Rodrigo Flores
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Rodrigo Flores was born on April 13, 1933, in Progreso, Chihuahua, México; he and his family moved to Parral, Chihuahua; while there, he went to school and learned to read and write; he soon dropped out of school in order to begin working and help support his family; when he was sixteen, he came to the United States illegally to work; later, in 1955, he began the enrollment process to become a bracero. Summary of Interview: Mr. Flores briefly recalls his childhood and early adolescence; when he was sixteen, he started working in the United States illegally and was deported several times; he later joined the armed services in México; in 1955, after his service was over, he enrolled in the bracero program; he relates the details of the recruiting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and how the manager of the center at the time aided him in the hiring process; from there, he was sent to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where he went through rigorous screening procedures; he usually worked in the El Paso, Texas area picking cotton; the second time he came to work, in 1956, he did not go through Rio Vista; instead, he crossed directly into the U.S. with a group of special labor braceros; his family then moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, and he was able to visit them every weekend with a letter of permission from his boss; years later, in 1962, with the help of his former boss, he became a legal citizen of the U.S., and he has remained in the country ever since.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Flores, Rodrigo
date: 2003-03-27
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Rodolfo Aranda Morales
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Rodolfo Aranda Morales was born in Morelos, Chihuahua, México; he began working with the bracero program in 1953; as a bracero, he worked in the cotton and beet fields of Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming; he continued working as a bracero until 1962. Summary of Interview: Mr. Aranda recalls that up to 10,000 braceros were hired per day in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; in Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro Texas, the braceros were separated according to which state they were from because this was thought to have a direct correlation with their skills; many farmers did not like to hire braceros from the south of México, because they did not have enough experience; in general, the braceros from the south of México earned much less than those from the north; Mr. Aranda often sent money orders to his family, but due to problems he encountered, he began using bank checks instead; while working in the cotton fields, he became ill and was hospitalized; he recalls how each bracero had to pay $2.00 for the bags that they would use to collect the cotton they had picked for that day; Mr. Aranda worked as a bracero for nearly ten years, from 1953 to 1962.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Aranda Morales, Rodolfo
date: 2003-02-25
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Richard Hancock
subject: Doña Ana County Farm Bureau
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Richard Hancock was born in Alpine, Texas, on January 19, 1926, but he grew up in New Mexico; he worked with the Foot and Mouth Commission in Jalisco, México; later, he was employed by Doña Ana County as a labor director for the Farm Bureau and as an executive secretary; in both positions with Doña Ana County, he worked directly with the bracero program; he eventually went on to receive his doctoral degree and wrote his dissertation on the cultural and economic dynamics of the bracero program in Chihuahua, México. Summary of Interview: Mr. Hancock began working as a labor director for the Farm Bureau in Doña Ana County in May of 1951; because of his ability to speak both Spanish and English, he would communicate with the farmers, braceros, and processing centers; he would determine how many braceros were needed, then contact Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, to schedule the needed number of workers; according to his estimates, there were 600 farmers and 10,000 braceros; he continued working at Rio Vista until 1955, at which point he left to go to Stanford University and complete his doctoral degree; his dissertation dealt with the cultural and economic dynamics of the bracero program in Chihuahua, México; in 1959, he graduated and then returned to work as an executive secretary for Doña Ana County, where he again worked with the bracero program; he estimates that he worked for a total of about eight years with the program.
creator: Navarro, Kristine
creator: Hancock, Richard
date: 2003-04-21
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Raymundo Villa
subject: Interpreter
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Raymundo Villa was born in Ysleta, Texas, on December 24, 1939; he had eight brothers and sisters; his father was the foreman on a farm near Ysleta; he initially became involved with the bracero program as an interpreter and aide because he could communicate with the braceros; because he often had to help his father work on the farm, he was unable to finish high school; later in 1955, he and his family started working in Washington and Oregon, where he again served as an interpreter. Summary of Interview: Mr. Villa recalls his childhood growing up on a farm near Ysleta, Texas; he remembers that before the braceros were hired as workers, German POWs and the Tigua Indians would often pick cotton on the farm where he lived; when the braceros were contracted, he acted as an interpreter and aide because his boss could not speak Spanish and they could not speak English; oftentimes he had to help his father work on the farm, and he was unable to finish high school; he recalls picking cotton, the size of the sacks they would use, and how much they were paid; later in the mid 1950s, he and his family left the farm to work in Washington and Oregon during the spring and summer; he picked apples in Chelan, Washington, where braceros were also contracted; eventually, he served as an interpreter and aide there as well; he goes on to describe what life in the labor camps was like for the braceros; in addition, he gives his overall impressions of the bracero program.
creator: Baquera, Richard
creator: Villa, Raymundo
date: 2003-04-21
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Ray E. Reaves
subject: Trans Pecos Cotton Association
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ray Reaves was born in Missouri, but due to difficulties with his mother’s health, his family moved to Alpine, Texas, when he was an infant; his mother died when he was only four years old, and he was raised by his step-mother; in 1945, he began working with the Border Patrol; later in 1950, he worked with the Trans Pecos Cotton Association and the bracero program. Summary of Interview: Mr. Reaves vividly recalls the details of his childhood and early adolescence; during World War II, he tried to enlist in the service but injuries to his knee kept him from being accepted; in 1945, he was hired on a temporary basis as a Border Patrol agent; he recounts his experiences as an agent and how he patrolled certain areas in west Texas; his appointment with the Border Patrol became permanent in 1951; he later began working with the Trans Pecos Cotton Association and the bracero program; it was his responsibility to ensure that the farmers’ contracts were fulfilled with the correct number of workers; in addition, he describes how he would travel to various recruiting centers in Texas and Chihuahua, México, to process the braceros.
creator: Baquera, Richard
creator: Reaves, Ray E.
date: 2003-02-19
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Dr. Pedro A. Ortega
subject: Public Health Office
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Dr. Pedro A. Ortega, M.D. was born in Alquizar, Havana, Cuba, on February 22, 1927; while in Cuba, he was employed at a clinic for the workers and family of an American owned nickel processing plant; in 1961, he came to the United States, and shortly thereafter he was offered a position at the Public Health Office in El Paso, Texas; he worked at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas, until it closed. Summary of Interview: Dr. Ortega recalls how he was employed as a surgeon at a hospital for the workers and family of an American owned nickel processing plant; the plant was attacked and bombed, which caused him to flee the country; in 1961, he came into the United States through Miami, Florida, at the very beginning of the Castro regime; after being in the U.S. for only two weeks, he was offered a position with the Public Health Office in El Paso, Texas, working at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas; he describes the various procedures the braceros went through while there at Rio Vista and his role in them; his ability to speak Spanish proved to be very helpful; he briefly mentions the Mexican coyotes who charged men for the opportunity to become braceros; in addition, he comments that he never saw any evidence of prostitution while there; he blames the Mexican politicians for the failure of the bracero program, and he concludes that he would be willing to help restart the program because he feels there is a need for it.
creator: Baquera, Richard
creator: Ortega,Dr. Pedro A.
date: 2003-03-21
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Nereo Heredia López
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Nereo Heredia Lopez was born on May 12, 1924, in Villa Escobedo, Chihuahua, México; he was the fifth of nine brothers; his father owned livestock and a number of ranches; he learned how to work on a ranch and care for the animals from his father; sometime later, he became a bracero and worked picking cotton in New Mexico and Texas and cleaning sugar beet fields in Colorado. Summary of Interview: Mr. Heredia vividly describes what his life was like growing up in Villa Escobedo, Chihuahua, México; the first time he signed up to work as a bracero was in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México; there were no physical exams of any kind, in fact, all he had to do was sign a paper; he went to work in the cotton fields of La Mesa, New Mexico; the second time he signed up for a contract was out of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, where he went through a stringent hiring process; from there, he was sent to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where he underwent medical examinations; he relates what the trip was like from Chihuahua to his final destination in Pecos, Texas; in addition, he goes on to explain what the housing was like, their daily activities, their wages, methods of payment, and how many hours they worked a day; he remembers how difficult it was for him to leave his family every time he renewed his contract; while he was working in New Mexico, he received news that one of his daughters had passed away; he immediately went home to mourn his daughter’s passing, and he decided not to leave his family anymore.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Heredia López, Nereo
date: 2003-03-10
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Minerva Christine Ann Cheatum
subject: Clerk typist at Rio Vista processing center
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Minerva C. Cheatum was born in El Paso, Texas; shortly after she was born her mother died, and she was consequently raised by her maternal grandparents in Clint, Texas; while still attending high school, she began working as a clerk and typist at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas; she started in August of 1957 and continued working there seasonally until 1962. Summary of Interview: Ms. Cheatum tells how she came to live with her maternal grandparents shortly after her mother’s passing; she continued to live with them even after her father remarried and moved to California; her grandfather had a farm, and he often hired braceros to help him with the land; in August of 1957, when she was eighteen years old, she began working as a clerk and typist at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas; she provides a detailed description of the facilities in general, the screening process, how the paperwork was filled out, and how the braceros reacted and what they said; there was a particular form, called a 345, which was essential to the entire process for the braceros; they were given the form at the processing center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and it was required as a form of identification upon entering the United States; sometimes college students and professional writers would pose as braceros in order to later write about their experiences; she also relays several interesting anecdotes.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Cheatum, Minerva Christine Ann
date: 2003-04-03
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Anonymous
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Senor XX was born in Jerez, Zacatecas, México, in 1930; he received a formal education through middle school; in 1951, the bracero program was very popular in his home state of Zacatecas, which is why, at the age of twenty, he decided to become a bracero; he worked in the program for eight years in Pecos, Texas. Summary of Interview: Senor XX was hired as a bracero at a recruiting center in Zacatecas, México; he recalls that there were also other recruitment centers in the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Aguascalientes in México; there were two types of braceros, specialized and common; the specialized braceros were hired for eighteen months and received higher salaries; the common braceros were hired for only three months at a time; he worked as a specialized bracero weighing cotton; his job was to make sure that the cotton was not mixed with rocks, wood, or any other objects that would make the cotton weigh more; because the braceros were paid per pound of cotton that they picked, this was a major concern; he also recalls that in order for grocery stores to gain and keep braceros as clients, they would go out to the farms to pick up grocery lists; the groceries would then be delivered to the braceros.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Anonymous
date: 2003-04-08
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

María Julia García de Contreras
subject: Office of Populations
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: María Julia García de Contreras was born in Cananea, Sonora, México, on March 29, 1931; she had two brothers and one sister; as a child, she moved to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, then to Douglas, Arizona, and El Paso, Texas, before moving back to Ciudad Juárez; in 1950, she began working for the Populations Office. Summary of Interview: Ms. García briefly recounts her childhood and how she moved around quite a bit; she moved from Cananea, Sonora, México, where she was born, to Ciudad Juárez, then to Douglas, Arizona, and El Paso, Texas, before moving back to Ciudad Juárez; in July of 1950, she was hired by the Office of Populations and began working there as a clerk and typist; this office was the first stop for braceros who were about to enter the United States; she describes her job, which was to register the braceros, as well as the daily operations of the office and what some of the braceros she often interacted with were like; she worked there from July to December of that year, after which time the office closed.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: García de Contreras, María Julia
date: 2003-03-08
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Manuela Baquera
subject: Daily life on the farm
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Manuela Baquera was born in Tornillo, Texas; she grew up on a ranch near Ysleta, Texas, that dealt primarily in cotton; the ranch often hired braceros to help with the picking and harvesting of the cotton. Summary of Interview: Ms. Baquera briefly recounts what her childhood was like growing up on a ranch that dealt primarily in cotton; in addition, she also recalls her family and makes particular references to her sister, Inez Rios; she details how the braceros were hired, what their work entailed, and the kinds of food they would purchase; later, after she married, she lived on Ivey Ranch; some of her husband’s family, who were also braceros, lived with them; she also recounts her memories and experiences of the Great Depression; years later, she ended up in Rosenbloom Ranch and she details how that was greatly beneficial for her.
creator: Baquera, Richard
creator: Baquera, Manuela
date: 2003-02-02
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Manuel Vázquez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Manuel Vazquez was born in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, México, on October 23, 1928; when he was seven years old, he began helping his father work in the fields, and consequently he never received any formal education; in 1942, he and his brother went to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and crossed into the United States illegally, but he could not work because he was too young; later, in 1945, he became a bracero and worked in the cotton fields of Texas. Summary of Interview: Mr. Vazquez briefly recalls his childhood; in 1945, he was hired as a bracero, and taken to work in El Paso, Texas; the only requirement for him to work was his Mexican military I.D. card; he recalls that representative from the Mexican consulate approved the work contracts for the braceros, but they denied renewals for those who had already been contracted three or four times; because of this, he often had to return to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, in order to obtain new work permits; upon passing through the Stanton Bridge in El Paso, Texas, he and other braceros were often examined and deloused in front of everyone who happened to be passing by; from there they were transported by truck to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; as a bracero, he worked in the cotton fields of Texas; it was while working as a bracero that he learned how to write his name; he recounts how his boss was killed and how the United States and Mexican governments worked together to find the murderer.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Vázquez, Manuel
date: 2003-03-26
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Manuel Gámez Romero
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Manuel Gamez was born on September 15, 1932; he came from a large family and would often help his father work in the fields; in 1949, at the age of seventeen, he came to the United States illegally in order to work; later that same year, he went through the hiring process for the bracero program; he continued working as a bracero for the next thirteen years. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gamez briefly recalls his childhood and early adolescence; in 1949, when he was seventeen years old, he came into the United States illegally to work; it was while working illegally in Tornillo, Texas, that he learned of the bracero program; his boss at the time sent him to the processing center so that he could officially go through the hiring process and become a bracero; he continued working for that particular rancher over the next eight years; the rancher he worked for spoke Spanish, which made communicating much easier; he recalls celebrating birthdays and holidays by having special lunches out in the fields; oftentimes, he would use machines when working out in the fields, which was less work for him and more money as well; although he worked primarily in the cotton fields, he worked in various places throughout Texas and New Mexico; he went on to work as a bracero for a total of thirteen years, until 1962.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Gámez Romero, Manuel
date: 2003-03-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Manuel Enriquez Savignac
subject: Bureau of Employment Services
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Manuel Enriquez Savignac was born in 1925, in the México, Distrito Federal; he maintains citizenship in both México and the United States; from 1951 to 1955, he provided catering services for the bracero program on both sides of the border. Summary of Interview: Mr. Enriquez recalls his childhood and adolescent years; from the ages of fifteen to nineteen, he worked in aviation and consequently traveled often; while traveling and working, he met someone with whom he began a business partnership; together they opened a travel agency in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México; because so many of their clients were from Fort Bliss, in El Paso, Texas, they eventually came into contact with officials from the American government; they worked out a contract through the Bureau of Employment Services to provide catering for the braceros in Chihuahua, Chihuahua and Ciudad Juárez, México; consequently, they provided over 5,000,000 meals per year for various recruiting and processing centers; ultimately, they branched out and provided services on both sides of the border; Mr. Enriquez goes on to provide a detailed account of the different meals they would provide and the range of cooking procedures they employed as well.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Enriquez Savignac, Manuel
date: 2003-02-06
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Lorenzo Maynes Castillo
subject: Foreman
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Lorenzo Maynes was born on August 10, 1924, in Clint, Texas; he grew up on a ranch where his father was the foreman, and he consequently learned the agricultural trade from his father; eventually, he himself became a foreman, and he was often put in charge of hiring braceros as workers. Summary of Interview: Mr. Maynes recalls his childhood and early adolescence; he briefly describes what life was like for him during World War II; eventually, he became the head foreman on a farm whose primary focus was cotton; he was periodically sent to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, to pick up braceros and bring them back to the farm; oftentimes, he was responsible for hiring anywhere from 50 to 200 braceros; he explains what Rio Vista was like and how the farmers would choose which men to hire; in addition, he describes what the farm where they lived was like, what their daily activities were, and what they did for fun in their spare time; the farmers would often tell any of the workers who had not already done so to go to Rio Vista and officially register as braceros; he concludes that during World War II the bracero program was beneficial both agriculturally and economically; in his opinion, such a program would again be welcomed for agricultural purposes.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Maynes, Lorenzo
date: 2003-02-10
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Lily Gutiérrez Reveles
subject: Trans Pecos Cotton Association
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Lily Gutierrez was born in El Paso, Texas, on October 5, 1935; her father was a professional butcher who owned several grocery stores, and her mother was a homemaker; she had four brothers and two sisters; after getting married, she moved to Pecos, Texas, where she began working for the Trans Pecos Cotton Association as a clerk and typist from 1955 to 1957. Summary of Interview: Ms. Gutierrez recalls that she met her husband while in college; after getting married, in 1955, they moved to Pecos, Texas, where she began working for the Trans Pecos Cotton Association as a clerk and typist; she compares the association to Rio Vista, a processing center for braceros in Socorro, Texas; it was her job to fill out the necessary paperwork and contracts for the braceros; the association was responsible for Reeves and Pecos County; inspectors from the Department of Labor would often check to verify that adequate housing was provided for the braceros; they even had representatives from the Mexican consulate periodically arriving to handle any complaints or concerns on behalf of the braceros; she provides a general description of the facilities as well as the various procedures the workers went through; in addition, she comments that on the weekends it was common to see braceros in town buying groceries or going to church; braceros and Mexican-Americans were often discriminated against by the people in town.
creator: Carrillo, Fernanda
creator: Gutiérrez Reveles, Lily
date: 2003-04-07
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Julius Lowenberg
subject: Public Health Office
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Julius Lowenberg was born in El Paso, Texas, on April 15, 1934; he graduated from Cathedral High School; sometime later, he began working for the Public Health Office at the Stanton Bridge in El Paso, and at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas; after several years with the Public Health Office, he went back to school and received his degree from Texas Western. Summary of Interview: Mr. Lowenberg briefly describes his family; after graduating from high school, he worked for the South Pacific Railroad as a machinist apprentice; he later came to work for the Public Health Office at the Stanton Bridge in El Paso, and at Rio Vista, a bracero processing center in Socorro, Texas; despite the fact that he had little training, his primary duties involved taking x-rays of the braceros as they were coming into the United States; he describes what he did for each location, what a typical work day was like, and the medical examinations and the delousing process the braceros endured; in addition, he briefly mentions that he himself witnessed prostitution at Rio Vista; Mr. Lowenberg goes on to talk about his brother-in-law who owned a farm and often hired braceros; he describes what he saw there and makes general observations about the treatment of braceros.
creator: Baquera, Richard
creator: Lowenberg, Julius
date: 2003-03-19
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Juan Sánchez Abasta
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Juan Sánchez Abasta was born on June 3, 1917, in Villa Ahumada, Chihuahua, México; he had five brothers and three sisters; his father worked as a foreman for the railroads in México; he also worked for the railroads, and because of his experience he went to México, Distrito Federal, to acquire a contract with the bracero program in 1942. Summary of Interview: Mr. Sánchez briefly recalls his childhood and family; his father worked as a foreman for the railroads in México and helped his son gain employment there; Mr. Sánchez had worked on the railroads for sometime before hearing of the Bracero Program; because the program needed experienced railroad workers, he went to México, Distrito Federal, to begin the hiring process; he gives a detailed description of all the medical examination procedures, including vaccinations, delousing, and x-rays; in 1942, his first contract took him to work in California for South Pacific; for his second contract, he only had to get x-rays, and there was no need for vaccinations or delousing; he worked for the North Pacific in North Dakota; in addition, he describes how lottery chips were used to determine which city braceros would work in; he also provides a detailed narration of the long journeys by train from one city to the next; while working as a bracero, he would often write letters for others who could not write; he also describes one corrido that was written and composed while he was in the program.
creator: Mena, Violeta
creator: Sánchez Abasta, Juan
date: 2005-05-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Juan Cossio
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Juan Cossio was born on January 11, 1932, in San Pedro del Gallo, Durango, México, but he grew up in Rodeo, Durango; he was the fourth of nine brothers to be born; his father died when he was only four years old; he had to start working at a very young age in order to provide for his family; in 1952, he was hired as a bracero and continued to work as such until 1964; he worked in Texas picking cotton and irrigating crops and in Colorado and Montana cleaning sugar beet fields. Summary of Interview: Mr. Cossio recounts the difficulties he faced as a child and during his adolescence; when he heard about the opportunities the bracero program provided, he decided to become a bracero; he recalls the hiring process and the contracting center he went through in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, as well as the procedures and medical examinations he underwent in Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; in addition, he relates his experiences living on the farms, including what they cooked and ate, what happened when someone was sick, what they did in their spare time and on weekends, the different wages he earned, and what he did when his contracts expired; his various jobs included picking cotton and green beans, irrigating crops, and cleaning sugar beet fields; after the Bracero Program ended, he was forced to cross illegally into the United States to work; he concludes that having worked as a bracero enabled him to support and educate his family.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Cossio, Juan
date: 2003-02-13
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Gámez
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: José Gámez Fecha de la entrevista: 12 de marzo de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Myrna Parra Mantilla El día de hoy es 12 de Marzo del 2003, en Fabens, Texas. Entrevistando al señor José Gámez para el departamento de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso, Myrna Parra Mantilla. MP: Buenos días señor Gámez. JG: Buenos días. MP: Para empezar la entrevista, quisiera que me dijera, ¿dónde y cuándo nació? JG: Yo nací en el [19]27. Febrero 17 del [19]27. MP: ¿En dónde nació? JG: En el estado de Coahuila en eh, se llama Francisco I. Madero, Coahuila. MP: También quisiera que me platicara algo de su familia cuando estaba chiquito. Sus papás, ¿a qué se dedicaban su papá, su mamá, sus hermanos, si tuvo algunos estudios? JG: No pos yo, eh, yo eh, mi papá era él trabajador jornalero, mi abuelito. Mi amá no la conocí, yo jui huérfano. Y mi papá, mi apá después se casó por eso pues yo me crié con mi abuelito. Y yo, bueno a mi amá, yo por familia de mi amá yo no conocí a nadie, ni abuelos, ni a nadie. Y luego ya, pues ahí estando aquí, íbanos aquí en Guadalupe, estaba aquí en el Valle de Juárez, nos venimos de allá porque yo, yo vine de allá de chico y él estaba, pues nos trajeron pues el 1929, aquí pal pueblo de Guadalupe, aquí al Valle de Juárez. Y luego, pos de la familia no, no le puedo decir más porque, porque no conocí, eh. Familiares de mi mamá no conocí a nadie, yo me crié con mi abuelito, él nomás. Y de hermanos ahí nomás yo, nomás yo solo. El matrimonio ese, matrimonio, el primer matrimonio, nomás. MP: Aquí en, cuando se vinieron ya para acá para, para el Valle de Guadalupe, ¿usted tuvo alguna educación?, bueno, ¿fue a la escuela? JG: Fui nomás hasta segundo año, nomás en la escuela primaria, nomás fue todo. Y ahí ya, no pues ya me puse a trabajar y el [19]42. El 20 de enero me pasé para este lado, ahí pa Tornillo, pal rancho de Tornillo, ahí rancho del melón. MP: Y, ¿se pasó de mojado? JG: De mojado, sí. MP: ¿Qué le hizo a usted mot…
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Gámez, José
date: 2003-03-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Encarnación Chavarria
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jose Encarnación Chavarria was born in San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, México, but grew up in Torreón, Coahuila; when he was very young, his father killed his mother, and he fled from home; he went to live with his grandmother, but the rest of his family soon split up; in 1947, he became a bracero and remained working as such until 1950; he worked in New Mexico and Texas picking cotton. Summary of Interview: Mr. Chavarria briefly describes his childhood; when he was very young, his father killed his mother, and he fled from home; he went to live with his grandmother, but the rest of his family soon split up; shortly thereafter, he went to work on a dairy farm where the rancher not only employed him, but treated him like a son; in 1947, he went through the hiring process and became a bracero; upon being hired, he was sent to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where he underwent medical examinations; he details his first job picking cotton and what that entailed; in addition, he describes the housing conditions and the various foods that they cooked and ate; many braceros would play cards, drink, and gamble nearly every weekend; he was invited to play, but lost all of his money, which later developed into a bad habit for him and other braceros as well; he later recounts how some braceros were tricked and often stolen from.
creator: Martinez, Laureano
creator: Encarnación Chavarria, José
date: 2003-03-11
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José de la Luz Mares
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José de la Luz Mares was born on May 15, 1918, in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; his father was a shoemaker, and he learned the trade from his father; in 1955, his family’s financial strains led him to the bracero program; he worked primarily in the cotton fields. Summary of Interview: Mr. Mares recalls being trained as a shoemaker by his father; due to financial difficulties, he had to leave his father’s shoe store to look for work elsewhere; in 1955, he began the hiring process for the bracero program in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; he and other braceros were transported from Chihuahua, to El Paso, Texas, in freight cars that had previously been used to carry concentrated amounts of lead and zinc; the boxcars were not cleaned prior to being used to transported the braceros; in addition, the braceros were sealed in the cars and left there for the entirety of the trip, which took nearly two days; once they reached the port of entry in El Paso, they were taken to a basement and medically examined and deloused; from there they were taken to Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, where they had to wait for eight days before being taken to work; he recalls that there were many teachers, engineers, and other professionals working as braceros; he spent most of his time as a bracero working in cotton fields.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: de la Luz Mares, José
date: 2003-02-13
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

John Tomlin
subject: Farmer
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: John Tomlin was born on April 20, 1926 in Albuquerque, New Mexico; his father died of polio when he was an infant, leaving his mother to run the family farm on her own; he later went on to serve in the military, receive his master’s degree, and ultimately work as a farmer; from 1948-1964, he hired braceros to help him tend the land. Summary of Interview: Mr. Tomlin recalls how his mother ran the farm after his father’s passing by using Italian and German POWs; in 1946, after finishing his tour of duty in the Army, he returned home and began attending New Mexico State University; the following year in 1947, he started running the farm on his own while he went to school; in 1948, he began hiring braceros; he used a crew of thirty men during the cotton harvest, which ran from mid September to the beginning of December; he had about six braceros who stayed on year-round driving tractors and irrigating; oftentimes, he had to go the El Paso Coliseum to hire workers because the working contracts needed to be renewed periodically; he provided housing with showers, utensils, and bedding in addition to equipment such as hoes, shovels, and boots for irrigating; the braceros often went home to México on holidays or to care for sick relatives; they did not work Saturday afternoons or on Sundays; he goes on to recount anecdotes of the braceros in general and stories of particular workers he was fond of.
creator: Morgan, Beth
creator: Tomlin, John
date: 2003-04-23
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

John L. Augustine
subject: Doña Ana County Farm Bureau
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: John L. Agustine was born in El Paso, Texas, on August 29, 1914; his father worked in the mines of Lordsburg, New Mexico; he received a degree in agriculture from New Mexico State University and taught for a brief time; from there, he went on to become an assistant agent for Doña Ana County, where he served as a liaison for the bracero program. Summary of Interview: Mr. Augustine’s first working experience was teaching vocational agriculture in the Farmington Public School System; from there, he went on to become an assistant agent for Doña Ana County under Mr. Lee Gould; upon Mr. Gould’s retirement, Mr. Augustine served as county agent for about ten years; these ten years roughly coincide with the first decade of the bracero program; as an acting liaison for the bracero program, it was his job to ensure that things ran smoothly; he would report the number of necessary workers the farmers needed to the contracting agency; in addition, he intervened and settled disputes between farmers and braceros, and he also required farmers to provide adequate housing according to the program standards; he also recalls the specific harvest seasons braceros were hired and their corresponding duties; to the best of his recollection, there were never any major problems with the program; the use of the braceros provided a symbiotic relationship in which the needs of both the braceros and the farmers were met.
creator: Morgan, Beth
creator: Augustine, John L.
date: 2003-04-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: eng

Ismael Díaz de León
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Ismael Díaz de León was born on June 17, 1926, in El Paso, Texas; he and his family moved to Aguascalientes, México, when he was only two years old; in 1943, he became a bracero, and he worked primarily in the cornfields and picking apples in Washington; he continued to work as a bracero for the next fifteen years. Summary of Interview: Mr. Diaz briefly recounts his childhood; his father worked on the railroads in El Paso, Texas; when he was still young, his father became very ill and moved the family to Aguascalientes, México; his grandfather set up a business for his father there, and the family decided to stay; in 1943, he began the hiring process for the bracero program; at that time, the El Paso County Coliseum was the reception center for incoming braceros; his worst job was working in the cotton fields of Texas; while working in the fields he recalls that the workers would often sing songs to help pass the time.
creator: Parra-Mantilla, Myrna
creator: Díaz de León, Ismael
date: 2003-02-04
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa