Lorenzo Maynes Castillo
subject: Foreman
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Lorenzo Maynes was born on August 10, 1924, in Clint, Texas; he grew up on a ranch where his father was the foreman, and he consequently learned the agricultural trade from his father; eventually, he himself became a foreman, and he was often put in charge of hiring braceros as workers. Summary of Interview: Mr. Maynes recalls his childhood and early adolescence; he briefly describes what life was like for him during World War II; eventually, he became the head foreman on a farm whose primary focus was cotton; he was periodically sent to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, to pick up braceros and bring them back to the farm; oftentimes, he was responsible for hiring anywhere from 50 to 200 braceros; he explains what Rio Vista was like and how the farmers would choose which men to hire; in addition, he describes what the farm where they lived was like, what their daily activities were, and what they did for fun in their spare time; the farmers would often tell any of the workers who had not already done so to go to Rio Vista and officially register as braceros; he concludes that during World War II the bracero program was beneficial both agriculturally and economically; in his opinion, such a program would again be welcomed for agricultural purposes.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Maynes, Lorenzo
date: 2003-02-10
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Lily Gutiérrez Reveles
subject: Trans Pecos Cotton Association
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Lily Gutierrez was born in El Paso, Texas, on October 5, 1935; her father was a professional butcher who owned several grocery stores, and her mother was a homemaker; she had four brothers and two sisters; after getting married, she moved to Pecos, Texas, where she began working for the Trans Pecos Cotton Association as a clerk and typist from 1955 to 1957. Summary of Interview: Ms. Gutierrez recalls that she met her husband while in college; after getting married, in 1955, they moved to Pecos, Texas, where she began working for the Trans Pecos Cotton Association as a clerk and typist; she compares the association to Rio Vista, a processing center for braceros in Socorro, Texas; it was her job to fill out the necessary paperwork and contracts for the braceros; the association was responsible for Reeves and Pecos County; inspectors from the Department of Labor would often check to verify that adequate housing was provided for the braceros; they even had representatives from the Mexican consulate periodically arriving to handle any complaints or concerns on behalf of the braceros; she provides a general description of the facilities as well as the various procedures the workers went through; in addition, she comments that on the weekends it was common to see braceros in town buying groceries or going to church; braceros and Mexican-Americans were often discriminated against by the people in town.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Gutiérrez Reveles, Lily
date: 2003-04-07
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Juan Sánchez Abasta
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Juan Sánchez Abasta was born on June 3, 1917, in Villa Ahumada, Chihuahua, México; he had five brothers and three sisters; his father worked as a foreman for the railroads in México; he also worked for the railroads, and because of his experience he went to México, Distrito Federal, to acquire a contract with the bracero program in 1942. Summary of Interview: Mr. Sánchez briefly recalls his childhood and family; his father worked as a foreman for the railroads in México and helped his son gain employment there; Mr. Sánchez had worked on the railroads for sometime before hearing of the Bracero Program; because the program needed experienced railroad workers, he went to México, Distrito Federal, to begin the hiring process; he gives a detailed description of all the medical examination procedures, including vaccinations, delousing, and x-rays; in 1942, his first contract took him to work in California for South Pacific; for his second contract, he only had to get x-rays, and there was no need for vaccinations or delousing; he worked for the North Pacific in North Dakota; in addition, he describes how lottery chips were used to determine which city braceros would work in; he also provides a detailed narration of the long journeys by train from one city to the next; while working as a bracero, he would often write letters for others who could not write; he also describes one corrido that was written and composed while he was in the program.
creator: Mena, Violeta
creator: Sánchez Abasta, Juan
date: 2005-05-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Juan Cossio
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Juan Cossio was born on January 11, 1932, in San Pedro del Gallo, Durango, México, but he grew up in Rodeo, Durango; he was the fourth of nine brothers to be born; his father died when he was only four years old; he had to start working at a very young age in order to provide for his family; in 1952, he was hired as a bracero and continued to work as such until 1964; he worked in Texas picking cotton and irrigating crops and in Colorado and Montana cleaning sugar beet fields. Summary of Interview: Mr. Cossio recounts the difficulties he faced as a child and during his adolescence; when he heard about the opportunities the bracero program provided, he decided to become a bracero; he recalls the hiring process and the contracting center he went through in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, as well as the procedures and medical examinations he underwent in Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; in addition, he relates his experiences living on the farms, including what they cooked and ate, what happened when someone was sick, what they did in their spare time and on weekends, the different wages he earned, and what he did when his contracts expired; his various jobs included picking cotton and green beans, irrigating crops, and cleaning sugar beet fields; after the Bracero Program ended, he was forced to cross illegally into the United States to work; he concludes that having worked as a bracero enabled him to support and educate his family.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Cossio, Juan
date: 2003-02-13
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Gámez
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: José Gámez Fecha de la entrevista: 12 de marzo de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Myrna Parra Mantilla El día de hoy es 12 de Marzo del 2003, en Fabens, Texas. Entrevistando al señor José Gámez para el departamento de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso, Myrna Parra Mantilla. MP: Buenos días señor Gámez. JG: Buenos días. MP: Para empezar la entrevista, quisiera que me dijera, ¿dónde y cuándo nació? JG: Yo nací en el [19]27. Febrero 17 del [19]27. MP: ¿En dónde nació? JG: En el estado de Coahuila en eh, se llama Francisco I. Madero, Coahuila. MP: También quisiera que me platicara algo de su familia cuando estaba chiquito. Sus papás, ¿a qué se dedicaban su papá, su mamá, sus hermanos, si tuvo algunos estudios? JG: No pos yo, eh, yo eh, mi papá era él trabajador jornalero, mi abuelito. Mi amá no la conocí, yo jui huérfano. Y mi papá, mi apá después se casó por eso pues yo me crié con mi abuelito. Y yo, bueno a mi amá, yo por familia de mi amá yo no conocí a nadie, ni abuelos, ni a nadie. Y luego ya, pues ahí estando aquí, íbanos aquí en Guadalupe, estaba aquí en el Valle de Juárez, nos venimos de allá porque yo, yo vine de allá de chico y él estaba, pues nos trajeron pues el 1929, aquí pal pueblo de Guadalupe, aquí al Valle de Juárez. Y luego, pos de la familia no, no le puedo decir más porque, porque no conocí, eh. Familiares de mi mamá no conocí a nadie, yo me crié con mi abuelito, él nomás. Y de hermanos ahí nomás yo, nomás yo solo. El matrimonio ese, matrimonio, el primer matrimonio, nomás. MP: Aquí en, cuando se vinieron ya para acá para, para el Valle de Guadalupe, ¿usted tuvo alguna educación?, bueno, ¿fue a la escuela? JG: Fui nomás hasta segundo año, nomás en la escuela primaria, nomás fue todo. Y ahí ya, no pues ya me puse a trabajar y el [19]42. El 20 de enero me pasé para este lado, ahí pa Tornillo, pal rancho de Tornillo, ahí rancho del melón. MP: Y, ¿se pasó de mojado? JG: De mojado, sí. MP: ¿Qué le hizo a usted mot…
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Gámez, José
date: 2003-03-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José de la Luz Mares
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José de la Luz Mares was born on May 15, 1918, in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; his father was a shoemaker, and he learned the trade from his father; in 1955, his family’s financial strains led him to the bracero program; he worked primarily in the cotton fields. Summary of Interview: Mr. Mares recalls being trained as a shoemaker by his father; due to financial difficulties, he had to leave his father’s shoe store to look for work elsewhere; in 1955, he began the hiring process for the bracero program in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; he and other braceros were transported from Chihuahua, to El Paso, Texas, in freight cars that had previously been used to carry concentrated amounts of lead and zinc; the boxcars were not cleaned prior to being used to transported the braceros; in addition, the braceros were sealed in the cars and left there for the entirety of the trip, which took nearly two days; once they reached the port of entry in El Paso, they were taken to a basement and medically examined and deloused; from there they were taken to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where they had to wait for eight days before being taken to work; he recalls that there were many teachers, engineers, and other professionals working as braceros; he spent most of his time as a bracero working in cotton fields.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: de la Luz Mares, José
date: 2003-02-13
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

John L. Augustine
subject: Doña Ana County Farm Bureau
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: John L. Agustine was born in El Paso, Texas, on August 29, 1914; his father worked in the mines of Lordsburg, New Mexico; he received a degree in agriculture from New Mexico State University and taught for a brief time; from there, he went on to become an assistant agent for Doña Ana County, where he served as a liaison for the bracero program. Summary of Interview: Mr. Augustine’s first working experience was teaching vocational agriculture in the Farmington Public School System; from there, he went on to become an assistant agent for Doña Ana County under Mr. Lee Gould; upon Mr. Gould’s retirement, Mr. Augustine served as county agent for about ten years; these ten years roughly coincide with the first decade of the bracero program; as an acting liaison for the bracero program, it was his job to ensure that things ran smoothly; he would report the number of necessary workers the farmers needed to the contracting agency; in addition, he intervened and settled disputes between farmers and braceros, and he also required farmers to provide adequate housing according to the program standards; he also recalls the specific harvest seasons braceros were hired and their corresponding duties; to the best of his recollection, there were never any major problems with the program; the use of the braceros provided a symbiotic relationship in which the needs of both the braceros and the farmers were met.
creator: Morgan, Beth
creator: Augustine, John L.
date: 2003-04-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Ismael Díaz de León
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ismael Díaz de León was born on June 17, 1926, in El Paso, Texas; he and his family moved to Aguascalientes, México, when he was only two years old; in 1943, he became a bracero, and he worked primarily in the cornfields and picking apples in Washington; he continued to work as a bracero for the next fifteen years. Summary of Interview: Mr. Diaz briefly recounts his childhood; his father worked on the railroads in El Paso, Texas; when he was still young, his father became very ill and moved the family to Aguascalientes, México; his grandfather set up a business for his father there, and the family decided to stay; in 1943, he began the hiring process for the bracero program; at that time, the El Paso County Coliseum was the reception center for incoming braceros; his worst job was working in the cotton fields of Texas; while working in the fields he recalls that the workers would often sing songs to help pass the time.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Díaz de León, Ismael
date: 2003-02-04
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Isidro Peña Millan
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Isidro Peña Millan was born on May 15, 1937, in Rancho de Peñas, in the municipality of Satevó, Chihuahua, México; he was the eldest of his nine siblings; when he was nine years old, he and his family moved to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, where he worked odd jobs whenever he could; later, in 1957, he enrolled in the bracero program; as a bracero, he picked cotton in Texas and New Mexico, and continued to do so until 1961. Summary of Interview: Mr. Peña describes his early adolescence and the various kinds of work he did; in 1957, he decided he wanted to work as a bracero; the first thing he had to do was pay someone to put his name on the county’s list of people to be called as workers; he then went to El Trocadero, a processing center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, in order to officially begin the hiring process for the program; after this, he was transported from Chihuahua to the border by train and then taken to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where he was medically examined; he goes on to describe his first job picking cotton, the wages he received, the living conditions on the farms where he lived, the food they cooked and ate, their hobbies, and what they did on weekends and in their spare time; in addition, he also explains how braceros were able to extend their working contracts without having to leave the country; years later, he became a United States resident.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Peña Millan, Isidro
date: 2003-02-26
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Gregorio Trejo
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Gregorio Trejo was born on May 9, 1925, in Sánchez Román, Zacatecas, México; he began working with his father in the fields at a very young age and consequently never received any formal schooling; later in 1947, he became a bracero and worked in the corn, potato, and cotton fields of Illinois, Nebraska, and New Mexico. Summary of Interview: Mr. Trejo very briefly recalls his childhood; when he was nine years old, he and his family moved to Plateros, Zacatecas, México; from there they moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, before returning to Zacatecas; because one of the recruiting and contracting centers was in Zacatecas, Zacatecas, he was aware of the bracero program; he recalls that the governor of Zacatecas did not want workers from the cities of Fresnillo or Plateros to be hired as braceros because there was plenty of work for them to stay and do in the mines; in spite of this, he managed to have his name put on the county’s list of workers in Zacatecas; he and other braceros were transported from Zacatecas to Irapuato, Guanajuato, for medical exams and vaccinations; while being transported to Illinois by train, they had to stop because the railroad workers were on strike; he also mentions that he and other braceros had a very good insurance plan; in addition, he goes on to describe how one of his coworkers passed away while working in the cornfields of Illinois, and how the ranchers behaved both during and after the tragic accident.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Trejo, Gregorio
date: 2003-03-25
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

George H. Veytia
subject: Insurance adjuster
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: George H. Veytia was born in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, on October 1, 1931; he had two sisters and one brother; when he was only a month old, his family moved to El Paso, Texas, which is where he grew up; he graduated from Texas Western in 1954, and he served in the Army from 1954 to 1956; after being released from the Army, he began working as a claims adjuster for an insurance company that serviced a number of braceros. Summary of Interview: Mr. Veytia briefly recalls his family and childhood; he graduated from Texas Western in 1954, and shortly thereafter joined the Army, where he served until 1956; after being released from the Army, he came to work as a claims adjuster for an insurance company; his primary responsibility was to receive all the claims from the bracero program in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas; he describes his position with the company, the various types of policies that were applicable in different situations, their coverage, the company’s range of action, and the average number of insured braceros during a harvesting season; in addition, he details what his professional relationships with the Mexican authorities, farmers, doctors, and braceros were like; he explains what many of the common claims were and what the normal procedures were in the event of an illness.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Veytia George H.
date: 2003-04-01
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Flora García Villalva
subject: Department of Labor
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Flora Garcia Villalva was born in El Paso, Texas; she had two sisters and one brother, and together they grew up in the Lower Valley area of El Paso; her father owned a grocery store where many of his clients were braceros; while still attending Ysleta High School, she began working as a clerk and typist at Rio Vista, a processing center for braceros in Socorro, Texas; she worked there from 1954 to 1958. Summary of Interview: Ms. Garcia remembers the grocery store her father owned and operated for thirty-five years; because the store was in an area where there were a number of cotton fields, many of their clients were braceros, with whom they developed a close relationship over time; her father had a friend who worked for the El Paso Cotton Association, and recommended her for a job at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas, where she later became a clerk and typist; he also recommended her for a job with the Department of Labor; while working at Rio Vista, she would type and process the paperwork necessary for bracero contracts; each bracero would take at least thirty minutes to complete the papers with her; she gives a detailed description of the various procedures she was aware of and comments that there were several departments the braceros had to go through, including immigration, health, labor, and transportation; she worked there only during the summers from 1954 to 1958; later, while working at the Department of Labor, she recalls that inspectors often visited with the contractors to ensure that the working and living conditions for the braceros were up to standards.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: García Villalva, Flora
date: 2003-03-26
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Fernando Rodríguez
subject: Clerk at Rio Vista processing center
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Fernando Rodriguez was born in El Paso, Texas, on January 22, 1937; upon graduating from high school in 1954, he went into the United States Navy; when he left the Navy in 1959, he began working as a clerk and typist for Rio Vista, a processing center for braceros in Socorro, Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Rodriguez recalls that as a teenager, he worked at a grocery store near a ranch that employed braceros; because the braceros were not allowed to leave the ranch, he would often go and collect a list of groceries from them in order to bring them what they needed; later, in 1954, when he graduated from high school, he went into the Navy; when his tour of duty was over in 1959, he began working as a clerk and typist for Rio Vista, a processing center for the bracero program in Socorro, Texas; his work there was temporary and coincided with the cotton seasons in 1959 and 1960; he describes the facilities and the various procedures that braceros went through while at the center and what his various responsibilities entailed; in addition, he mentions several interesting anecdotes about his different experiences with braceros.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Rodríguez, Fernando
date: 2003-03-05
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Faye Terrazas
subject: Clerk typist at Rio Vista processing center
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Faye Terrazas was born on August 6, 1930, in El Paso, Texas; both of her parents were Mexican nationals who immigrated to the United States before she was born; in 1954, she began working as a clerk and typist at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas; she worked there seasonally until 1957. Summary of Interview: Ms. Terrazas recalls responding to an advertisement and being hired to work as a clerk and typist at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas; she worked there seasonally during the spring and summer from 1954 to 1957; her primary responsibility was filling out the contracts for the braceros; she offers detailed descriptions of the facilities and the process for filling out the contracts; there were specific insurance specifications that detailed what the braceros were entitled to receive in the event of an injury or accident; her knowledge of the other screening procedures is somewhat limited; she gives an emotional description of what it was like for the families to be separated and how terrible the delousing process was for the braceros; in addition, she comments on how the braceros seemed very shy and fearful upon first entering the United States, but when they went through the center again, they were generally more open and talkative.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Terrazas, Faye
date: 2003-04-01
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Esteban Saldaña
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Esteban Saldaña was born on December 25, 1929, in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; as a child, he often helped his father work on their ranch and care for the animals; he never received any formal schooling; when he was twenty-one years old, he stopped working for his father and began the hiring process for the bracero program; he worked on and off as a bracero from 1949 to 1954. Summary of Interview: Mr. Saldaña spent his childhood and adolescence helping his father work the land and care for the animals they owned; he married when he was only seventeen years old, and he had children shortly thereafter; when he was twenty-one years old, he stopped working for his father in order to become a bracero and make more money to support his family; he had heard of the bracero program through media and news advertisements; for this first contract, he went to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, which in turn took him to work in Lovington, New Mexico, for three months; he later went through contracting centers in Durango and Monterrey México to find work; from 1949 to 1952, he worked as a bracero; he recalls that their meals consisted of a sandwich and an apple each day, for which they had to pay $12.00 per week; in 1953, he worked illegally in the United States, and a year later, in 1954, he was again able to work legally as a bracero; he comments that there were no differences in salary or duties while he worked illegally; that same year, while working in Arkansas, he organized a strike for workers to get paid 10¢ more per pound of cotton that they picked.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Saldaña, Esteban
date: 2003-02-14
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Emilio Solis Pallares
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Emilio Solis Pallares was born in 1923, in San Miguel Chihuahua, México; his father died when he was eleven years old, and he had to start working in order to help support his family; he was the only one of five siblings to stay with his mother after his father’s death; in 1947, he began working as a bracero, and continued working as such until 1962. Summary of Interview: Mr. Solis briefly recalls his childhood; after his father’s death, he began working in the fields when he was only eleven years old; he continued working in agriculture throughout his adolescence and young adulthood; in 1943, financial difficulties coupled with a shortage of work led him to the United States to work illegally; he had great difficulties while working in the U.S. because he was often caught by immigration; although by this point he had learned of the bracero program, he could not afford to go to Chihuahua, Chihuahua to begin the hiring process; in 1947, he was finally able to afford the trip to Chihuahua in order to enroll in the bracero program; the following year, in 1948, he comments that they were not allowed to work as braceros; he recalls that in 1949, the El Paso County Coliseum was used as a reception center for incoming workers; he worked on and off as a bracero from 1947 to 1962.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Solis Pallares, Emilio
date: 2003-03-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Elías Bonilla
subject: Allison Farms; interaction with braceros
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Elías Bonilla was born on April 1, 1934, in Tornillo, Texas; his father was originally from Chihuahua, México, and his mother was originally from Coahuila, México; he was the eldest of five children; his father managed a grocery store in Tornillo and was also involved in the family construction business; for a brief time, his family moved to California but returned to Tornillo; he helped his father at a commissary on Allison Farms, where many of the clients were braceros. Summary of Interview: Mr. Bonilla recalls his childhood growing up in Tornillo, Texas; he goes into great detail about the construction work his father and grandfather would do with adobe buildings and houses; his family moved to California from 1946 to 1949 then returned to Tornillo; upon returning to Tornillo, he helped his father work at a commissary on Allison Farms; he describes the commissary and the various services they provided for the braceros; in addition, he recalls what kinds of items the braceros would buy, what their favorite things were, and how the kinds of clothes they wore were often very telling of the different cities in México that they came from; in 1952, he left to join the military, and goes on to tell what his experiences were like while in the military and what life was like afterward as well.
creator: Baquera, Richard
creator: Bonilla, Elías
date: 2003-04-02
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Eduardo De Santiago
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Eduardo De Santiago was born in Jerez, Zacatecas, México; he had seven sisters and only one brother; his father took him out of school when he was in third grade because he needed help working the land; he worked as a bracero form 1954 to 1960; while a bracero he was promoted to ranch foreman. Summary of Interview: Mr. De Santiago worked on a ranch in Zacatecas, México, prior to becoming a bracero; in 1954, when he learned of the bracero program, he made a list of all the people who worked with him that wanted to go to the United States as braceros; he was of course included on that list; upon beginning the hiring process in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, the braceros were asked to undress for physical examinations; they were then vaccinated and deloused; in Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, ranchers from Pecos, Texas, came to hire braceros; none of the workers wanted to go with them because they had heard about a number of bad experiences there; Mr. De Santiago worked primarily in the cotton fields of Texas; he recalls how many braceros would use tricks to weigh down their cotton in order to get paid more; over time, he was promoted to head foreman of the ranch where he worked; he worked as a bracero from 1954 to 1960.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: De Santiago, Eduardo
date: 2003-03-03
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Delia Montero de Tiscareño
subject: Processing braceros
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Delia Montero de Tiscareño was born on October 4, 1928, in Durango, Durango, México; when she was two years old, she and her family moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, which is where she grew up; although she was raised in Juárez, she went to school in El Paso, Texas; upon graduating from high school in 1945, she began working for an American immigration office in Ciudad Juárez. Summary of Interview: Ms. Montero briefly describes her childhood; when she was two years old, she and her family moved from Durango, Durango, México, to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México; she went to school in El Paso, Texas and in 1945, she graduated from high school; shortly thereafter, she began working as a clerk and typist at an American immigration office in Ciudad Juárez; her job was to help the incoming braceros fill out the necessary paper work for their contracts; she describes how the ranchers would wait for the braceros to finish filling out the papers so they could immediately take them back to their ranches to work; in addition, she comments that the braceros were taken directly from there to the ranches to work, and there was no processing center involved.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Montero de Tiscareño, Delia
date: 2003-02-22
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

David F. Herrera
subject: Farmer
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: David F. Herrera was born in 1925, and soon after, his family moved to Mesquite, New Mexico; he went through two years of college at New Mexico Statue University, where he focused on civil engineering; shortly thereafter, he followed in his father’s footsteps and began farming; he began hiring braceros to help him on the farm in the mid 1950s. Summary of Interview: Mr. Herrera recalls that in 1946, after attending New Mexico State University for two years, he began farming in Mesquite, New Mexico, with only twelve acres of land; gradually, he acquired more land, and in the mid 1950s he began hiring braceros; with the help of his friends he would pick the braceros up at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; the braceros primarily helped him with the cotton harvest beginning in late August and continuing through February; he would hire twenty braceros for the harvest; the workers were housed in renovated adobe buildings with electricity and running water; they would often walk to nearby stores to buy necessities or would wait until the weekends to go to Anthony or Las Cruces, New Mexico; he would furnish the braceros with the bags they needed to pick cotton; oftentimes, he and a neighbor would share braceros as necessary for finishing work; in his opinion, it was pressure from the labor unions that ultimately caused the demise of the bracero program.
creator: Morgan, Beth
creator: Herrera, David F.
date: 2003-04-07
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Celia Castro Berton
subject: Immigration and Naturalization Service
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Celia Berton was born in El Paso, Texas, in December of 1934; upon graduating from Loretto Academy, she took a civil service exam; her qualifications for typing and stenography led to her to work for INS, the Immigration and Naturalization Service; she worked as a bilingual court typist for the bracero program at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas. Summary of Interview: Upon graduating from high school, Ms. Berton took a civil service exam; based on her test scores and her qualifications for typing and stenography, she was hired to work for INS, the Immigration and Naturalization Service; during the summer of 1953, while going to school at Texas Western, she worked as a bilingual court typist for the bracero program at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where she received minimal training; her primary responsibility was to interview braceros in Spanish and fill out their paperwork in English; she explains the procedures the braceros had to go through while there, which included medical exams, a shower, a haircut from the on-site barbershop, photographs, and fingerprints; she worked at Rio Vista, for a total of two years and also half a year at the Santa Fe Bridge in El Paso, Texas.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Castro Berton, Celia
date: 2003-01-22
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Carlos Sánchez Montoya
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Carlos Sánchez Montoya was born on September 11, 1918, in Gómez Palacio, Durango, México; his family moved to Guadalupe Victoria, Durango, which is where he grew up; later as a teenager, his family moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; while living in Juárez, he began working in construction; he later worked as a bracero in New Mexico and Colorado from 1945 to 1963. Summary of Interview: Mr. Sánchez recalls his childhood and early adolescence; he began helping his father work in the fields when he was fourteen years old; a severe draught at that time caused his family to move from Guadalupe Victoria, Durango, México, to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; while there, he began working in construction; he explains how he learned of the bracero program and the hiring process he went through at the contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua; from there, he was taken to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where he was medically examined; he describes what the living conditions on the farms were like, the kinds of food they cooked, what their hobbies were, and what they did on weekends and during their spare time; his work duties included picking cotton and lettuce, irrigating cotton fields, and cleaning sugar beet fields in New Mexico and Colorado; he also explains the different wages he earned and how he was able to extend his contract without having to leave the country; in addition, he concludes that the bracero program is what enabled him to obtain legal residency in the United States and ultimately citizenship.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Sánchez Montoya, Carlos
date: 2003-02-25
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Carlos Corella
subject: Department of Labor
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Carlos Corella was born on October 2, 1933, in Clint, Texas, where he grew up; he graduated from high school and was drafted into the Army; he served from 1953 to 1955; after being discharged, he went to work for the United States Department of Labor, at Rio Vista, a processing center for braceros in Socorro, Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Corella briefly recalls his time in the Army and the various places he traveled; upon being discharged in 1955, he went to work for the United States Department of Labor, at Rio Vista, a processing center for braceros in Socorro, Texas; while there, he was put in charge of escorting the braceros through immigration on both sides of the border; he remembers a particular form for the braceros called a 414, which they needed to have when going through immigration; it included their name, address, height, weight, and a brief physical description; the U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Immigration, and U.S. Public Health were the three governmental agencies present at the reception center; he describes their first order of business, which was to disinfect or delouse the braceros, and he goes on to explain what each agency was responsible for; later, he became part of the on-site crew at the reception center; he worked for a total of three years at Rio Vista; to the best of his knowledge, the Bracero Program began sometime in 1949 or 1950 and one of the original reception centers was at the El Paso County Coliseum; it was not until two or three years later that the reception/processing center was moved to Rio Vista.
creator: Craver, Rebecca
creator: Corella, Carlos
date: 2003-02-05
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Benito Fierro
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Benito Fierro was born on March 20, 1932, in Julimes, Chihuahua, México; he was the third of nine brothers to be born, and they all learned the agricultural trade from their father; in 1953, he became a bracero; his primary duties in Texas and New Mexico were picking and irrigating cotton crops; in Montana and Colorado, he cleaned and pulled sugar beets; he continued working as a bracero until 1961. Summary of Interview: Mr. Fierro recounts his childhood and the difficulties he and his family faced; he describes the various stages of the hiring process, including the contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and the medical examinations he underwent at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; as a bracero, his work included the following: picking and irrigating cotton crops, picking peas, harvesting lettuce, pulling sugar beets, and cleaning the fields in which they grew; he explains the different wages he received for the various jobs he performed and what he did when his contracts expired; in addition he recounts his experiences when he was sick; he goes on to detail what life was like for him and others on the farms, including what their food was like, what their hobbies were, and what they often did on weekends and in their spare time; furthermore, he concludes that he was grateful to have worked as a bracero and how much that had an impact on not only him, but his family as well; working as a bracero helped him obtain legal residency and ultimately citizenship in the United States.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Benito Fierro
date: 2003-02-18
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Anastacio Montalvo Salazar
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Anastacio Montalvo Salazar was born on January 22, 1916, in Villanueva, Zacatecas, México; he was the second of six brothers to be born; at the age of six, he began sowing corn and beans in order to help his family; in 1942, he enrolled in the bracero program using someone else’s name. Summary of Interview: Mr. Montalvo briefly recalls his childhood and the Cristero War, which took place during that time; later, in 1942, he began the hiring process for the Bracero Program in Querétaro, México, using someone else’s name; while there, he was medically examined and then sent to the border by train; upon arriving at the reception center, he and other braceros saw movies that gave them information regarding their rights and obligations; he describes his first job in the United States, which was hammering the rail road tracks in California, and his second job, which was picking cotton in Texas; in addition, he also explains what the living and sleeping arrangements were like, what they were given to cook and eat, what their hobbies were, and what they did on weekends and in their spare time; he would periodically send money to his family in México; after the bracero program ended, he was illegally hired in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, by an American rancher who took him to work in New Mexico, where he consequently spent the next four years; he finally returned to México, and has remained there ever since.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Montalvo Salazar, Anastacio
date: 2003-03-29
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa