Alberto Magallón Jiménez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alberto Magallón was born on April 23, 1927, in Jalisco, México; when he was five years old, he began working by helping his father on the farm; he went to school through the third grade; sometime later, while working illegally in California, he was taken to Calexico, California, to obtain legal documentation; he continued working on and off as a bracero throughout California; as a bracero, he picked lemons, lettuce, onions, and oranges. Summary of Interview: Mr. Magallón briefly describes his childhood growing up on a farm; he recalls having heard of positive experiences from people who had come to work in the United States; sometime later, he crossed illegally into the United States through Mexicali, Baja California, México, in order to work; while there, he and other workers were taken to Calexico, California, in order to obtain proper documentation; he remembers literally stepping across the border and back again before being taken to the processing center in El Centro, California; after his first six month contract ended, he returned to México, and he again went through the processing center in Calexico; he also describes the contracting centers he went through in Hermosillo and Empalme, Sonora, México, including the interviews, medical exams, delousing procedures, and transportation services; in addition, he also details what the living conditions were like in the camps and how he had to pay for the equipment he needed to work; furthermore, he goes on to explain the various types of work he performed and the corresponding wages he earned; he concludes by detailing what life in México was like for him after having worked as a bracero, and why he ultimately decided to live in the United States.
creator: Acosta, Anais
creator: Magallón Jiménez, Alberto
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Gabino Solís Aguilera
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Gabino Solís was born in 1928, in Pueblo Nuevo, Guanajuato, México; he went to school through the fourth grade, and while doing so, he would often help his father work the land; when he was eighteen, he enlisted in the military for a year; in 1948, he was able to begin the hiring process for the bracero program; he worked in Arkansas, California, and Texas; as a bracero he picked corn, cotton, grapes, melons, peaches, and tomatoes; he continued working with the program until 1959, and two years later, he emigrated to the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. Solís briefly speaks of his childhood and adolescence; later, when he was eighteen, he enlisted in the military for a year in order to be put on the county’s list of eligible workers for the bracero program; in 1948, he went to Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, to begin the hiring process; after waiting there for a week, he was sent to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México and then to Arkansas to work in a cotton field; his second and third contracts took him to work in the cotton fields of Texas; the next time around, he decided to go through the contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México, which took him to work in California; he worked in Calexico, Coachella, and Indio, where it was too hot, and he earned very little money; a group of braceros requested a change of location from the Mexican Consulate, and they were transferred to Yuba City, California, where they picked melons; from then on, he went through the contracting center in Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, so he could work in the areas of California that offered more money; 1959 was the last year he worked as a bracero; later, in 1961, he emigrated to the United States.
creator: Velásquez, Steve
creator: Solís Aguilera, Gabino
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José L. Orozco
subject: Son of a bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Orozco was born on April 8, 1950, in Jalisco, México; he was the sixth of ten siblings to be born; his father and two older brothers worked as braceros; as a bracero, his father worked in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, from 1946 to 1960; he recalls what life was like for his family without his father. Summary of Interview: Mr. Orozco recalls that his father worked with seasonal crops in México, but it was not enough to support the family with ten children; in light of this, his father enrolled in the bracero program in 1946; José remembers how difficult it was for him growing up without his father; when his father was gone, the entire family had more work to do around the house, particularly his mother; he remembers the various things his mother had to learn to do and how well-adapted she became; over time, she became an herbalist and midwife to help make money; although his father would visit as often as he could, José felt it was like having a stranger around; his father would often write love letters to his mother, and she would read parts of the letters to the children; the letters were not often accompanied by money, as his father struggled as well; his father would write about what life was like for him, the kinds of work he did, and how much he suffered; eventually his two eldest brothers went with their father to work as braceros; his eldest brother worked from 1957 to 1961 and his second eldest brother worked from 1958 to 1961; whenever his father would visit, he would bring small gifts and things like fruit, because he couldn’t afford more with so many children; he also recalls how his father was often in debt because he had to pay to get on the county’s list of eligible workers; in 1962, his father was able to emigrate to the United States, and he slowly brought the rest of his family too; they lived in California, and José eventually became involved with Cesár Chávez and the strikes.
creator: Loza, Mireya
creator: Orozco, José L.
date: 2005-07-28
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Luis Guzmán
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Mr. Luis Guzmán was born August 25, 1939, in Santa María del Oro, Durango, México; he and his nine siblings grew up on a ranch with their parents, and he helped his father work in the fields while going to school; in 1956, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, picking beets and cotton; he continued working on and off with the program until 1962; later, in 1969, he immigrated to the United States, and he brought the rest of his family with him in 1976. Summary of Interview: Mr. Guzmán briefly discusses his family, childhood, and adolescence; in 1956, he enlisted in the bracero program at a contracting center in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and he later went through a center in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México; as part of the hiring process, he had to have a letter of recommendation from a judge or authority stating that he was a good worker; in addition, he was physically examined, and he had to give blood samples as well; as a bracero, he worked in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, picking beets and cotton; he goes on to describe the various worksites, a typical work day, housing, living amenities, provisions, payment, and recreational activities; overall, he was treated well by his employers; he spent his longest time working in Pecos, Texas, on a small farm with about thirty to forty workers; although he was never in need of medical treatment, he knew of others who were taken to see a doctor by the foreman; moreover, he states that he kept in contact with his family via letters, and he sent money home every eight to fifteen days; he continued working on and off with the program until 1962; later, in 1969, he immigrated to the United States, and he ultimately brought the rest of his family with him in 1976; his memories of the program are positive, and he is proud of having worked as a bracero; he concludes by commenting that his experiences ultimately changed his life, bec…
creator: Villafranca, Nancy
creator: Guzmán, Luis
date: 2005-08-31
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Agustín Martínez Olivares
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Agustín Martínez was born on May 15, 1918, in Torreón, Coahuila, México; he was the oldest of three siblings; his father died when he was three years old; at the age of fifteen, he began sowing beans and corn to help his family financially; hard economic conditions and positive stories from first time braceros led him to enlist in the bracero program in 1942; he worked in California, New Mexico, and Texas until 1959; his jobs included picking cotton and tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Martínez worked in California, New Mexico, and Texas from 1942 to 1959; he recalls the hiring process at the bracero contracting centers in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México and Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, México; additionally, he describes his train trip to the border, the disinfecting process at the reception center in Eagle Pass, Texas, and the signing of his contract; he relates details about the types of contracts they had, their lengths, and contract extensions; furthermore, he discusses their daily activities, the work they performed, their wages, their housing, and the food they ate; he also recounts how he saved money to send back to México; moreover, he remembers the relationships that existed between braceros, the problems he had with one bracero, in particular, their weekend trips, and the good treatment they received from ranchers; he also explains what the term bracero means to him, why he is proud of having been a bracero, and his positive memories of the experience.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Martínez Olivares, Agustín
date: 2003-06-02
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Alejandro Ruteaga Rivas
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alejandro Ruteaga was born on April 12, 1932, in Rodeo, Durango, México; he was the third of ten siblings; at the age of eight, he began helping his father with agricultural tasks; when he was eighteen, he crossed the border into the United States to become an undocumented worker in California; he entered the bracero program in 1953, and he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming; his jobs included picking almonds, apricots, asparagus, cauliflower, cotton, grapes, lettuce, olives, and strawberries; he performed these duties until 1964. Summary of Interview: Mr. Ruteaga recalls his childhood and the stories his father told about the Mexican Revolution; in 1953, he entered the bracero program; he describes the hiring process in Durango, Durango, México, the requirements, and the medical exams performed by American doctors at Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas; he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming; additionally, he recounts daily activities, what braceros did on weekends, their contracts, and their wages; he states that ranchers hired undocumented workers along with braceros; furthermore, he relates how representatives from the Mexican consulate visited their camps to settle their complaints; he also discusses the discrimination the braceros suffered; addressing his time after the program, he explains why he became an undocumented worker, his thoughts on why ranchers hire undocumented workers, and his pride in having been a bracero; he concludes by stating his reasons for living in México and not migrating to the United States.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Ruteaga Rivas, Alejandro
date: 2003-06-04
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Belisario Luna Pulido
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Belisrio Luna was born on June 26, 1936, in Guadalupe Victoria, Durango, México; he was the sixth of eleven children; his father died when he was six years old; he was forced to work in agriculture at the age of thirteen; due to economic hardship, his mother also rented him out as a laborer; in 1951, he enlisted in the bracero program and worked in Arizona, California, and Texas; he picked and harvested cotton, lemons, lettuce, and oranges; he did these jobs until 1963. Summary of Interview: Mr. Luna worked in Arizona, California and Texas from 1951 to 1963; he recalls how he found out about the bracero program, the hiring process in rural areas, and the hardship braceros experienced outside contracting centers; additionally, he describes the medical examinations performed on him and the bracero facilities in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and Empalme, Sonora, México; he also details his trip to the border and the disinfecting stations he went through; furthermore, he recounts his first farming activities, the different jobs he performed, the different kinds of cotton he picked, and the details of his workdays; he remembers the food they ate, the housing they had, their weekend outings, and the relationships among braceros; moreover, he discusses the contracts they signed, their wages, the methods of payment, and the treatment they received from foremen; beyond daily activities, he recollects a time when he was sick, and the severe weather he experienced in Arizona; he explains his definition of the word bracero, the pride he feels in having taken part in the program, and his sadness when the program was terminated.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Luna Pulido, Belisario
date: 2003-05-31
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Isidro Abrego Alvarado
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Isidro Ábrego Alvarado Fecha de la entrevista: 2 de junio de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Isidro Ábrego Alvarado en la cuidad de Durango, Durango, el día 2 de junio de 2003 conducida por Laureano Martínez para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Buenas tardes don Isidro. IA: Buenas tardes. LM: Don Isidro, me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació usted? IA: Yo nací el día 4 de abril de 1931, en un pueblito que está aquí cercas que se llama el Sauz Bendito. LM: El Sauz Bendito, ¿municipio de dónde? IA: Municipio de Canatlán. LM: Canatlán, Durango, ¿verdad? IA: Sí. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene? IA: Tengo setenta y tres años. LM: ¿Cómo se llamó su papá? IA: Se llamaba Luis Ábrego. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? IA: Juana de la Cruz. LM: ¿De dónde eran originarios ellos? IA: Ellos eran originarios de un pueblito que se llama Miguel Allende. LM: Miguel Allende, ¿dónde está ese pueblito? IA: Allá está por el Municipio de Nuevo Villado. LM: Nuevo Villado, Durango. ¿Cuántos fueron ustedes de familia? IA: Nosotros fuimos cuatro de familia nada más. LM: Cuatro, ¿cuántos hombres y cuántas mujeres? IA: Tres hombres y una mujer. LM: De esos cuatro, ¿qué lugar ocupaba usted, don Isidro? IA: Yo era campesino allá en aquellos tiempos, era campesino. Yo sembraba maíz y frijol. LM: Y, ¿era usted el más chico o el más grande? IA: El más chico de la familia. LM: Era el menor. IA: Sí, el menor. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaba su papá? IA: Era también campesino él también. Sí, también era campesino. LM: Tenían tierras propias. IA: Sí. Bueno, era ejido. LM: Era ejido. IA: Es ejido todavía. LM: ¿Qué sembraba su papá? IA: Maíz, frijol. LM: Su mamá, ¿se dedicaba al hogar? IA: Sí, al hogar. Ella ahí en la casa nomás, trabajaba ahí en la casa. LM: ¿Tenían gallinitas? IA: Sí, pos sí, cómo no. Pos ni modo, ahí gallinitas, marranos, una vaca y mulas pa sem…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Abrego Alvarado, Isidro
date: 2003-06-02
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Miguel Jáquez López
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Miguel Jáquez was born on May 7, 1931, in Chalchihuites, Zacatecas, México; he grew up in Súchil, Durango, with his nine siblings; when he was eight years old, he began working cutting wood and planting beans and corn; one of his brothers was a bracero and encouraged him to enroll in the bracero program; in 1953, he enlisted, and he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, and Texas, picking cotton; he continued working with the program until 1959. Summary of Interview: Mr. Jaquez recalls his family, childhood, and adolescence; one of his brothers was a bracero and encouraged him to enroll in the bracero program; in 1953, he enlisted, and began the hiring process; he describes the contracting centers in Durango, Durango, Monterrey, Nuevo León, and Empalme, Sonora, México, and the entire hiring process, as well as the extensive medical exams; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, Arkansas, and Texas, picking cotton; he goes on to explain what daily life was like on the farm, including work, wages, payments, contract amendments and extensions, housing, food, weekend outings, and common complaints; in addition, he mentions specific instances of racism the braceros experienced in various towns; he concludes with fond memories of his overall experiences as a bracero.
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Jaquez López, Miguel
date: 2003-05-27
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Ramón Ávila Hernández
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Ramón Ávila Hernández Fecha de la entrevista: 2 de junio de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Ramón Ávila Hernández, en la ciudad de Durango, Durango, el día 2 de junio de 2003, conducida por Laureano Martínez, para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral, de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Buenas tardes don Ramón, ¿cómo está? RA: Bien, bendito sea Dios. LM: Me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació? RA: Pos nací en Durango, Durango. LM: ¿Cuándo? RA: El 20 de octubre de 1939. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene? RA: Voy en sesenta y cuatro, treinta y nueve cumplidos, ya ando en los sesenta y cuatro. LM: ¿Cómo se llama su papá? RA: Ramón Ávila Lizardo. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Francisca Hernández Reyes. LM: ¿De dónde son originarios ellos? RA: Pos de aquí de Durango, ¿no? 2do: De Zacatecas. RA: ¿Mande? 2do: De Zacatecas. RA: De Zacatecas es mi papá. LM: De Zacatecas, ajá. Y, ¿su mamá? 2do: De aquí de Durango. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaba su papá o a qué se dedica su papá? RA: Bueno, cuando yo tuve uso de razón mi papá trabajaba en el Cerro Mercado. LM: En el Cerro Mercado. Es una mina, ¿verdad? RA: Sí. LM: ¿Qué hacía su papá ahí? RA: Pos era barretero, ¿verdad? LM: Barretero. Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Pos ama de casa. LM: Al hogar. RA: Exactamente. LM: ¿Cuántos fueron ustedes de familia? RA: Catorce. LM: Catorce, ¿cuántos hombres y cuántas mujeres? RA: Somos… 2do: Cuatro hombres. RA: Cuatro hombres y diez mujeres. LM: De esos, ¿tú eres el mayor? RA: El mayor de todos. LM: ¿Fue usted a la escuela, don Ramón? RA: Sí. LM: ¿Hasta qué año? RA: Hasta el cuarto año. LM: Hasta el cuarto año. ¿Por qué? RA: Porque ya no había más en el rancho onde estábamos nosotros ahí, hasta ahí había nada más. LM: ¿Dónde vivían?, ¿en qué rancho? RA: En Benjamín Aranda, Municipio de Canatlán. LM: O sea que nació usted aquí en Durango y se fue. RA: Sí, de la edad de once años nos fuimos para el ran…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Ávila Hernández, Ramón
date: 2003-06-02
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Rosendo Alarcón Carrera
subject: Bracero
description: Nombre del entrevistado: Rosendo Alarcón Carrera Fecha de la entrevista: 28 de mayo de 2003 Nombre del entrevistador: Laureano Martínez Esta es una entrevista con el señor Rosendo Alarcón Carrera en la ciudad de Durango, Durango, el día 28 de mayo de 2003 conducido por Laureano Martínez para el Proyecto Bracero del Instituto de Historia Oral de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso. LM: Don Rosendo, buenos días. RA: Buenos días. LM: Don Rosendo me gustaría comenzar esta entrevista preguntándole, ¿dónde y cuándo nació usted? RA: Yo nací en San José de la Boca, Municipio de Tepehuanes. LM: ¿Cuándo? RA: En 1938, el día primero de este, el 27 de enero. LM: Veintisiete de enero. RA: De 1938. LM: ¿Cuántos años tiene usted, don Rosendo? RA: Sesenta y cinco. LM: Sesenta y cinco, muy bien. ¿Cómo se llamó su papá? RA: Juan Alarcón Quiñónez. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Catalina Carrera Cervantes. LM: ¿A qué se dedicaban sus padres? RA: Pos agricultores. LM: Era agricultor su papá. RA: Ey, trabajaba en el campo. LM: ¿Sembraban? RA: Sí. LM: ¿Qué sembraban? RA: Maíz, frijol, chile. LM: Y, ¿su mamá? RA: Pos ama de casa. LM: Qué bien, ¿tenía gallinitas ahí donde vivían? RA: Ey, gallinitas, marranos, vacas, chivas. LM: ¿Cuántos fueron ustedes de familia? RA: Diez. LM: Diez, ¿cuántos hombres y cuantas…? RA: Seis hombres y cuatro mujeres. LM: De esos diez, ¿usted que lugar ocupa? RA: El segundo. LM: Usted fue el segundo de los más grandes. RA: Sí. LM: ¿Tiene un hermano, un hermana? RA: Un hermano, mayor que yo. LM: ¿Sus padres eran originarios de ahí de la región? RA: Sí. LM: ¿De ahí mismo? RA: Sí, de ahí mismo. LM: Cuéntenos un poquito, ¿cómo es ese lugar donde usted nació?, ¿cómo es San José de la Boca? RA: Pos es un pueblito muy bonito, porque hay un río que es el Río Tepehuanes, es agua muy cristalina, muy bonita. Nosotros de ahí salimos como de nueve años a un rancho que se llama El Agua Caliente, acá en Melchor Ocampo a un lado de Santiago Papasquiaro. Y ahí vivimos bastante tiempo, hasta…
creator: Martínez, Laureano
creator: Alarcón Carrera, Rosendo
date: 2003-05-28
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Manuel Leal Altamirano
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Manuel Leal Altamirano was born on March 9, 1922, in Aldama, Chihuahua, México; he has four sisters and five brothers; when he was seven years old, his mother died; as a child, he helped his father care for the animals they owned; consequently, he was formally educated only through the third grade; he worked with the bracero program from 1951 to 1960; as a bracero, he worked in New Mexico and Texas, picking crops, irrigating, and driving tractors. Summary of Interview: Mr. Leal briefly discusses his early childhood and family; in 1951, he enlisted in the bracero program; he describes going through Rio Vista, a processing center in Socorro, Texas, and the various procedures he underwent while there; as a bracero, he worked in New Mexico and Texas, picking crops, irrigating, and driving tractors; he goes on to describe wages, working and living conditions, provisions, recreational activities, and the medical attention received when necessary; in addition, he explains the range of interactions with fellow braceros, employers, immigration personnel, and consul representatives; he continued working with the program until 1960; in the early eighties, he returned to the United States as an undocumented worker; by the mideighties, however, he was able to arrange residency for himself and his family; he concludes by reflecting on the bracero program overall and how it affected his life.
creator: Chivardi, Rosa Elia
creator: Leal Altamirano, Manuel
date: 2005-11-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José G. Corral
subject: Son of a bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Guadalupe Corral was born on September 25, 1943, in Delicias, Chihuahua, México; he was the youngest of five children, and his mother died when he was a baby; when he was three years old, his family moved to Meoqui, Chihuahua, México; his father, Luis Corral Ortega, became a bracero in 1946; Luis worked in El Paso, Texas, on the railroads and at a factory that transported livestock from México into the United States; later, the family moved again, to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, which was where José primarily grew up; his father continued working with the program until 1954; Luis was ultimately able to arrange for José’s residency, which allowed him to attend school in the United States and have greater opportunities. Summary of Interview: Mr. José Corral describes his family and childhood; his father, Luis Corral Ortega, became a bracero in 1946, at which time his family lived in Meoqui, Chihuahua, México; José discusses remittances arriving in the mail and his family’s living conditions in México while his father was away; in 1950, the family had enough money to move to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, where life was slightly better for them; José describes an incident in which his father attempted to legalize his family’s residency, but was only able to arrange for José’s local passport; in addition, José goes on to describe his own educational and work experiences while in the United States, which include attending International Business College in El Paso, Texas, and serving as a district manager for El Paso Water Utilities; his father’s work ethic and commitment to education were things that always stayed with him; moreover, he reflects on the overall significance of braceros to the United States.
creator: Rosas, Ana
creator: Corral, José G.
date: 2005-11-12
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Ezequiel Acevedo Pérez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Ezequiel Acevedo was born on April 13, 1934, in Jerez, Zacatecas, México; he received very little formal education, because as the eldest of his siblings, he had to help support his family; his father often labored on the railroads in the United States under the bracero program; in the early fifties, José joined his father in the program; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, Texas, and Utah, picking asparagus, blackberries, carrots, cotton, and oranges; in addition, he also irrigated crops and helped care for livestock; he later returned to the United States, and he ultimately became a citizen. Summary of Interview: Mr. Acevedo talks about his family and childhood; as a child, his father often labored on the railroads in the United States under the bracero program; whenever he was gone, José was left to care for his younger siblings; when he was roughly seventeen, he traveled to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, with his father, to join the program; José describes the process he underwent while there, as well as how embarrassing the physical exams were, because he was stripped naked in front of everyone; moreover, upon arriving in the United States he endured similar assessments, and he was also deloused; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, Texas, and Utah, picking asparagus, blackberries, carrots, cotton, and oranges; in addition, he irrigated crops and helped care for livestock; he goes on to detail the various worksites, labor populations, living conditions, provisions, treatment, payments, remittances, and recreational activities; more specifically, he explains one instance in which he was injured while working and the resulting difficulties he faced; he also mentions that representatives from the Mexican consul were often seen at the campsites in support of the braceros; additionally, he states that while working in Arizona, it was unbearably hot, and the construction of the barracks only made it wor…
creator: Mota, Annabel
creator: Acevedo Pérez, José Ezequiel
date: 2006-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

José Luis Gazca
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Luis Gazca was born on October 22, 1935, in Romita, Guanajuato, México; his parents worked in agriculture; as the eldest son among his six siblings, he went to school for only a brief time, because he had to help support his family; in 1955, he enlisted in the bracero program; he continued working on and off with the program until it ended in 1964; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California and Texas, picking apples, cotton, cucumber, green beans, lettuce, plums, and tomatoes; he later returned to the United States as an undocumented worker, but he was ultimately able to obtain legal status. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gazca describes his family, childhood, and adolescence; in 1955, he decided to enlist in the bracero program; to begin the contracting process, he went to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, where he spent a day, then he traveled to Empalme, Sonora, where he spent roughly three days, before heading to Mexicali, Baja California, and finally to Calexico, California; moreover, he details the different centers he went through as well as the range of procedures he underwent; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California and Texas, picking apples, cotton, cucumber, green beans, lettuce, plums, and tomatoes; in addition, he explains the various worksites, duties, housing, amenities, provisions, treatment, payment, remittances, and recreational activities; more specifically, he mentions being so close to the border, at times, that he could cross over on a bus whenever he had time off; he also talks about a foreman, in Chula Vista, California, that gave him extra work, so he could earn more money to send to his family; while he was in Texas, however, he was always pushed to work harder, which was difficult to do when there was so little to pick and, consequently, even less to earn; he continued working on and off with the program until it ended in 1964; during the late sixties, he returned to the United State…
creator: Rosas, Ana
creator: Gazca, José Luis
date: 2006-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Refugio López de Saldaña-Sandoval
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Refugio López Saldaña Sandoval was born in Tlaltenango [de Sánchez Román], Zacatecas, México, on December 21, 1939; she was the fourth born of her three brothers and two sisters; her father was a metal worker, and her mother was a housewife; she was formally educated through the sixth grade; in addition, she grew up surrounded by a very close-knit family, which included extended relatives; in December of 1958, when she was nineteen years old, she married a man named Nicolás, who served in the bracero program both before and after their marriage. Summary of Interview: Ms. López describes her childhood and adolescence; she recalls meeting Nicolás, her husband, when she was fifteen, and she details their four year courtship; in 1959, a few months after their marriage, he returned to the United States on a new contract; while he was away, she stayed with her parents; shortly after his first return home, she became pregnant; his mother and sister, who lived in Santa Ana, California, insisted that Refugio have the baby in the United States; Refugio was hesitant at first, but she eventually agreed; Nicolás obtained a visitor’s permit and worked at a bakery in San Bernardino, California, while she lived with her mother-in-law in Santa Ana; consequently, all six children were born in the U.S.; Refugio goes on to chronicle the different places she worked and how her husband studied to become a realtor; although she did not suffer very much, because she was surrounded by her family, her husband did; he often cries when reflecting upon his experiences as a bracero; even so, these memories served as motivation for him to work hard so his children would have a better life; traveling to the United States was especially difficult, because he was transported in trains used for animals, which smelled horribly; Refugio concludes by stating that what helped her the most, especially in dealing with the clash between two cultures, was her family and …
creator: Mota, Annabel
creator: López de Saldaña-Sandoval, Refugio
date: 2006-05-12
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Jesús Rivera López
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Rivera López was born on October 7, 1934, in Corrales, Juchitlán, Jalisco, México; he is the eldest of his five brothers; from 1942 to 1953 his father worked in the bracero program; in 1956, against his father’s wishes, he also enlisted in the program; he labored primarily in the fields of California picking a variety of fruits and vegetables until 1963; later, in 1970, he moved to Los Angeles, California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Rivera talks about his father who became a permanent resident of the United States in the early 1900s and was repatriated during the massive deportations of the 1930s; in 1942, his father returned to the United States as a bracero and stayed with the program until 1953; as the eldest son, Jesús was left to care for his family while his father was away; in 1956, against his father’s wishes, he went to Empalme, Sonora, México, to enlist as a bracero; he describes the difficulties of surviving while waiting as well as the rudeness of the exams; from there he was transported in an already full cargo train to Mexicali, Baja California, México, and he had to stand for the entire trip, which was more than twelve hours; in El Centro, California, he was medically examined again and fumigated; he goes on to detail the various worksites, living conditions, housing provisions, duties, daily routines, payments, and contract renewals; more specifically, he discusses how incredibly grueling it was to stay hunched over all day and not being allowed to stand; by the end of the day he could no longer sit or lay down; moreover, he explains that when he packed tomatoes in Patterson, California, each box weighed forty-five pounds, each truck held eight hundred and sixty boxes, and he had to pack three to four trucks a day, in an eight hour span, all the while the trucks continued moving; he encountered a similar situation in Blythe, California, when packing boxes of alfalfa that weighed seventy-five to eighty pounds…
creator: Guerrero, Perla
creator: Rivera López, Jesús
date: 2006-05-13
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Luis C. Marín
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Luís Marín was born on August 25, 1918, in Rivas Palacios, Chihuahua, México; he had five siblings, two sisters and two brothers; his parents worked in agriculture; he became a bracero in 1942 and worked in New Mexico picking cotton, driving tractors and irrigating. Summary of Interview: Mr. Marín states that he was contracted in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, and he entered the United States through El Paso, Texas: he recalls the process he went through in El Paso, and how he was medically examined; additionally, he remembers that most braceros did not want to work in Texas due to the harsh treatment they received; he describes being at Rio Vista processing center; moreover, he recounts that he worked as a bracero until 1955 with only one farmer in New Mexico; he relates what his family life was like as a bracero, and how his children were born in Anthony, New Mexico and Canutillo, Texas; furthermore, he describes his life after being a bracero, how he became a resident, and how he later moved to Blythe, California.
creator: Shreibati, Annette
creator: Marín, Luis C.
date: 2006-05-22
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Cirilo Díaz Bojorquez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Cirilo Díaz Bojorquez was born on in Izapan, Jalisco, México; his mother died when he was six years old, and he was raised by his godparents in Baja California, México; at age fourteen he worked cutting radishes and cilantro; he entered the bracero program in 1953, and then again from 1956 to 1960; he worked in Arizona picking cotton, lettuce, melon, and watermelon. Summary of Interview: Mr. Díaz Bojorquez remembers his childhood and cutting radishes and cilantro; he joined the bracero program in 1953, and from 1956 to 1960; he worked in Arizona picking cotton, lettuce, and watermelon; during 1953, he joined a group of braceros that held a strike due to bad food; he describes how the Mexican consulate representative sided with the farmer and how the group was moved to a different field and sent to México; in 1956, he was contracted in Empalme, Sonora, México; he expresses the conditions men suffered while waiting for contracts, how they were contracted, and their trip to the border; furthermore, he describes the processing center in El Centro, California, the medical exams given, the fumigation process, and the bad treatment they got; he relates that he was taken to Yuma, Arizona were he worked until 1960; moreover, he presents how contracts were renewed, how he was paid, the work he did, and how he was allowed to live in San Luis, Sonora, México with his family; he describes their work week, and how checks were held sometimes to ensure an extra day of work from the men; finally, he states that his boss helped him become a resident and that he remembers his time as a bracero as a hard period, but one that allowed him to better his life and family.
creator: Shreibati, Annette
creator: Díaz Bojorquez, Cirilo
date: 2006-05-22
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Pedro García
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Pedro García was born on May 4, 1932 in Cederal, San Luis Potosí, México; he was one of eleven siblings; his father worked in agriculture, but died when he was seven yeas old; his mother is still alive at 104 years old; as a child, he took care of animals in a ranch; he never had formal schooling; in 1944, he left home and went to Texas to pick carrots and cotton; he stayed in the United States as an undocumented worker, and later acquired his papers and worked in mining. Summary of Interview: Mr. García remembers growing up in Cederal, San Luis Potosí, México, and what his life was like as a child; he recalls wanting to leave home in 1944 and traveling to Texas to work picking carrots and cotton; furthermore, he recounts working as an undocumented worker in Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas; he states that he traveled to Blythe, California and that he couldn’t find work because all the jobs were filled by braceros; he describes trying to become a bracero, but being harassed and forced to leave while waiting in line; moreover, he expresses that braceros received better treatment from foremen and bosses; he tells of a time when a boss attempted to pay him less because the boss thought he was an undocumented worker, but by this time he had his papers and was able to secure a fair pay; he discusses some stories that braceros told him about the program, and then relates that he left México because the pay was much better in the U.S.; he concludes by saying that he misses México, but that he has made his life in the U.S with his wife and eleven children.
creator: Acosta, Anais
creator: García, Pedro
date: 2006-05-22
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Severiano G. Villarreal
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Severiano Villareal was born on January 8, 1931, in Saguaripa, Sonora, México; his father married twice, and he was one of five brothers; he worked in Yuma, Arizona as an undocumented worker from 1951 to 1954 when his boss helped him become a bracero; he worked with him planting and growing trees until 1961; in 1962 he became a resident of the U.S.; in 1979, he arranged for his family to get residency. Summary of Interview: Mr. Villareal remembers growing up in Saguaripa, Sonora, México; he states that his father worked in agriculture, and after his death, he was had to find work in the U.S.; he recounts that he worked in Yuma, Arizona planting and growing trees as an undocumented worker from 1951 to 1954; in 1954, his boss helped him become a bracero, and he worked for him until 1961; moreover, he recalls that he did not go to contracting centers in México, because he was contracted as a special bracero in San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México through the La Asociación, a group in charge of braceros in El Centro, California; he explains what the process at El Centro was like, how they conducted medical exams, and fumigated them in the nude; furthermore, he states that some braceros got injections; he relates what his life was like on the farm, the work he did, how they were paid, and the treatment he received; additionally, he describes living arrangements, what they cooked, and how they washed their clothes by hand; he also explains that his family lived about thirty minutes away in Sonora, México, so he would return home on weekends; in 1962, he became a resident of the United States, and in 1979, he arranged for his family to get residency as well.
creator: Córtez, Verónica
creator: Villarreal, Severiano G.
date: 2006-05-22
contributor: Cristóbal Borges
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Juan Aguilar López
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Juan Aguilar López was born on August 21, 1931, in Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México; he is the youngest of four siblings; at an early age, he began working in agriculture with his family; he never received formal schooling; in 1950, he entered the United States as an undocumented worker, and shortly thereafter decided to join the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in California and Texas picking cotton, peaches and tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Aguilar López remembers his childhood growing up in Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México; he states he worked from an early age in agriculture, resulting in him never attending a formal school; as an adult, he taught himself to read and write, and his wife helped him learn to manage his finances; in 1950, he entered the United States as an undocumented worker, and shortly thereafter decided to join the bracero program; he explains he was contracted the first time in Mexicali, Baja California, México and details what the contracting process was like; specifically, he describes how officials performed medical exams, which included blood tests; once in the United States, he states that farmers would pick workers from the processing center at a location he called La Asociación; he worked in California and Texas picking cotton, peaches and tomatoes; in addition, he describes what daily life was like for braceros, the living quarters they had, the food they ate, and what they did for recreation; moreover, he relates the difficulty of the work braceros did, and the pay they received; he specifies that deductions were made to his paycheck to cover food costs; furthermore, he states how he communicated via letters with his family, and how he sent money back to México; to conclude, he recounts how he legally brought his family to the United States.
creator: Carrillo, Alma
creator: Aguilar López, Juan
date: 2006-05-20
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Agustín Bautista
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Agustín Bautista was born in Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México; he is the youngest sibling in his family; in 1943, he joined the bracero program; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona, California, Oregon, and Texas on the railroads; he also picked cotton, lemons and strawberries. Summary of Interview: Mr. Agustín Bautista recalls growing up in Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México; he states that he is the youngest sibling in his family; additionally, he explains that he was contracted for the first time on 1943, at Empalme, Sonora, México; he details how the contracting and processing of braceros was done, the treatment they received in Empalme, and how they were transported to the United States-México border; furthermore, he explains how officials had braceros shave their heads before crossing into the United States to prevent lice from spreading and how they were deloused; he relates how he worked in Arizona, California, Oregon, and Texas on the railroads and picking cotton, lemons, and strawberries; moreover, he states the work that he did while working on railroad tracks, how hard it was, and the dangers of it; he also describes what daily life was like for braceros, the living quarters they had, the food they ate, and what they did for recreation; in addition, he relates the difficulty of the agricultural work braceros did, the pay they received and the deductions made to his paycheck for food; furthermore, he states how he received ten percent of his paycheck that had been deducted for savings when he returned to México in between contracting; he clarifies that this only happened once, though; to conclude, he recounts how he returned to the United States as a legal migrant after the program ended.
creator: Sifuentez, Mario
creator: Bautista, Agustín
date: 2006-05-20
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Anselmo Gámez
subject: Bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Anselmo Gámez was born on April 21, 1928, in Villa Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, México; when he was three years old, his mother died; shortly thereafter, he and his family moved in with his grandmother; although his father remarried, he continued to care for his family; in 1955, Anselmo enlisted in the bracero program; he worked primarily in California picking cantaloupe, cotton, dates, and lettuce, and he also used to water the crops; with the help of one of his employers, he was ultimately able to gain citizenship. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gámez briefly talks about his family and childhood; initially, he learned about the bracero program through word of mouth, because people were often given the necessary credentials for the program in town; he went through contracting centers in Guadalajara, Jalisco, and Empalme, Sonora; while in Empalme, a representative from an American company was there to recruit workers; he also describes the journey from the centers to the border; as a bracero he worked primarily in California picking cantaloupe, cotton, dates, and lettuce, and he also used to water the crops; he goes on to detail the various worksites, duties, housing, amenities, treatment, provisions, and payment; in addition, he talks about one instance where he was watering the crops in over one hundred degree weather, when he stopped to get a drink of water, and he was reprimanded; consequently, he complained, and he was sent to work elsewhere; soon after, there was an incident in which he and other workers were given inedible food, and when they objected, the situation was quickly resolved; he goes on to describe how their living quarters were burglarized one day while they were eating lunch; the thief was a local teenager who was apprehended, and the workers’ belongings were soon returned; moreover, he repeatedly makes reference to the fact that he had both good and bad experiences; he was ultimately able to gain citizenship with t…
creator: Murillo, Grisel
creator: Gámez, Anselmo
date: 2006-05-20
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa

Francisco Casas Martínez
subject: bracero
description: Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Francisco Casas Martínez was born April 10, 1929, on a large ranch named La Ermita de los Correas in Jerez, Zacatecas, México; he came from a family of agricultural workers and was the youngest of his six siblings; by the time he was five years old, he helped care for the animals and work the land; although he was formally educated, he never really liked school and often found himself in trouble; by his own admission, he did not learn very much; in 1948, he enlisted in the bracero program, and he worked in Arizona and California planting, watering, picking, and packing various fruits and vegetables; he and his family were ultimately able to legally immigrate to the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. Casas describes what it was like growing up on a ranch and how he helped with the land and the animals; he initially learned about the bracero program through people that would go to the ranches and charge roughly three hundred pesos to enlist people; in 1948, he enlisted as a bracero and went through a contracting center in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; from there he traveled by bus to the border; he was later examined, which included getting x-rays and being deloused; as a bracero, he worked in Arizona and California planting, watering, picking, and packing various fruits and vegetables; he goes on to detail work hours, duties, living conditions, accommodations, provisions, treatment, payments, deductions, remittances, recreational activities, and working relationships; in addition, he states that he did not eat the food when it was bad, but he did manage to stop by a commissary at the worksite and buy some milk and bread to eat before work; moreover, he discusses that there were times when women worked in the fields with the men cutting lettuce and strawberries or cleaning and pruning the crops; when he was twenty-five, he married and later had five children; he explains that two of them died in México, while he was working …
creator: Carrillo, Alma
creator: Casas Martínez, Francisco
date: 2006-05-25
rights: Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso
language: spa