, Oaxaca, México; he went to school only through the sixth grade, because there were no secondary schools in his hometown; in 1944, he decided to begin the enrollment process for the Bracero Program; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, Colorado, Texas, and Washington, for a total of twelve years; he later emigrated to the United States, and he became a foreman for the Garing Company. Summary of Interview: Mr. Osorio briefly discusses his childhood and adolescence; he went to school only through the sixth grade, because there were no secondary schools in his hometown; while searching for a school, he became aware of the bracero contracting center in México, Distrito Federal; in spite of the rumors he had heard that he might have to fight in the war as a bracero, he decided to begin the enrollment process in 1944; he initially began the procedures by paying to get his name on the county’s list of workers in Oaxaca, México; from there, he traveled to Ciudad México, and finally to Irapuato, Guanajuato, where he had to wait for four months before obtaining a contract; he was then transported to El Paso, Texas, where he underwent medical examinations and was deloused; his first contract took him to Olympia, Washington, and a year later he was sent to California to work for the Harding Produce Company; he goes on to explain his various jobs and how he carried them out, methods of payment, living conditions, and the overall treatment he received; in addition, he describes the hierarchical chain of command he encountered at the various companies he worked in throughout his twelve years as a bracero; he was ultimately able to emigrate to the United States, and he went on to work as a foreman for the Garing Company.
creator: Bocanegra, Leti
creator: Nicolás Osorio, Ismael Z.
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jesús Hernández Medrano
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Hernández was born on August 28, 1920, in San Felipe, Guanajuato, México; he had eight siblings, and together they grew up with their parents on a farm; at a very young age, he began helping his father work the land and care for the animals; he never received any formal schooling; in 1944, he went to México, Distrito Federal, to begin the enrollment process for the bracero program; two years later, after his contract expired, he crossed into Texas illegally in order to work; in 1958, he was contracted again as a bracero, and he worked in California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Hernandez briefly recounts his childhood and adolescence growing up on a farm; he would often help his father work the land and care for the animals; in 1944, he went to México, Distrito Federal, to begin the enrollment process for the bracero program; he describes the processing center and the various procedures he underwent there, including the medical exams and the train trip to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México; as a bracero, he picked cotton as well as a range of fruits and vegetables; he goes on to describe his daily routine, the living arrangements, what he did during his free time, the medical benefits, and the overall treatment he received; one of his employers even offered to arrange for him to stay in the United States permanently, but he refused; he instead returned to México, and shortly thereafter he was married; later in 1946, he entered the U.S. illegally through Texas, and he stayed for a year; in 1949, he again returned, but was caught by immigration officials and sent back to México; several years later in 1958, he went through the contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and he worked in California; he was ultimately able to emigrate to the U.S. with his wife and children.
creator: Acosta, Anais
creator: Hernández Medrano, Jesús
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Matilde Gallegos
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Matilde Gallegos was born on March 30, 1930, in Benito Juárez, Chihuahua, México; he was one of six children; at the age of twelve, he started working with his father and bother in agriculture; he received formal education up to the second grade; at age eighteen, he joined the bracero program, and worked in Texas picking cotton. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gallegos recalls growing up in Benito Juárez, Chihuahua, México; he states that he began working in agriculture when he was twelve years old; at age eighteen, he remembers traveling to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México to join the bracero program, and describes the conditions he endured there; he details that he had to spend twenty days waiting to be contracted, a time he spent homeless; additionally, he explains the contracting process, the medical exams he endured, and how he was transported to the United States in a train car that was normally used for animals; he worked in Texas picking cotton; furthermore, he presents what life was like in the bracero camps, what kind of housing they got, and how they were treated by foremen; he outlines that in some camps food was provided to them at no cost, but that in others they were deducted a charge from their pay or they had to cook their own food; after three years of bracero work, he decided he did not want to continue contract work; he explains why he returned to the U.S. as an undocumented worker, and why he feels that the bracero program was of little help due to the low pay they received.
creator: Acosta, Anais
creator: Gallegos, Matilde
date: 2005-07-27
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Luis Zamudio Villagomez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Luis Zamudio Villagómez was born on November 4, 1938, in Moroleón, Guanajuato, México; he is one of seventeen children, though nine died at a young age; he had formal schooling until the sixth grade; at age eleven, he began to work with his father in the fields; he joined the bracero program in 1957, and worked in Arkansas, California and Texas; there he picked cotton and lettuce. Summary of Interview: Mr. Zamudio recalls his childhood in Moroleón, Guanajuato, México, and how he started working with his father in agriculture at age eleven; he states that, at age eighteen, he joined the bracero program; as a bracero he worked in Arkansas, California and Texas picking cotton and lettuce; additionally, he remembers what life was like in the bracero camps, how they had to cook their own food, and the hardships they endured in the fields; he describes how he renewed his contract, and the treatment he received from foremen; furthermore, he details how he was able to secure residency in the United States after the program was terminated, and how he returned to California to work for the company that helped him get his papers; he concludes by stating that he is now retired after working thirty-seven years for a glass factory, and that he is very grateful for the opportunities he received due to the Bracero Program.
creator: Acosta, Anais
creator: Zamudio Villagomez, Luis
date: 2005-07-27
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jesus Silva
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesus Silva was born on January 1, 1932, in Michoacán, México; he was one of sixteen siblings; at age six, he began working with his father in agriculture; he never attended formal schooling, and later joined the Bracero Program; he worked in California picking tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Silva recalls growing up in Michoacán, México with fifteen siblings; he states that at age six he began working with his father in agriculture; he explains that as a young man he heard about the bracero program, and decided to enlist; additionally, he details what the hiring process was like in Empalme, Sonora, México; he describes what the medical exams were like, how they bathed them with hot water, and how they were sprayed with powder for disinfection; furthermore, he remembers working in California picking tomatoes, and what his daily work day was like; he presents what food braceros had, what their living arrangements were like, and how they were treated; moreover, he recounts that after three months he returned to México; he concludes by stating that even though the disinfection process was humiliating, he has fond memories of the program as a whole.
creator: Acosta, Anais
creator: Silva, Jesus
date: 2005-07-27
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Cecilio Santillano
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Cecilio Santillano was born on December 22, 1927, in El Dorado, Chihuahua, México; he was one of three siblings; at age eight, he began working with his father in agriculture; he joined the bracero program in 1948, and worked in Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, and Texas; there he picked beets, cotton, and worked with machinery. Summary of Interview: Mr. Santillano recalls growing up in El Dorado, Chihuahua, México, and working with his father in agriculture from an early age; he states that he only attended formal schooling for one year, but managed to learn how to read and write after a while; additionally, he explains that he heard about the bracero program while laboring in Texas as an undocumented worker, and that he immediately decided to go to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México to enlist; he describes the process he endured at the contracting centers in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, his trip back to the United States-México border, and the medical exams performed on him at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; furthermore, he details what life was like in the camps, what their work was, and what they did on their days off; he recounts that, in the first camp he was sent to, their living arrangement did not have bathrooms, and they were forced to use the outdoors; moreover, he remembers experiencing discrimination in Texas; after the bracero program ended, he expresses that his employer helped him gain his residency papers, and that he stayed in the U.S. working in agriculture; overall, he states that his memories of the program are positive, that it helped the U.S. war effort, and that it gave many Mexicans work when they needed it the most.
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Santillano, Cecilio
date: 2005-07-25
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Servando Peñaloza Muñoz
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Servando Peñaloza was born in Guayameo, Guerrero, México; he worked in agriculture from the age of six; at the age of nineteen, he moved to Mexico City, México; he joined the bracero program in 1955 with his brother, and worked in Arizona and California; there he picked broccoli, celery, green beans, lemons, lettuce, strawberries, and tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Peñaloza recalls growing up in Guayameo, Guerrero, México, and working in agriculture from an early age; he remembers moving to Mexico City, México at age nineteen, and working at the Chapultepec Castle; additionally, he relates that he had to take care of his younger brother during this time; he states that he joined the bracero program in 1955 with an older brother, and worked in Arizona and California picking broccoli, celery, green beans, lemons, lettuce, strawberries, and tomatoes; furthermore, he describes the hiring process, his time at the contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México, and the contracts he signed; he discusses what daily life was like on the bracero camps, the work they did, and the trips they took into town; moreover, he explains his decision to move back to México after he left the program, and what he labored at.
creator: Domínguez, Violeta
creator: Peñaloza Muñoz, Servando
date: 2002-05-31
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa